EighteenGotha bombers of theLuftstreitkräfte (German Air Force) set out on to raid theUnited Kingdom, with 11 of them reachingEngland. Britishantiaircraft guns fired 14,000 rounds at them without scoring a single hit, but falling fragments from spent antiaircraft shells from the worn-out guns killed eight and injured another 67 people.[2]
The Flying Field at Anacostia, a U.S. military air base, was opened to train pilots and test new aircraft. It was renamed the Anacostia Experimental Flying Field shortly thereafter and eventually theBolling Air Force Base afterColonelRaynal Bolling on July 1, 1918.[11]
The largest airship ever built at the time, theL 57, was wrecked and destroyed by fire while trying to take off for a test flight in poor weather. TheZeppelin aircraft was 743 feet (226 meters) in length and could carry 2,418,700cubic feet (68,490cubic metres) ofhydrogen gas for long-distance flights fromEurope toAfrica.[22]
German submarineSM U-106 struck a mine and sank in theNorth Sea with the loss of all 41 crew.[23]
Rose Piper, American painter, known for abstract works inspired byblues music includingThe Death of Bessie Smith; as Rose Theodora Sams, inNew York City, United States (d.2005)[citation needed]
Battle of Poelcappelle – German forces halted the British advance on theWestern Front inWest Flanders, Belgium but at a cost of 35,000 casualties during the first ten days of October. Total British and Commonwealth casualties for the day's fighting were around 11,500.[29]
During theBattle of Poelcappelle, a squad of 71 Australian soldiers with the10th Battaliondisappeared without a trace in Celtic Wood during a diversionary attack on German positions. Speculations for the unaccounted men ranged from clerical error to the troops being massacred and buried in a mass grave (though German records made no mention of such an incident). Official Australian military documents confirm at least 37 men remained unaccounted.[30]
First Battle of Passchendaele –Allied forces failed to take key defensive ridges held by the Germans west of the village ofPasschendaele, Belgium.[44] The brunt of the 13,000 casualties were taken byANZAC units, with theNew Zealand division suffering 2,725 casualties including 845 killed, the single biggest loss forNew Zealand (roughly one in 1,000 of the nation's population at that time).[45] German casualties were estimated at 12,000.[46]
Operation Albion – German forces captured 20,000 Russian prisoners and 100 guns as they expanded out fromTagalaht to the rest of the island ofSaaremaa in the Baltic Sea.[47]
The first regiment was stationed at the newly commissioned Naval Operating Base inNorfolk, Virginia.[48]
Born:James McAuley, Australian poet and literary critic, known for poetry collections includingA World of its own and literary criticism such asThe rhetoric of Australian poetry; inLakemba, New South Wales, Australia (d.1976)[citation needed]
"Miracle of the Sun on front page ofIlustração Portuguesa, 29 October 1917.
