Okinawa Island (Japanese:沖縄島,Hepburn:Okinawa-jima;Okinawan:沖縄 / うちなー,romanized: Uchinā;[4]Kunigami:ふちなー,romanized: Fuchináa), also known asOkinawa Main Island (沖縄本島,Okinawa-hontō),[5] is the largest of theOkinawa Islands and theRyukyu (Nansei) Islands of Japan in theKyushu region. It is the smallest and least populated of the fivemain islands of Japan.[6] The island is approximately 106 kilometres (66 mi) long, an average 11 kilometres (7 mi) wide,[7] and has an area of 1,206.98 square kilometers (466.02 sq mi). It is roughly 640 kilometres (350 nmi; 400 mi) south of the main island of Kyushu and the rest of Japan. It is 500 km (270 nmi; 310 mi) northeast ofTaiwan. The total population of Okinawa Island was 1,384,762 in 2009.[3] The greaterNaha area has roughly 800,000 residents, while the city itself has about 320,000 people. Naha is the seat ofOkinawa Prefecture on the southwestern part of Okinawa Island. Okinawa has ahumid subtropical climate.
Okinawa has been a strategic location for theUnited States Armed Forces since theBattle of Okinawa and the end ofWorld War II. The island was formally controlled by theUnited States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands until 1972, with around 26,000 U.S. military personnel stationed on Okinawa today, comprising about half of the total complement of theUnited States Forces Japan, spread among 31 areas, across 13 bases and 48 training sites. United States military installations cover approximately 25% of the island and have been a point of contention among locals. Crimes committed by US military personnel, notably the1995 Okinawa rape incident, have caused protests against the US military presence in Okinawa.
Early Okinawan history is defined bymidden or shell heap culture and is divided into Early, Middle, and Late Shell Mound periods. The Early Shell Mound period was ahunter-gatherer society, with the wave like-openingJōmon pottery. In the latter part of this period,archaeological sites moved near the seashore, suggesting the engagement of people in fishing. On Okinawa, rice was not cultivated until the Middle Shell Mound period. Shell rings for arms made of shells obtained in theSakishima Islands, namelyMiyakojima andYaeyama islands, were imported by Japan. In these islands, the presence of shell axes from 2,500 years ago suggests the influence of a southeastern-Pacific culture.[8][9]
After the late Shell Mound period, agriculture started about the 12th century, and the population center moved from the seashore to higher places. This period is called the Gusuku period.Gusuku is a term used for the distinctive Ryukyuan form of castles or fortresses. Manygusuku and related cultural remains in the Ryukyu Islands have been listed byUNESCO asWorld Heritage Sites. There are three perspectives regarding the nature ofgusuku: that they were holy places, dwellings encircled by stones, and castles of the rulers. In this period,porcelain trade between Okinawa and other countries became commonplace, and Okinawa was an important relay point in eastern-Asian trade. Ryukyuan kings, such asShunten andEiso, were important rulers. An attempted Mongolian invasion in 1291 during the Eiso dynasty failed.Hiragana was imported from Japan byGanjin in 1265.Noro, village priestesses of theRyukyuan religion, appeared.
TheSanzan period began in 1314 when the kingdoms ofHokuzan andNanzan declared independence fromChūzan. The three kingdoms competed with one another for recognition as vassal state ofMing China.[10] KingSatto, leading Chūzan, was very successful, establishing relations with Korea and Southeast Asia as well as China. TheHongwu Emperor of China sent a large population of Chinese migrants primarily consisting 36 large families fromFujian Province in 1392 at the request of the Ryukyuan king. The purpose of the migration was to increase population of the Ryukyuan kingdom as well as enhance maritime relations between Chinese empire and Ryukyuan. The Chinese migrants assisted the Ryukyuans in developing their technology and diplomatic relations. In 1407, however, a man named Hashi overthrew Satto's descendant, KingBunei, and installed his father,Shishō, as king of Chūzan.
In 1429, KingShō Hashi completed the unification of the three kingdoms and founded the Ryūkyū Kingdom with its capital atShuri Castle. His descendants conquered theAmami Islands. In 1469, KingShō Taikyū died, so the royal government chose a man named Kanemaru as the new king, who chose the nameShō En and established the Second Shō dynasty. His sonShō Shin conquered the Sakishima Islands and centralized the royal government, the military, and thenoro priestesses.
