October 31, 1922: Fascist leaderBenito Mussolini becomes Prime Minister of ItalyOctober 27, 1922: Italian Fascists begin the March on RomeOctober 23, 1922:Bonar Law becomes new Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Fascists in Italy marched onBolzano demanding the resignation of its German-speaking mayor, the introduction of Italian into schools and public offices, and bilingualism on all public signs and notices. By October 3 they had complete control of the city.[1][2]
In accordance with the results of the1920 Carinthian plebiscite, exchanges were made of territory between the Republic of Austria and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Austria ceded the area around Leifling, which becameLibeliče in what is nowSlovenia, and Yugoslavia ceded Rabštajn (now Rabenstein) and Šentlovrenc (now Lorenzenberg).
TheRepublic of Lithuania introduced its own currency, thelitas, replacing theGerman ostmark and theGerman ostrubel. The litas coin was designed to have 0.150462 grams of pure gold in order for it to be valued at one-tenth of a U.S. dollar.[3]
TheWhite House Police Force was created by order of U.S. PresidentWarren G. Harding. Placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Secret Service in 1930, it is now the United States Secret Service Uniformed Division.[5] Initially the President or his appointed representative supervised the force.[6]
American-born dancerIsadora Duncan and her husband the Russian poetSergei Yesenin were detained trying to enter the United States. They were not allowed to enter until authorities were satisfied that they had not come for the purposes of spreading communist propaganda.[7][8]
Ireland offered anamnesty to allirregulars who voluntarily surrendered their arms and ceased to engage in rebellious activities before October 15.[12][13] Upon the expiration of the amnesty, theIrish Free State government authorized its military to begin the mass arrest ofIrish republicans caught with illegal weapons.[14]
Italian Fascist Party activists took over the city ofBolzano and deposed MayorJulius Perathoner, who had led the municipality since 1895 when it was the Austrian city of Bozen and then continued after its annexation by Italy followingWorld War I.[15]
The Austrian government signed theGeneva Protocol, securing a major loan from the UK, France, Italy and Czechoslovakia in exchange for renouncing a political alliance with Germany.[11]
Ireland offered anamnesty to all irregulars who voluntarily surrendered their arms and ceased to engage in rebellious activities before October 15.[12]
The Allied and Turkish representatives atMudanya agreed to allow Turkey to have all ofThrace and to placeConstantinople under joint control.[17]
Russian Bolshevik agitatorPyotr Kobozev was inaugurated as the fourth, and last Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of theFar Eastern Republic, to preside over the Republic's annexation into the Soviet Union.
The value of theGerman mark continued its fall and dropped to less than 1/20th of an American penny, as the exchange rate closed at 2,127.33 marks to a U.S. dollar.[18]
The congress of theItalian Socialist Party in Rome descended into fistfights over the question of whether a communist revolution in Italy was still possible or desirable. This conference was the catalyst for the creation of the splinter party called theUnited Socialist Party.[22]
Game 2 of theWorld Series between theNew York Yankees andNew York Giants ended in a 3 to 3 tie, after ten innings. UmpireGeorge Hildebrand called the game due to darkness at 4:43 p.m. even though the sun did not set that day for another 50 minutes. Hundreds of fans at the Giants' stadium, the Polo Grounds (attendance was 37,020), surrounded the field box of CommissionerKenesaw Mountain Landis shouting threats and jeers at the decision. That night after a conference with the owners of both ballclubs, Landis announced that the $120,554 in gate receipts would be donated to disabled soldiers and sailors and New York charities.[23][24] Only two other World Series had games end in a tie (in 1907 and in 1912), and although regular season games ended in a tie as late as 2016, a postseason draw never happened again.[25]
At the direction of U.S. President Warren G. Harding,U.S. Attorney GeneralHarry M. Daugherty ordered liquor off of all American ships throughout the world and prohibited foreign ships carrying liquor from entering American waters.[26][27] The new regulations went into effect eight days later, on October 14.[28] ASupreme Court decision in 1923 would allow American shipsthree miles outside of American waters to sell liquor.[29]
Two U.S. Army pilots set a new record by staying in the air for almost one-and-a-half days, landing atRockwell Field in California, nearSan Diego at 5:11 in the afternoon, 35 hours and 18 minutes after they had gone up from the same field before six in the morning the day before. During their time in the air,John A. Macready andOakley G. Kelly spent the time circling San Diego in aFokker T-2 monoplane and had enough fuel to stay aloft longer but chose to land before sunset. The previous record had been 26 hours.[30]
The United Kingdom and France agreed to Turkey's demand to be allowed to annexEastern Thrace, formerly Greek territory that had been conquered by Turkey in the Greco-Turkish War, on condition that Greek troops in the area be allowed 30 days to withdraw while Allied troops occupied the region.[31] The move came a day after Ismet Inonu issued a demand on behalf of Turkey to allow troops to occupy Eastern Thrace immediately.[32]
Mrs.Rebecca Latimer Felton became the first woman to be appointed as a United States Senator, as Georgia GovernorThomas W. Hardwick presented the necessary papers to signify her appointment to replace the lateThomas E. Watson, who had died on September 26. In that there were no scheduled sessions remaining for the U.S. Senate, Governor Hardwick requested U.S. PresidentWarren G. Harding to call a special session of Congress in order for Mrs. Felton, the 87-year-old widow of former Congressman William H. Felton, to take office.[33] The session took place on November 21 and Mrs. Felton was sworn in for a single day.Walter F. George, who had defeated Hardwick in a special senatorial election on October 17, was sworn in the next day.