Miracle of the Sun – A massive gathering of pilgrims inFátima, Portugal, estimated between 30,000 and 40,000 (with another report going as high as 100,000), simultaneously witnessed the sun change colors and move in impossible paths across the sky for ten minutes. The miraculous event was foretold by local childrenLúcia dos Santos and siblingsFrancisco and Jacinta Marto, who had been experiencing visions fromOur Lady of Fátima for months.[50] After years of investigation, theCatholic Church concluded in 1930 that the event was genuine. However, skeptics have cited mass delusion brought on by weeks of speculation or meteorological illusions as the cause.[51][52]
Tire manufacturerYokohama was established inTokyo as a joint venture between Yokohama Cable Manufacturing andB.F. Goodrich.[53]
The historic dramaCleopatra was released, withTheda Bara in the starring role as the Egyptian queen. Directed byJ. Gordon Edwards, the film also starredFritz Leiber asJulius Caesar andThurston Hall asMark Antony. Controversy around its sensual images only made the film more popular and the biggest hit of 1917.[60] The film was considered lost but some fragments along with production stills survived, allowing a portion of the film to be reconstructed for screening at theHollywood Heritage Museum.[61]
Born:Geoffrey Bibby, English archaeologist, best known for the discovery of the ancient city ofDilmun and the pioneer of Arabian archaeology; as Thomas Geoffrey Bibby, inHeversham, England (d.2001)[citation needed]
The firstnaval action between theUnited States Navy andImperial German Navy occurred when American destroyerUSSCassin exchanged fire with German submarineSMU-61 off the coast ofIreland, with both vessels damaged. The sole casualty was U.S. sailorOsmond Ingram, who jettisoned several depth charges from a point where a German torpedo was about to hit, saving the ship from catastrophic damage. He was awarded theMedal of Honor posthumously, and was the first recorded enlisted American casualty ofWorld War I.[64]
Royal Navy air officerJohn Alcock oversaw the first test flight of his experimental fighter biplane, named theAlcock Scout. However, only one had been made and when it crashed on another test flight in 1918, no further models were built.[67]
Battle of Mahiwa – South African reinforcements attacked German troops from the opposing side, but the Germans regrouped to a ridge nearMahiwa to hold off the attacks.[70]
Died:John Franklin Botume, 61, American singer and choir director, author on several books on singing includingModern Singing Methods: Their Use and Abuse (b.1855)[citation needed]
Battle of Mahiwa – A German force of 1,500 men counterattacked and repelled the attacking South African and Nigerian force of 4,900 men, inflicting 2,700 casualties. The Germans suffered between 500 and 600 casualties, or thirty percent of its strength.[81]
Battle of Moon Sound – German ships entered the Gulf of Riga and began to clear the minefield, where most casualties occurred during the operation.[72]
Thirteen Zeppelins set out on a high-altitude raid against the middle ofEngland but severe weather conditions prevented all but two from reaching their targets. One of the airships bombedLondon, killing 24 people and injuring nine others, as well as destroying theAustin Motor Works plant atLongbridge, England. The second airship bombedNorthampton andLondon, killing 24 people and injuring nine others.[82]
British cargo shipMahratta was launched by Robert Duncan & Co inPort Glasgow, Scotland. In a remarkable coincidence, the ship was wrecked in theEnglish Channel in the exact spot as its predecessor.[88]
Police inWashington, D.C. arrestedAlice Paul, a prominent member of the suffragist protest groupSilent Sentinels, while she carried a banner that quoted U.S. PresidentWoodrow Wilson: "The time has come to conquer or submit, for us there can be but one choice. We have made it." Paul was sentenced to seven months in prison where, after enduring two weeks of solitary confinement, was released to prison hospital where she started a hunger strike to protest the poor conditions of theVirginia penitentiary where many fellow Sentinel members were also imprisoned.[89]
British forces launched twoseparate assaults on the German front inBelgium, capturing the village ofPolecappelle but failing to seize a key road junction north ofHouthulst Forest from German control.[93] British casualties were 479 while German casualties were unknown, save for 125 prisoners.[94]
Battle of Wadi Musa – A force of 700 Arab rebel troops ambushed an Ottoman column dispatched to secure theHejaz railway inJordan, killing 400 men and capturing 300 prisoners.[100]