In 1609, the JapaneseSatsuma Domain launched theinvasion of Ryukyu, ultimately capturing the king and his capital after a long struggle. Ryukyu was forced to cede the Amami Islands and become a vassal of Satsuma. The kingdom became both a tributary of China and a tributary of Japan. Because China would not make a formal trade agreement unless a country was a tributary state, the kingdom was a convenient loophole for Japanese trade with China. When Japan officially closed off trade with European nations except for the Dutch,Nagasaki,Tsushima, andKagoshima became the only Japanese trading ports offering connections with the outside world.
Several Europeans visited Ryukyu starting in the late 18th century. The most important visits to Okinawa were from CaptainBasil Hall in 1816 and CommodoreMatthew C. Perry in 1852. A Christian missionary,Bernard Jean Bettelheim, lived in theGokoku-ji temple in Naha from 1846 to 1854.
In 1879, Japan annexed the entire Ryukyu archipelago.[11] TheMeiji government then establishedOkinawa Prefecture. The monarchy inShuri was abolished, and the deposed KingShō Tai was forced to relocate toTokyo.
Okinawa Island hadthe bloodiest ground battle of thePacific War from 1 April to 22 June 1945. During this 82-day-long battle, about 95,000Imperial Japanese Army troops and 20,195 Americans were killed. TheCornerstone of Peace at the Peace Memorial Park inItoman lists 149,193 persons from Okinawa—approximately one quarter of the civilian population—were either killed or committed suicide during theBattle of Okinawa and the Pacific War.[12] Very few Japanese ended up inPOW camps. This may have been because of Japanese soldiers' reluctance to surrender. The total number of casualties shocked American military strategists. This made them apprehensive toinvade the other main islands of Japan, because it would result in very high casualties.[13][14]
Japan became apacifist country with the1947 constitution, so America was obligated to protect Japan against foreign threats. During theAmerican military occupation of Japan (1945–1952), which followed theImperial Japanese surrender on 2 September 1945, in Tokyo Bay, the United States controlled Okinawa Island and the rest of the Ryukyu Islands. The Amami Islands were returned to Japanese control in 1953. The remaining Ryukyu Islands were returned to Japan on 17 June 1971. America kept numerous U.S. military bases on the islands. There are 32United States military bases on Okinawa Island[15] by theU.S.-Japan alliance since 1951. U.S. bases on Okinawa played critical roles in theKorean War,Vietnam War,Laotian Civil War,Cambodian campaign,War in Afghanistan, andIraq War.[16] Okinawa served as a prime staging post for the aforementioned wars.[16] Its ports and airports were used to transport supplies. The base at Camp Chinen, Nanjo City was used by theCIA for covert operations. In 1965,Admiral Ulysses S. Grant Sharp stated that "Without Okinawa, we couldn't continue fighting the Vietnam war."[16]
Intense use of the island by the U.S. military caused damage to the environment and residents.[16] There were oil and fuel spills.[16] Exposure to toxic substances caused illness of service members such as a nerve agent leak in 1969.[16] Aircraft crashes, hit-and runs and murders killed residents.[16] The perpetrators were often unpunished, since they could not be prosecuted in Okinawa Courts.[16] The 1970s and 1980s also had severe pollution of waterways and wells withPFAS: toxic chemicals in foam used by fire fighting training at U.S. facilities such asKadena Air Base.[17]
In the early 1970s, according to a U.S. government report, Okinawa was a key conduit for smuggling drugs such as heroin from Thailand via Okinawa to the United States.[16] It was called "The Okinawa System" in the global drug trade.[16] A testimony by a head of the Department of Defense said that drug abuse was "quite extensive."[16] It began in the second half of 1968;marijuana was smuggled from Thailand to Okinawa and grown near an unidentifiedU.S. Marine Corps training area in northern Okinawa.[16] A 100 kg (220 lb) package of marijuana fell from an aircraft, and another 90 kg (200 lb) was discovered at a military post office.[16] From the mid-1970s onwards,LSD andheroin became more prevalent.[16] Deserters worked as "passport civilians" and smuggled the drugs into Okinawa.[16] A lack of customs inspections made smuggling easy.[16] There were well organized Ryukyuan smuggling rings who brought heroin, LSD, and marijuana to Okinawa, and produced LSD on the island.[16]
On 4 September 1995, two Marines by the names of Rodrico Harp and Kendrick Ledet, were convinced by Seamen Marcus Dion Gill to search for a local to abduct and rape. This resulted in them targeting a 12-year-old girl walking home alone in the town ofKin. After forcing the victim into a rental van, the trio drove to Blue Beach Training Ground where Gill beat her until she lost consciousness and then raped her. Once finished, he joked about the event with Ledet and Harp,[18] who were alleged to have had reservations about going through with the rape after getting into the vehicle. After dumping her out of the van and driving off, the victim called the police immediately, who had little trouble tracking them down. As a result, the three would become the center of an internationally observed trial that ignited months of protest from anti-base Okinawans. At the conclusion of the trial, the three received sentences to serve between 6.5 and 7 years of hard labor. Although the typical sentence length for rape by Japanese standards at the time, the young victim and her family had begged the panel of judges to pass life sentences.