Miss Lillian Gatlin arrived in an airplane at 5:45 in the evening at Curtiss Field nearMineola, New York, becoming the first woman to cross the continental United States in an airplane, albeit as a passenger. The De Havilland 400 horsepower airplane was piloted by Elmer G. Leonhardt from San Francisco to New York City with nine stops in between, in order to support her unsuccessful campaign to have March 2 of every year to be a holiday to commemorate the death of U.S. flyers.[36]
Nineteen-year-old Clifford Hayes was arrested and charged with first-degree murder in theHall-Mills case.[37] He would be released a month later and his accuser charged with perjury.[38]
Thecomic stripFritzi Ritz, written and drawn by Larry Whittington, first appeared in newspapers as an offering ofUnited Feature Syndicate.[39][40] On May 14, 1925, the strip was taken over byErnie Bushmiller, and on January 2, 1933, a new character, Fritzi's 8-year-old niece Nancy, was introduced, gradually becoming the focus of the daily strip, which was renamed for her.[41]Fritzi Ritz continued as a Sunday comic until 1967.
Born:
Major GeneralAsaf Simhoni, Israeli Defense Forces commander in the successful Sinai War in 1956, but who died in an accident while on his way back from the victory parade; inNahalal (d. 1956)
Great Britain and Iraq signed theAnglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922 to create "Irak" as an independent kingdom from former Ottoman Empire territory within the League of Nations Mandate for Mesopotamia. Iraq was allowed limited self-government while Britain controlled its foreign relations.[42]
Members of the Irish Republican Army were condemned by bishops of the Roman Catholic Church of Ireland and an order was issued to deny the sacraments of the Church to rebels, and threatening to suspend priests who aided rebels. The decision came after the meeting of the bishops atSt Patrick's College, Maynooth near Dublin. "It is most inconceivable how decent irish boys could degenerate so tragically and reconcile such methods of criminality with their duties to God and Ireland," the bishops stated in a pastoral letter to Ireland's Catholic churches.[43]
TheKarenni States (Bawlake, Kantarawaddy, and Kyebogyi) were placed under the administration of theFederated Shan States, established in 1900 within the northeastern portion of the British Empire's colony ofBurma to handle the various princely states as one geographical unit.[44] The federation would be split into theShan State and theKayah State in 1948 with the founding of the independentUnion of Burma (now the Union of Myanmar).
In the U.S., the acquisition byBethlehem Steel of theLackawanna Steel Company was finalized and made Bethlehem the second-largest steel company in the world. U.S. Steel remained the largest company.[45]
PWX began broadcasting inHavana as the first regular radio station in Cuba.[46]
Born:
Merv Pregulman, American football player, businessman and philanthropist, inductee to the College Football Hall of Fame; inLansing, Michigan (d. 2012)
Arnold Ehret, 56, German-born U.S. nutritionist and alternative health medicine advocate of the "mucusless diet"; from a head injury sustained when he fell while walking
Luisa Capetillo, 42, Puerto Rican labor organizer and women's rights advocate; from tuberculosis
TheArmistice of Mudanya was signed after midnight between Turkey and the Allied powers to end the Greco-Turkish War, after an agreement was reached between the parties at 11:00 pm local time the day before (20:00 UTC) in the town ofMudanya in Turkey.[47][48]İsmet İnönü signed on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey while Lieutenant GeneralCharles Harington Harington and French General Charles Antoine Charpy signed for Britain and France, respectively. Greece would agree to recognize Turkish claims toSmyrna and easternThrace and was given 15 days to withdraw west of theMaritsa River.[34] A mass exodus began in Thrace, as Greeks and Armenians who feared living under the Turks fled westward.[49] In return, Turkey agreed to abolish the Sultanate permanently and to exile150 former Ottoman Empire officials.
