Oklahoma panhandle
Incorporated and unorganized territory of the United States
1850–1890
The three counties of the Oklahoma Panhandle
Area
• Coordinates	36°45′N101°30′W / 36.750°N 101.500°W /36.750; -101.500
Government
• Type	Provisional, unelected, unrecognized[1]
President
• 1886–1887	Owen G. Chase
History
• Republic of Texas founded; includes Panhandle area	March 2, 1836
• Texas surrenders claim; Panhandle becomes "unattached" territory	1850
• First petition for territorial status sent to Congress	February 1887
• Second petition for territorial status sent to Congress	December 1887
• Attached toOklahoma Territory	1890
Preceded by Succeeded by Texas Oklahoma

TheOklahoma panhandle (formerly calledNo Man's Land, thePublic Land Strip, theNeutral Strip, or Cimarron Territory) is asalient in the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state ofOklahoma. Its constituent counties are, from west to east,Cimarron,Texas andBeaver. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. Its largest city isGuymon in Texas County.Black Mesa State Park, located in Cimarron County, is the highest point in the state. Other points of interest includeBeaver Dunes Park,Optima Lake, and theOptima National Wildlife Refuge.Oklahoma Panhandle State University is ten miles away from Guymon.

Paleo-Indian people settled in the region around 8450 BCE. Native American horticulturists inhabited the region before the European colonists arrived in the 16th century. The area became part ofNew Spain with theAdams–Onís Treaty of 1819, which set the western boundary of theLouisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. The outcome of theMexican War of Independence made the panhandle a part of Mexico in 1821. The area was part of theTexas Republic from its formation in 1836 until Texas became part of the United States in 1846, which left the area federal property. The area was incorporated intoOklahoma Territory and later split into three counties when Oklahoma obtained statehood in 1907.

As of the2020 United States census, the region has a population of 28,729, and Texas County is the only county in Oklahoma to have a plurality of Hispanic residents, which make up 48.1 percent of the county's population.^[2] Its economy is primarily agricultural, and its political elections sway in favor of theRepublican Party.

The panhandle, 166 miles (267 km) long and 34 miles (55 km) wide, is bordered byKansas andColorado at37°N on the north,New Mexico at103°W on the west,Texas at36.5°N on the south, and the remainder of Oklahoma at100°W on the east.

The largest town in the region isGuymon, which is thecounty seat of Texas County.Black Mesa, the highest point in Oklahoma at 4,973 feet (1,516 m), is located in Cimarron County. The panhandle occupies nearly all of the trueHigh Plains within Oklahoma, being the only part of the state lying west of the100th meridian, which generally marks the westernmost extent of moist air from theGulf of Mexico. TheNorth Canadian River is named Beaver River or Beaver Creek on its course through the panhandle. Its land area is 5,686 square miles (14,730 km²) which is 8.28 percent of Oklahoma's land area.^[3] The area includesBeaver Dunes Park with sand dunes along the Beaver River andOptima Lake, the home of theOptima National Wildlife Refuge.

Unlike most of Oklahoma, the panhandle is not in theSun Belt. The Kinder Institute defines the Sun Belt as areas south of 36°30'N latitude, which is the southern border of the panhandle.^[4]

What is now the Oklahoma panhandle has been occupied for millennia. ThePaleo-Indian people of the region were part of the Beaver River complex. A Paleo-Indian encampment, the Bull Creek site, dates back to approximately 8450 BCE, and the Badger Hole site dates to circa 8400 BCE.^[5]

Shortly before the arrival of European explorers,^[6] the panhandle was home toSouthern Plains villagers. From 1200 to 1500, the semi-sedentarypanhandle culture peoples, including theAntelope Creek phase,^[7] lived in the region in large, stone-slab and plaster houses in villages or individual homesteads. As horticulturists, they farmed maize and indigenous crops from theEastern Agricultural Complex. Several Antelope Creek phase sites were founded near present-day Guymon, including the McGrath,Stamper and Two Sisters sites.^[7] The arrival of horses from Spain in the 16th century allowedAmerican Indian tribes to increase their hunting ranges. These Southern Plains villagers became theWichita and Affiliated Tribes.