In 2013, following escalating tensions followingcompeting claims to the uninhabitedSenkaku Islands, thePeople's Republic of China began questioning Japan's sovereignty to the island of Okinawa, citing its past as the independent tributary state of Ryukyu.[19][20] On 31 October 2019, the main courtyard structures ofShurijo were destroyed in a fire.[21] It marked the fifth time that Shurijo was destroyed following previous incidents in 1453, 1660, 1709 and 1945.[22] The 2019 fire burned down sections ofShuri Castle: "Six castle buildings occupying some 4,200 square metres (45,000 sq ft) in total were gutted."[23][24][21] Rebuilding efforts were underway as of 10 February 2020.[25]
In September 2009, the Japanese government estimated the population to be 1,384,762,[3] which included American military personnel and their families. TheOkinawan language, calledUchināguchi, is spoken by adults only,[26] but several local groups promote the use of the Okinawan language by younger people.[27]
Whereas the northern half of Okinawa Island is sparsely populated, the south-central and southern parts of the island are markedlyurbanized—particularly the city of Naha and the urban corridor stretching north from there toOkinawa City. The population distribution is approximately 120,000 in northern Okinawa, 590,000 in central Okinawa and 540,000 in southern Okinawa. It has a high population density of 1,014.93/km2.[28]
During theMeiji period, Okinawan ethnic identity, tradition, culture and language were suppressed by theMeiji government, which sought to assimilate the Okinawans as Japanese (Yamato).[29][30][31][32][33][34] Many ethnic Japanese have since migrated to Okinawa. The modern inhabitants of Okinawa are mainly ethnicOkinawan, Japanese,half Japanese and mixed.
Okinawans are known for theirlongevity. This particular island is a so-calledBlue Zone, an area where the people live longer than most others elsewhere in the world.[35] Five times as many Okinawans reach 100 years old compared to the rest of Japan. As of 2002[update] there were 34.7 centenarians for every 100,000 inhabitants, which is the highest ratio worldwide.[36]: 131–132 Possible explanations are diet, low-stress lifestyle, caring community, activity, and spirituality of the inhabitants of the island.[36][page needed] TheOkinawan diet consists of low-fat, low-salt foods, such as whole fruits and vegetables, legumes, tofu, and seaweed.
In 1997, a scientific research study on the transmission of the ubiquitousJC virus (JCV) was conducted on the population of Okinawa due to the specific separation of Japanese and military populations on Okinawa. By the time of the study, researchers had identified multiple subtypes of JCV, each of which was generally associated with a specific geographic region or ancestral population. Most humans become infected with some subtype of JCV by age of 10 years. The study conjectured that transmission occurred through prolonged close contact within households, rather than between populations living in close proximity, as was the case for the Japanese population and the military personnel living on Okinawa. Specifically, the study looked for transmission from the American population to the Japanese population.[37] The study found no evidence of Japanese children having the American JCV subtype. The researchers proposed a "horizontal transmission from parents to children during long-term cohabitation".[37] As a result of the study, JCV subtype analysis is now used to determine human migration patterns,[38] including the population history of theJōmon people of Okinawa.[39]
Okinawa is the fifth largest island of Japan. The island has an area of 1,206.99 square kilometers (466.02 sq mi). The coastline is 476 kilometers (296 mi) long.[40] The straight-line distance is about 106.6 kilometers (66.2 mi) from north to south.[41] Okinawa is in the northeastern end ofOkinawa Prefecture. Since 1972 over 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of land has been added viareclamation (0.83% of the island's total area).