Fascists invaded the offices of the Housing Commissioner in Rome and had all the women clerks dismissed and replaced with ex-service men. The Fascists sent a letter to Prime MinisterFacta stating they had taken justice into their own hands.[50]
France released its last German prisoners of war, eight years afterWorld War I had started in 1914 and almost four years after the Armistice of 1918.[53]
The government of Greece acceded to the terms of the October 11Armistice of Mudanya, ceding Greece's territories east of theMaritsa River to Turkey, including Adrianople, Dardanella, Sarànta Ekklisiès and Rhaedestos (which becameEdirne,Çanakkale,Kırklareli andTekirdağ respectively).[55]
The conspirators in theWalther Rathenau assassination who were still alive were given sentences of up to 15 years in prison.Ernst Werner Techow received the maximum penalty.[56]
A group of terrorists of the U.S.Ku Klux Klan kidnapped Theodore Schierlman, the mayor of the small town ofLiberty, Kansas from his office after he had publicly denounced the Klan, took him four miles out of town and beat him with a whip 30 times before warning him of a worse fate if he spoke out again. Kansas GovernorHenry J. Allen ordered an investigation by the state attorney general and said "The responsibility rests on the shoulders of those who employ the disguise and preach the right of mobs to take the law in their hands."[57]
Born:Eugene Goldwasser, American biochemist who developed the process to synthesize the hormoneerythropoietin (EPO) to produce red blood cells as a cure for anemia; inBrooklyn, New York (d. 2010)
Upon the expiration of an amnesty, theIrish Free State Government authorised its military to begin the mass arrest of Irish republicans caught with illegal weapons.[14]
New York City inaugurated direct dial phone service for the first time, taking the switchboard operator out of the PEnnsylvania exchange at one minute after midnight "for local calls by means of dials instead of giving numbers orally"[60] About 1,700 phones had the dial capability, including those at the Pennsylvania Hotel and the Waldorf Hotel.[61]
U.S. Bureau of Prohibition agents made their first seizure of a foreign ship transporting liquor, capturing the Canadian schoonerEmerald 8 miles (13 km) off of the coast of New Jersey and prompting a protest by the British Embassy.[63] An attache of the British Embassy protested that theEmerald was not using its own boats to transport rum to the Jersey shore, but unloading it instead to other boats. AmbassadorAuckland Geddes informed the United States that Britain rejected the American proposal to be given the right to search British ships within 12 miles of American shores.[64]
U.S. Navy Lieutenant Virgil C. Griffin became the first pilot to make a takeoff from an American aircraft carrier, departing from the carrierUSSLangley (at anchor in the York River) in aVE-7 "Bluebird" biplane and landing at an airfield.[66] Eugene Ely had been the first to pilot an airplane off of a U.S. ship, departing from a "temporary platform" 83 feet (25 m) long, erected over the bow of thelight cruiserUSSBirmingham on November 14, 1910, before the first aircraft carriers had been built.
All 29 crew of the Netherlands steamerCornelis drowned when the ship and its lifeboats sank in a gale while grounded on rocks in theGulf of Bothnia near Sweden. Reportedly, the captain refused offers of aid from persons on shore, and the ship was unreachable when the gale reached it.[69]
The U.S. Army's largest airship, thedirigibleC-2, exploded and was destroyed by fire as it was preparing for takeoff atBrooks Field nearSan Antonio, Texas. C-2, with hydrogen gas providing its buoyancy, had been on its way back from California to Virginia after making the first transcontinental flight across the U.S. in September. Seven of the eight crew on board were injured when they jumped from the hangar.[70]
With no prospect of salvage, the ruined ocean linerSSCity of Honolulu was deliberately sunk by the U.S. Coast Guard cutterShawnee off of the California coast, five days after its passengers and crew were rescued from a fire at sea.[71]
TheBritish Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a short-lived British commercial company unrelated to theBritish Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), was incorporated by four British and two American companies (including General Electric and Western Electric) for radio broadcasts in Britain, and began broadcasting four weeks later on November 14.[72] The company would go bankrupt in 1926 and its assets and BBC trademark would be bought by the British government.