Battle of Caporetto – Also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, Austro-Hungarian and German forces triggered 894 canisters that released chlorine gas onto theItalian Second Army entrenched in the valley. Most Italian soldiers retreated as their supplied gas masks could only last for two hours, with an estimated 500 to 600 defenders killed.[105][106] TheCentral Powers then usedinfiltration tactics andstormtroopers armed with light machine guns, mortar launchers, grenades and flamethrowers to break through the line, leading to its collapse six days later.[107][108]
Battle of La Malmaison – TheFrench Sixth Army captured thePinon commune and the surrounding forest from the Germans in northernFrance, thus liberating the village and fort ofLa Malmaison, France from German control.[121] French losses were 2,241 killed, 8,162 wounded and 1,460 missing. However, French forces captured 11,157 German prisoners and 1,100 machine gun, artillery and mortar pieces.[122] German losses were estimated at 38,000 killed or missing.[123]
Third Battle of Gaza – British and French naval vessels bombardedGaza to soften Ottoman defensive prior to infantry assault on November 1. An Ottoman aircraft strafed one of the British ships, killing 38 sailors.[124]
British flying aceArthur Rhys-Davids disappeared while pursuing a German squadron east ofRoeselare, Belgium. His death wasn't confirmed until December 29 when German command informed he had been shot down by German flying aceKarl Gallwitz. At the time, he had been credited with 27 victories including German acesCarl Menckhoff andWerner Voss.[126]
TheIrish Volunteers held its convention immediately following the Sinn Féin convention, with most of the delegates having attended both. Newly elected Sinn Féin president Éamon de Valera was also elected president of the Volunteers.[127]
Second Battle of Passchendaele – The Canadian forces advance slowed due to German resistance but were able to hold the line for reinforcements, at a cost of 2,481 casualties.[130]
Three GermanLuftstreitkräfte (German Air Force) bombers set out for the firstheavier-than-air night raid onEngland in four weeks. Two of the bombers diverted toCalais, France due to bad weather, but the third reachedEngland and bombed theEssex coast.[136]
Battle of Caporetto – After delaying a decision for five days despite pressure from his officers, Italian GeneralLuigi Cadorna relented and ordered theItalian Second Army to retreat back to theTagliamento River.[141] Meanwhile, the two Italian brigades assigned to protect the rear were destroyed by the German and Austrian forces at theBattle of Pozzuolo.[142]
Second Battle of Passchendaele – Canadian forces advanced 600 yd (550 m) from the starting line, capturing key defense positions around the hamlets of Meetcheele and Goudberg,Belgium at the cost of2,321 casualties.[143]
Twenty-two GermanGotha bombers set out to raidLondon, with the newly developed 4.5 kg (9.9 lb)incendiary bomb included in their bomb loads. Fewer than half the bombers reached theLondon area, and many of the incendiary bombs failed to ignite for the bomb drops that were delivered. The remaining planes bombedKent, destroying agasometer inRamsgate but achieving little else. Five of the bombers crashed while attempting to land upon returning to their bases. Bad weather prevented further raids against England until December.[145]
Real estate services companyCushman & Wakefield was established inNew York City by brothers-in-law J. Clydesdale Cushman and Bernard Wakefield. The firm now operates in 60 countries and employs more than 43,000 people.[151][152]
Born:
Patience Gray, British writer, known for best-selling cook and travel books includingPlats Du Jour andHoney From A Weed; as Patience Jean Stanham, inShackleford, England (d.2005)[citation needed]
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^Hampton Roads Naval Historical Foundation (February 2014).Images of America: Naval Station Norfolk. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 7.
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^Ferneyhough, Frank (1975).The History of Railways in Britain. Reading: Osprey.ISBN0-85045-060-8.
^Stevens, Doris (1920).Jailed for Freedom. New York, NY: Liverright Publishing.
^Cahill, Christopher. "Second Puberty: The Later Years of W. B. Yeats Brought His Best Poetry, along with Personal Melodrama on an Epic Scale".The Atlantic Monthly, December 2003.
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^Doughty, R. A. (2005).Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University. pp. 384–389.ISBN978-0-674-01880-8.
^Philpott, W. (2014).Attriotin: Fighting the First World War. London: Little, Brown. p. 279.ISBN978-1-4087-0355-7.
^Falls, Cyril (1930).Military Operations: Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2 Part I. A. F. Becke (maps). London: HM Stationery Office. pp. 65–66.OCLC644354483.
^Franks, Norman,Aircraft Versus Aircraft: The Illustrated Story of Fighter Pilot Combat From 1914 to the Present Day, London: Grub Street, 1998,ISBN1-902304-04-7, p. 63.
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