The Western history of the panhandle traces its origins as being part ofNew Spain. TheAdams–Onís Treaty of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of theLouisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of theTexas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States.^[8]

The Cimarron Cutoff for theSanta Fe Trail passed through the area soon after the trade route was established in 1826 between the Mexicans inSanta Fe and the Americans inSt. Louis. The route was increasingly used during theCalifornia Gold Rush. The cutoff passed several miles north of what are nowBoise City, Oklahoma, andClayton, New Mexico, before continuing toward Santa Fe.^[9]

When Texas sought to enter the Union in 1845 as aslave state, federal law in the United States, based on theMissouri Compromise, prohibited slavery north of 36°30' north latitude. Under theCompromise of 1850, Texas surrendered its lands north of 36°30', rather than have a portion of the state as "free" territory. The 170-mile strip of land, a "neutral strip", was left with no state or territorial ownership from 1850 until 1890. It was officially called the "Public Land Strip" and was commonly referred to as "No Man's Land."^[10][11]

The Compromise of 1850 also established the eastern boundary ofNew Mexico Territory at the 103rd meridian, thus setting the western boundary of the strip. TheKansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 set the southern border ofKansas Territory as the 37th parallel. This became the northern boundary of "No Man's Land." When Kansas joined the Union in 1861, the western part of Kansas Territory was assigned to theColorado Territory but did not change the boundary of "No Man's Land."^[11]

After theCivil War, cattlemen moved into the area. Gradually they organized themselves into ranches and established their own rules for arranging their land and adjudicating their disputes. There was still confusion over the status of the strip, and some attempts were made to arrange rent with theCherokees, despite the fact that theCherokee Outlet ended at the 100th meridian. In 1885, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that the strip was not part of the Cherokee Outlet.^[12] In 1886, Interior SecretaryL. Q. C. Lamar declared the area to bepublic domain and subject to "squatter's rights".^[13]

The strip was not yetsurveyed, and as that was one of the requirements of theHomestead Act of 1862, the land could not be officially settled. Settlers by the thousands flooded in to assert their "squatter's rights" anyway. They surveyed their own land and by September 1886 had organized a self-governing and self-policing jurisdiction, which they named theCimarron Territory. SenatorDaniel W. Voorhees of Indiana introduced a bill inCongress to attach the so-called territory to Kansas. It passed both the Senate and the House of Representatives but was not signed by PresidentGrover Cleveland.^[12]

The organization of Cimarron Territory began soon after Secretary Lamar declared the area open to settlement by squatters. The settlers formed their ownvigilance committees, which organized a board charged with forming a territorial government. The board enacted a preliminary code of law and divided the strip into three districts. They also called for a general election to choose three members from each district to form a government.^[14]

The elected council met as planned, elected Owen G. Chase as president, and named a full cabinet. They also enacted further laws and divided the strip into five counties (Benton, Beaver, Palo Duro, Optima, and Sunset), three senatorial districts (with three members from each district), and seven delegate districts (with two members from each district). The members from these districts were to be thelegislative body for the proposed territory. Elections were held November 8, 1887, and the legislature met for the first time on December 5, 1887.^[12]

Chase went to Washington, D.C., to lobby for admission to Congress as the delegate from the new territory. He was not recognized by Congress.^[15] A group disputing the Chase organization met and elected and sent its own delegate to Washington.^[16] A bill was introduced to accept Chase but was never brought to a vote. Neither delegation was able to persuade Congress to accept the new territory.^[13] Another delegation went in 1888 but was also unsuccessful.^[15]

In 1889, theUnassigned Lands to the east of the territorywere opened for settlement, and many of the residents went there. The remaining population was generously estimated by Chase at 10,000 after the opening. Ten years later, an actual count revealed a population of 2,548.^[17] The passage of theOrganic Act in 1890 assignedPublic Land Strip to the newOklahoma Territory, and ended the short-lived Cimarron Territory aspirations.^[15]

In 1891, the government completed the survey, and the remaining squatters were finally able to secure their homesteads under the Homestead Act. The new owners were then able to obtain mortgages against their property, enabling them to buy seed and equipment. Capital and new settlers came into the area, and the first railroad, theRock Island, built a line through the county fromLiberal, Kansas, toDalhart, Texas. Agriculture began changing from subsistence farms to grain exporters.^[11]

"No Man's Land" becameSeventh County under the newly organized Oklahoma Territory and was soon renamed Beaver County. Beaver City became the county seat. When Oklahoma Territory andIndian Territory were combined in 1907 as the state of Oklahoma, Beaver County was divided into Beaver, Texas, and Cimarron counties. The Oklahoma panhandle had the highest population at its first census in 1910, 32,433 residents, compared to 28,729 in the 2020 census.^[18][19]