The most popular film of the year,Robin Hood, premiered inChicago. StarringDouglas Fairbanks in the title role, the film ran 2 hours and 7 minutes on 11 reels, and earned $2.5 million in North America.[75]
TheConservative Party members of parliament in the United Kingdom gathered for theCarlton Club meeting to discuss whether to end their role in a coalition government with Prime MinisterDavid Lloyd George'sLiberal Party. The Conservatives voted, 186 to 87, to end their participation, bringing the downfall of the coalition government.[76] Lloyd George handed his resignation as Prime Minister to KingGeorge V that day.[77]
U.S. Army test pilotHarold R. Harris became the first pilot to make an emergency escape of a falling airplane byparachute, bailing out after hisLoening airplane went out of control overDayton, Ohio.[79] He landed in the backyard of a house at 335 Troy Street. His plane crashed at 403 Valley Street, a few blocks away, without injuring bystanders. Passengers had parachuted from piloted airplanes in non-emergencies since 1911.[80] TheCaterpillar Club, created by two Dayton reporters to honor persons "who have successfully used a parachute to bail out of a disabled aircraft", admitted Harris as its first member.
An arsonist killed 15 people by setting fire to a five-story apartment building in New York City early in the morning.[81]
Italy's Minister of War,Marcello Soleri, concerned that the Fascists would attempt a takeover of the government, issued an order to all military commanders to be prepared to assume necessary powers for the defense of Rome and the maintenance of public order, but did not receive support from Prime Minister Facta.[82]
In Berlin, German engineer Heinrich Schieferstein demonstrated "the tickless clock... one of the boons promised humanity" at a press conference, a noiseless timepiece operated with an oscillating motor.[83]
ChancellorJoseph Wirth submitted a question for cabinet council discussion asking whether Germany should declare bankruptcy.[86]
Thecensus of Palestine, which contained the modernState of Israel was carried out by Britain and reported a count of 757,182 people, of which nearly 591,000 were Muslims and a little more than 73,000 were Jewish.[87]
Benito Mussolini made a speech to 60,000 of his Blackshirt followers at the annual Fascist Party convention inNaples declaring, "Either we are allowed to govern, or we will seize power bymarching on Rome."[88] The march began three days later and brought Mussolini to power by the end of the week.
Germany's Reichstag voted, 310 to 77, to postpone the 1924 presidential elections for one year, due to unrest in the nation, and to extend the term of PresidentFriedrich Ebert further, to June 30, 1925, though Ebert would die before the completion of his term.[89]
Former German chancellorBernhard von Bülow gave his first interview in seven years, in which he said there was no chance for the monarchy to be restored in Germany because "The republican majority is stronger than the nationalists." Of the country's economic problems he said that they "may lead to local riots, but from all I know of the German people I can say that they are too fond of quiet and order to allow bolshevism to sway the country."[90]
Born:
Werner Buchholz, German-born American computer scientist who coined the term "byte" to describe the number ofbits necessary to create a single character in a computer; inDetmold (d. 2019)
Russian troops under the command ofIeronim Uborevich were able to recapture the city ofVladivostok in the far eastern part of the nation, as former Imperial Russian GeneralMikhail Diterikhs and his troops retreated and were evacuated by Japanese ships.[91][page needed] With the loss of Vladivostok, Japan completed the withdrawal of its remaining occupational forces from the Russian mainland, after starting the pullout on June 24.
Responding to the pro-treaty vote that created the Irish Free State as an independent nation in the British Commonwealth, theIrish Republican Army (IRA) declared its formation of arepublican government withÉamon de Valera as "President of Ireland" (including Northern Ireland), a cabinet of ministers and a 12-member Council of State.[93] By then, the IRA had lost control of its strongholds inCounty Cork and other parts of Ireland.