It is roughly 640 kilometres (400 mi) south of the main island of Kyushu. Okinawa is connected to nearby islands near a land bridge:Katsuren Peninsula is connected via theMid-Sea Road to Henza Island, Miyagi Island, Ikei Island, and Hamahiga Island. Similarly, from theMotobu Peninsula on the northwestern side, all ofSesoko-jima plusYagaji Island andKōri-jima are connected by bridges. Okinawa Island has several beaches such as Manza Beach, Emerald Beach, Okuma Beach, Zanpa Beach, Moon Beach and Sunset Beach (Chatan-cho).Mount Omoto, at 525.5 m (1,724 ft), is the highest mountain in Okinawa, withMount Yonaha being the second highest.[42]
TheMotobu Peninsula in the north has limestone layers andkarst development.[43] In the center and south is mainly a Ryukyu limestone layer and mudstone.[43] The topography is flat, there are few hills over 100 m (328 ft) with very few rivers. The subtropical rains accelerate erosion requiring many drainages anduvala. The southern end of the island consists of upliftedcoral reef, whereas the northern half has proportionally moreigneous rock. The easily erodedlimestone of the south has many caves, the most famous of which is Gyokusendō inNanjō. The northernmostCape Hedo is only 22 km (14 mi) away fromYoronjima.Cape Arasaki is the southernmost location of Okinawa island. It is sometimes confused with Cape Kiyanmisaki.
Cliffs at Manzamo
Subtropical forest of Yanbaru National Park
Village of Onna
A pond in Okinawa
Cape Busena, in Nago, Okinawa
Sunset Beach (Chatan-cho)
Map of Okinawa Prefecture with the location of Okinawa Island
The northern half of Okinawa has one of the largest tracts ofsubtropical rainforest in Asia called theYanbaru. There are manyendemic species of flora and fauna.[44][45] There are a small number of endemicYanbaru kuina (also known as the Okinawa rail), a small flightless bird that is close to extinction. The critically endangeredOkinawa woodpecker is also endemic to the island. TheIndian mongoose was introduced to the island to prevent the nativehabu pit viper from attacking the birds. It did not succeed in eliminating the habu but instead preyed on birds, increasing the threat to the Okinawa rail.
Thecoconut crab is the largest terrestrial hermit crab of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands.[46] It is an endangered species due to over-hunting, which has made them scarce on Okinawa island.[46] In 2021, coconut crabs were found to live in a small cave system on the islet Nagashima off the Henoko district.[47]
A small population of endangereddugongs lives around Okinawa. The estimates are between 3 and 50 survivors.[48][49]
There are many local pubs (izakaya) and cafes that serve Okinawan cuisine and dishes, such asgōyā chanpurū (bitter melon stir fry),fu chanpurū (wheat glutenchanpurū), andtonkatsu (tenderized, breaded, fried pork cutlet). Okinawansoba is the signature dish and consists of wheat noodles served hot in a soup, usually with pork (rib or pork belly). This contrasts with the mainland soba, which is buckwheat noodles.Rafute, which is braised pork belly, is another popular Okinawan dish. American presence on the island has also led to some creative dishes such astaco rice, which is now a common meal served inbentos, and the common use ofspam.
Among theprefectures of Japan, Okinawa has the youngest and fastest-growing population but has the lowest employment rate and average income. The island economy is primarily driven by tourism and the U.S. military presence, with efforts in recent years to diversify into other sectors.[52]
Other significant contributors to the economy include public utilities and public works, as well as, to a lesser extent, telecommunications (Okinawa Cellular Telephone [ja]), and alcoholic beverages (Orion Breweries).[53]
The Motobu Peninsula has a large-scale quarry and cement factory, taking advantage of the limestone in the area.[54] There is also agriculture with tropical fruit such asMalpighia emarginata.[55]
Tourist attractions includeOkinawa Churaumi Aquarium (at one time the world's largest aquarium), Century Beach, Pineapple Park, the Orion Beer Factory andHiji Falls. In recent years, Okinawa has become an increasingly popular destination for tourists from China and Southeast Asia.[56] In 2018, Okinawa attracted 9,842,400 tourists, a positive growth of 4.7% from 9,396,200 in the previous year.[57][58]
The U.S. military bases account for 4 to 5% of the island economy. There is also a smaller contingent of Japanese military bases on the island. Several former U.S. military facilities on Okinawa have been re-developed as commercial areas, most notably the American Village inChatan, which opened in 1998, and the Aeon Mall Okinawa Rycom inKitanakagusuku, which opened in 2015.[56]
The United States maintains American military bases in Japan as part of the U.S.-Japan alliance since 1951. As of December 2024, there were just over 60,000 U.S. military and civilian personnel in Japan — 53,603 active-duty U.S., 397 reserve troops, and 7,049 civilian personnel employed by theU.S. Defense Department.[59] In addition, there are approximately 35,000 U.S. dependents in Japan.[60][61] Most U.S. military is in Okinawa Prefecture.