The panhandle was severely affected by the drought of the 1930s. The drought began in 1932 and created massive dust storms. By 1935, the area was widely known as being part of theDust Bowl. The dust storms were largely a result of poor farming techniques and the plowing up of the native grasses that had held the fine soil in place. Despite government efforts to implement conservation measures and change the basic farming methods of the region, the Dust Bowl persisted for nearly a decade. It contributed significantly to the length of theGreat Depression in the United States.^[20] Each of the three counties experienced a major loss of population during the 1930s.^{[citation needed]}

The social impact of the dust bowl and the resulting emigration of tenant farmers from Oklahoma is the setting for the 1939 novelThe Grapes of Wrath by Nobel Prize-winning authorJohn Steinbeck.^{[citation needed]}

As of the2010 census, there were a total of 28,751 people, 10,451 households, and 7,466 families in the three counties that comprise the Oklahoma panhandle.^[21] The racial makeup of the region was 80.26%white (including persons of mixed race), 59.46%non-Hispanic white, 1.34%African American, 1.21% Native American, 1.18%Asian, 0.12%Pacific Islander, 15.53% fromother races, and 2.78% fromtwo or more races.^[21]Hispanic and Latino Americans made up 35.85% of the population.^[21] The median income for a household in the region was $34,404, and the median income for a family was $40,006. Males had a median income of $27,444 versus $19,559 for females. The per capita income for the region was $16,447.

  County seat†

• Adams
• Balko
• Felt
• Floris
• Gate
• Hardesty
• Kenton
• Keyes
• Knowles
• Optima
• Wheeless

The panhandle is rather thinly populated (when compared to the rest of Oklahoma) making the labor force in this region very small. Farming and ranching operations occupy most of the economic activity in the region, with ranching dominating the drier western end. The region's higher educational needs are served byOklahoma Panhandle State University in Goodwell, 10 miles southwest of Guymon.^[22]

The Oklahoma panhandle is one of the most universally Republican areas of what has become one of the most Republican states in the nation. Beaver and Texas counties last supported a Democrat for president in1948, while Cimarron County last supported a Democrat in1976.^[23] In the2024 U.S. presidential election, the three counties gave a weighted average of 86.1% of their votes toDonald Trump and 12.3% toKamala Harris, with Trump carrying the state over Harris 66.2% to 31.9%.^[23]

In the2006 Oklahoma gubernatorial election, the Oklahoma panhandle counties were the only three where the majority voted against the successfully reelected Democratic incumbent, GovernorBrad Henry. In2012, Democratic voters in the panhandle voted forRandall Terry, ananti-abortion activist, over incumbent Democrat Barack Obama in theDemocratic Presidential primary.

• Black Mesa State Park features a hiking trail to the top of Oklahoma's highest point.
• Beaver Dunes Park features massive sand dunes along the Beaver River – located just north of the town of Beaver.
• Optima Lake is home to theOptima National Wildlife Refuge.

• Beck, T.E. "Cimarron Territory,"Chronicles of Oklahoma 7:2 (June 1929) 168–169 (retrieved August 16, 2006).
• Counties of the Oklahoma Panhandle United States Census Bureau
• Wardell, Morris L."The History of No-Man's Land, or Old Beaver County",Chronicles of Oklahoma 1:1 (January 1921) 60–89 (retrieved August 16, 2006).

• Christman, Harry E. (editor-original manuscript by Jim Herron).Fifty Years on the Owl Hoot Trail: The First Sheriff of No Man's Land, Oklahoma Territory. Sage Books: Chicago, 1969.
• Lowitt, Richard.American Outback: The Oklahoma Panhandle in the Twentieth Century (Texas Tech University Press, 2006) . xxii, 137 pp.ISBN 0-89672-558-8

Wikimedia Commons has media related toOklahoma Panhandle.

• Oklahoma article Encyclopedia.com
• Oklahoma Panhandle was formerly called Cimarron Territory
• Cimarron Council of the Boy Scouts of America
• Oklahoma History Center: Education ProgramsArchived May 23, 2011, at theWayback Machine
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Cimarron Territory

• States and territories established in 1850
• States and territories disestablished in 1890
• Oklahoma Panhandle
• Regions of Oklahoma
• Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma
• Geography of Beaver County, Oklahoma
• Geography of Cimarron County, Oklahoma
• Geography of Texas County, Oklahoma
• 1850 establishments in the United States
• 1890 disestablishments in the United States
• Oklahoma Territory
• Border irregularities of the United States

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