After beginning its takeover of governments in northern Italy, theFascist Party, led byBenito Mussolini, delivered an ultimatum to the Italian government in which it demanded that it surrender all of its powers to them in order to prevent theMarch on Rome. In a farewell to the Fascists atNaples, Mussolini declared that "I take a solemn oath that either the Government of the country must be given peacefully to the Fascisti or we will take it by force."[94][95]
Prince Andrew of Greece, a Major General of the Greek Army, son of the lateKing George I and the father of thePrince Philippos, the future Prince Consort of the United Kingdom, was arrested at his home on the island ofCorfu and charged with contributing to the disastrous loss by Greece in theGreco-Turkish War. Unlike other officers who were sentenced to long prison terms or executed, Andrew would be allowed to leave the country with his family after British intervention.[96]
Fascists in Italy mobilized and took possession of various cities around the country as theMarch on Rome truly began, though Mussolini remained inMilan.[104] Among the cities that fell during the day were Florence, Pisa and Cremona.[105]
Born:
Ruby Dee (stage name for Ruby Ann Wallace), African-American stage, film and TV actress and activist; inCleveland,Ohio (d. 2014);
Poul Bundgaard, Danish singer, comedian and film and TV character actor known for portraying "Kjeld Jensen" in 15 "Olsen Gang" films; inHellerup (d. 1998)
Ralph Kiner, American baseball outfielder who led the National League in home runs for seven consecutive years, later inducted into the Hall of Fame; inSanta Rita, New Mexico (d. 2014)
Died:
Rita Fornia (stage name for Regina Newman), 44, American opera singer[106]
Thefirst nationally broadcast football game was transmitted by KYW in Chicago and WEAF in New York City as the Princeton University Tigers and the University of Chicago Maroons, both unbeaten, played in Chicago.[107] The Maroons had an 18 to 7 lead until the fourth quarter, and Princeton came back to win, 21 to 18.[108][109][110]
KingVictor Emmanuel III of Italy refused to grant the still-acting Prime MinisterLuigi Facta's request to declare martial law, on the advice of his generals, who warned that the army might not obey orders to fire on the Fascists.[111] Instead, the king invited Mussolini to come toRome and discuss the political situation.[112][113]
Antrim Castle in Northern Ireland, the home of Parliamentary SecretaryAlgernon Skeffington, 12th Viscount Massereene, caught fire while guests were being entertained and was a total loss. All but one of the guests was able to escape but a maid died in the blaze.[114] The ruins would remain standing for almost 50 years before their demolition in 1970.[115]
Benito Mussolini departed Milan for Rome on an overnight train upon receiving word that he would be asked to form a new government.[116] The "Era Fascista" marked October 29 as day 1 of Anno I in the official calendar indtroduced in Anno V (1926). The Fascist regime would last until Anno XX (1943).
Benito Mussolini arrived in Rome at 10:50 a.m., spoke with King Victor Emmanuel for an hour and then went to a hotel where he made a speech from the balcony, saying, "The Fascisti are completely victorious. I have come to Rome not only to give Italy a ministry but a true government. In a few hours you will have such a government. Long live King Victor Emmanuel! Long live victorious Italy! Long live the Fascisti!" By 3 p.m. the members of the coalition cabinet had been chosen, and at 7 p.m. Mussolini and his ministers were sworn in.[113][116][118]
Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia from 1941 to 1955, later the Chief of State (1960-1970) and figurehead president (1975-1976); inPhnom Penh (d. 2012)
^abCole, John W.; Wolf, Eric R. (1999).The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 57.ISBN978-0-520-92217-4.
^abWilliams, Paul (October 4, 1922). "Ireland Offers Amnesty to Rebels Who Turn in Arms".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
^"Amnesty Offered to Irish Rebels; Government's Proclamation Applies to All Offenders Who Surrender Arms by Oct. 15".The New York Times. October 4, 1922. p. 1.
^ab"Free State Starts New Military Rule; Army Courts Will Punish All Persons Found Bearing Arms Illegally".The New York Times. October 17, 1922. p. 6.
^Cattaruzza, Marina (2016).Italy and Its Eastern Border, 1866-2016. Taylor & Francis. p. 124.