There are 120 active U.S. military bases in Japan,[62] with about 70% being in or around Okinawa.[63] They cover 25% of the island. The major bases areFutenma,Kadena,Hansen,Torii,Schwab,Foster, andKinser.[64] There are 28 U.S. military facilities on Okinawa. They are mainly concentrated in the central area. At one point, Okinawa hosted approximately 1,200 nuclear warheads.[65] There were severalnuclear weapons incidents on Okinawa and in the sea near the islands.[66][67][68]
In 2020, tests around Kadena Air Base showed severe contamination of the wells and waterways of Dakujaku River and Hija river with toxic chemicalsPFAS.[17] This affects the drinking water of 450,000 residents.[17] PFAS was used in foam at fire fighting training sites on U.S. facilities during the 1970s and 1980s.[17]
The1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement officially ended the U.S. military occupation on Okinawa.[69] The bases primarily exist to serve Japanese and American strategic interests,[70] despite recent efforts to move the bases out of core areas following incidents involving military personnel and resultant protests (including the1995 Okinawa rape incident).[71][72]
In 2012, an agreement was struck between the United States and Japan to reduce the number of U.S. military personnel on the island, moving 9,000 personnel to other locations and moving bases out of heavily populated Greater Naha, but 10,000 Marines will remain on the island, along with other U.S. military units.[64][73] Attempts to completely close bases on the southern third of the island, where 90% of the population lives (all but about 120,000 people[74]) have been impeded by both the American desire that alternative locations be found where bases subject to closure could move to (e.g.Henoko Peninsula, mid-island), as well as by local Okinawan opposition to any suggested locations on the island (who demand no U.S. troops at all anywhere on the island).[70] Tokyo says the U.S. bases are important for national security. Locals complain that despite being home to less than 1% of Japan's population and area, Okinawa hosts the majority of the U.S. military presence in Japan.[75] In late December 2013, GovernorHirokazu Nakaima gave permission for land reclamation to begin for a new U.S. military base at Henoko, reneging on previous promises and furthering the effort to consolidate the American troop presence on the island, though away from urban Naha.[76]
In December 2016 the U.S. returned 10,000 acres (40 km2; 16 sq mi) of the Northern Training Area on Okinawa to Japan. This reduced the footprint of the U.S. forces by 20% on the island. It was the biggest land return since 1972.[77]
Naha Airport is the main transportation hub for the Ryukyu Islands and has an increasingly large role in regional logistics.All Nippon Airways opened a cargo hub at the airport in 2009, providing overnight freight service between Japan and other Asian countries.[56]
WithKunigami district, it has an area of 764 square kilometers (295 sq mi) and a population of about 120,000. There is much nature withsubtropical rainforest.
WithNakagami district, it has an area of 280 square kilometers (110 sq mi) and a population of about 590,000. Most U.S. military facilities are located here.Urasoe has strong connections with the southern municipalities, including the Southern Wide Area Municipal Area Administrative Association,Nishihara town,Nakagusuku village, andKitanakagusuku Village. These belong to the Southern Wide Area Administrative Association. With Kunigami district or Yamabaru, it has an area of 764 km2 (295 sq mi) and a population of about 120,000. Rich nature remains.
^The Demise of the Ryukyu Kingdom: Western Accounts and Controversy. Ed by Eitetsu Yamagushi and Yoko Arakawa. Ginowan-City, Okinawa: Yonushorin, 2002.
^"The Cornerstone of Peace—number of names inscribed". Okinawa Prefecture. Retrieved 4 February 2011
^Manchester, William (14 June 1987)."The Bloodiest Battle Of All".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved31 March 2010.
^"Yonaha-dake".Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) "Large Encyclopedia of Japan (Nipponika)") (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived fromthe original on 25 August 2007. Retrieved16 March 2012.
.jpg)
_20150317-2.JPG)
