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Ohrid Agreement (2001)

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2001 peace agreement

This article is about 2001 agreement between the government of North Macedonia and its ethnic Albanian minority. For the 2023 agreement between Kosovo and Serbia concluded at Ohrid, seeOhrid Agreement (2023).

Ohrid Framework Agreement
Annex of Ohrid Agreement
Type	Peace agreement
Signed	13 August 2001 (2001-08-13)
Location	Ohrid,Macedonia (now North Macedonia)
Original signatories	Government of Macedonia Albanian minority representatives
Languages	English as the only authentic version^[1]

TheOhrid Framework Agreement (Macedonian:Охридски рамковен договор,romanized: Ohridski ramkoven dogovor,Albanian:Marrëveshja e Ohrit) was the peace deal signed by the government of the Republic of Macedonia (nowNorth Macedonia) and representatives of theAlbanian minority on 13 August 2001. The agreement was signed by the country's four political parties after international mediators demanded their commitment to its ratification and implementation within a four-year period.^[2]

Provisions

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The Ohrid Agreement created a framework for North Macedonia as a civic state, ending thearmed conflict between theNational Liberation Army and thesecurity forces of Macedonia.^[3] It established basic principles of the state such as cessation of hostilities, voluntary disarmament of ethnic Albanian armed groups, government devolution, and the reform of minority political and cultural rights.^[4]

The deal also included provisions for altering the officiallanguages of the country, with any language spoken by more than 20% of the population becoming co-official with theMacedonian language at themunicipal level.^[4] Only theAlbanian language, with an approximate 25% of the population being speakers, currently qualifies as a co-official language under this criterion.^[5] The Ohrid Framework Agreement is an example of the adoption ofconsociationalism.^[6]

According to the document, the English-language version is the only authentic version of the Ohrid Framework Agreement. TheGovernment of Macedonia had to adapt theConstitution of Macedonia in order to provide theAlbanian minority living in Macedonia with fifteen basic rights. The lead negotiator, on the behalf of theEuropean Union, wasFrançois Léotard.James W. Pardew represented theUnited States.^[7]

Notes

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^Clause 10.2 states thatEnglish language version of this Agreement is the only authentic version.Framework Agreement(PDF),OSCE, 2001, p. 4
^Dimova, Rozita (2013).Ethno-Baroque: Materiality, Aesthetics and Conflict in Modern-Day Macedonia. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 131.ISBN 9781782380405.
^Caspersen, Nina (2017).Peace Agreements: Finding Solutions to Intra-state Conflicts. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. p. 76.ISBN 9780745680262.
^^a ^bWatkins, Clem S. (2003).The Balkans. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p. 113.ISBN 1590335252.
^Brunnbauer, Ulf (2002)."The implementation of the Ohrid Agreement: Ethnic Macedonian resentments"(PDF).Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (1/2002). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved2015-05-18.
^Fontana, Giuditta (2016).Education Policy and Power-Sharing in Post-Conflict Societies: Lebanon, Northern Ireland, and Macedonia. Springer. p. 102.ISBN 978-3-319-31426-6.
^Laurence Cooley (2018).The European Union's Approach to Conflict Resolution: Transformation Or Regulation in the Western Balkans?. Routledge. p. 103.ISBN 978-1-138-48719-2.