^League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 13, pp. 232-235
^Wales, Henry (October 5, 1922). "Turks and Allies Sign Truce".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"New Slump in Mark",The New York Times, October 4, 1922, p. 2
^"30 to 50 Perish in Canadian Fires; 6,000 Made Homeless by Forest Flames That Raze 6 Towns in Ontario and Quebec",The New York Times, October 6, 1922, p. 1
^Wilcox, Grafton (October 7, 1922). "Wet Ships Barred from U.S.".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Harding Prohibits Liquor on Our Ships and on Foreign Craft in American Ports",The New York Times, October 7, 1922, p. 1
^"Foreign Reprisals Feared on Dry Ships; New Rules Delayed— Harding Revises Orders; Allows Until Oct. 14 for Foreign and American Vessels to Get Rid of Their Liquors",The New York Times, October 8, 1922, p. 1
^Wilcox, Grafton (May 1, 1923). "Court Permits Liquor on U.S. Ships at Sea".Chicago Daily Tribune: 1.
^"T-2 in Air 35 Hours Sets World Record; Army Plane Beats Old Mark by Nine Hours",The New York Times, October 7, 1922, p. 1
^"Allies Will Give Thrace to Turks If Terms Are Met; Will Admit Them 30 Days After Greeks Depart if Other Demands Are Accepted",The New York Times, October 8, 1922, p. 1
^"Turks Give Allies Ultimatum to Yield Thrace to Them Now",The New York Times, October 7, 1922, p. 1
^"Woman Senator Gets Credentials; Georgia Governor Officially Invests Mrs. Felton With Title to National Office— Asks Harding to Call One-Day Congress Session to Let Mrs. Felton Take Seat",The New York Times, October 8, 1922, p. 1
^ab"1922".Music And History. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. RetrievedJune 15, 2015.
^"Giants Take Series Without a Defeat; Win Last Game, 5-3",The New York Times, October 9, 1922, p. 1
^"Woman Crosses Continent in Air— Lillian Gatlin, the First of Her Sex to Make Trip Reaches Mineola Field; Is Mail Plane Passenger",The New York Times, October 9, 1922, p. 1
^"Boy, 19, Arrested, Charged by Companion with Murder of Rector and Mrs. Mills".Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 9, 1922. p. 1.
^"Pig Woman Picks Hall Slayer Out of Depot Crowd".Chicago Daily Tribune: 1. November 12, 1922.
^Holtz, Allan (2012).American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 163.ISBN9780472117567.
^"British Conclude Alliance with Irak",The New York Times, October 12, 1922, p. 6
^"Church Condemns Irish Insurrection— Orders Sacraments Denied to Rebels and Threatens to Suspend Priests Aiding Them",The New York Times, October 11, 1922, p. 19
^Robert T. Swaine,The Cravath Firm and Its Predecessors, 1819-1947 (Lawbook Exchange, 2007) p. 410
^Alfredo José Estrada,Havana: Autobiography of a City (St. Martin's Publishing Group, 2008) p. 168
^"Ismet Pasha Signs Armistice Protecol at Angora's Orders",The New York Times, October 11, 1922, p. 1
^"Greek Delegate Refused to Sign Mudania Accord— But Allied Representatives Pledged Observance of the Armistice by Greece",The New York Times, October 12, 1922, p. 1
^Zone, Ray (2007).Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838-1952. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 107–109.
^J.A.S. Grenville and Bernard Wasserstein,The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts, Volume 1 (Routledge, 2001) p. 115
^"Rathenau Slayers Sentenced – 15 Years for Ernst Techow".Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 14, 1922. p. 1.
^"Kansas Mayor Lashed After Assailing Klan; 15 Men Whip Theodore Schierlman of Liberty and Warn Him of a Worse Fate",The New York Times, October 17, 1922, p. 2
^Ryan, Thomas Stewart (October 16, 1922). "Roumania's King Dons Iron Crown".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Rumanians Crown Their King and Queen",The New York Times, October 16, 1922, p. 3
^"Dial Phones In Use Tonight",The New York Times, October 14, 1922, p. 3
^"First City Automatic Phones Are Working; One Dial Exchange Starts at Midnight",The New York Times, October 15, 1922, p. 1
^"The Greek-Turkish Population Exchange: Internationally Administered Ethnic Cleansing", by Sarah Shields, inMiddle East Report No. 267 (2013), pp. 2–6
^"British Complain of Rum Ship Seizure",The New York Times, October 19, 1922, p. 23
^Roy A. Grossnick,United States Naval Aviation, 1910-1995 (Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy 1997) p. 54
^"Great L.A. County Fair Nearly Ready For its Opening Tuesday at 10",The Pomona (CA) Progress, October 16, 1922, p. 1
^"Pomona Fair Opens: Industrial Exhibits, Livestock Displays and Amusement Features Attract Crowds",Los Angeles Times, October 18, 1922, p. II-1
^"29 Lost in Gale Off Sweden; Refused to Quit Stranded Ship",The New York Times, October 18, 1922, p. 1
^"Army Airship C-2 Explodes and Burns— Gust of Wind Dashes Her Against Door and Rips Gas Bag as She Starts Flight",The New York Times, October 18, 1922, p. 2
^Mercer, Derrik (1989).Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 299.ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
^"Gen. Mitchell Sets New Official Air Record— Speed of 224.05 Miles an Hour at Selfridge Field Is Attained Under International Rules",The New York Times, October 19, 1922, p. 2
^"Lieut. Maughan Beats All Speed Records By Flying at Rate of Four Miles a Minute",The New York Times, October 17, 1922, p. 1
^abHolston, Kim R. (2013).Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 28–29.ISBN978-0-7864-6062-5.
^"Lloyd George Government Resigns When Conservatives Bolt Coalition— Change Comes Suddenly; Conservatives Vote 186 to 87 at Carlton Club to Act Independently",The New York Times, October 20, 1922, p. 1
^"Aviator for First Time in Flying History Saves Himself by Leap With a Parachute",The New York Times, October 21, 1922, p. 1
^Dille, J. Robert and Mohler, Stanley R. "The Beginnings: Past and Present."Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Edition. Ed. Jeffrey R. Davis, Robert Johnson, Jan Stepanek and Jennifer A. Fogarty. Philadelphia: Lippimcott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. 6.ISBN978-0-7817-7466-6
^"Death of 14 in Fire Traced to Madman; Police Search City",The New York Times, October 23, 1922, p. 1
^"Soleri, Marcello", by Roberto Pertici, inDizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Treccani, 2018)
^"Clock Without a Tick Invented by German— Engineer Develops It in Connection With Discoveries of Oscillation Power Devices",The New York Times, October 23, 1922, p. 2
^"Bonar Law Takes Office as Premier; Election on Nov. 15",The New York Times, October 24, 1922, p. 1
^Steele, John (October 24, 1922). "Bonar Law to Give England the 'Rest Cure'".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 6.
^"Seize Prince Andrew for Greek Debacle".The New York Times. October 27, 1922. p. 5.
^"Sleep-Walk Plunge Kills Lloyd Warren— Famous Architect Falls From His Sixth-Floor Apartment in Early Morning".The New York Times. October 26, 1922. p. 1.
^"Coup by Fascisti Forces the Fall of Italy's Cabinet",The New York Times, October 27, 1922, p. 1
^"Airplane Lands on Deck of Battleship for First Time in History of Aviation",Dayton (O.) Herald, October 27, 1922, p. 1
^Roy A. Grossnick,United States Naval Aviation, 1910-1995 (Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy, 1997) p. 393
^Steele, John (October 27, 1922). "'Hoot, Mon!' Cry for Bonar Law; 'Ray for Davey!'".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
^"Bonar Law Urges Work and Economy to Restore Britain; Parliament Is Dissolved",The New York Times, October 27, 1922, p. 1
^"Florence, Pisa and Cremona Reported Taken by Fascisti",The New York Times, October 28, 1922, p. 1
^"Rita Fornia Dies Suddenly In Paris; Metropolitan Opera Soprano Was Supposed to Be Recovering From an Operation",The New York Times, October 27, 1922, p. 13
^"Princeton to Get Reports by Radio— Will Receive News of Chicago Gridiron Battle While Watching Freshman Game".The New York Times. October 28, 1922. p. 17.
^"Princeton Rallies and Beats Chicago— Avenges Defeat of Last Year With Brilliant 21-18 Victory at Stagg Field".The New York Times. October 29, 1922. p. 1.
^abBarella, Luigi (October 31, 1922). "Italy Pledged by Fascisti to Peace Policy".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^"Last Greek Soldiers Leave Eastern Thrace",The New York Times, October 30, 1922, p. 2
^De Santo, V. (November 1, 1922). "10,000 Fascisti Make Triumphal Entry into Rome".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
^"'Black Shirts' Hold a Roman Triumph in Assuming Power— 100,000 Fascisti March Through the City as Mussolini Becomes Premier",The New York Times, November 1, 1922
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