| Oconaluftee River Egwanulti | |
|---|---|
 View of the Oconaluftee River within theGreat Smoky Mountains National Park | |
 | |
| Native name | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Confluence of Beech Flats Prong and Kephart Prong |
| • coordinates | 35°35′14.4″N83°21′42.9″W / 35.587333°N 83.361917°W /35.587333; -83.361917 |
| Mouth | |
• location | Tuckasegee River |
• coordinates | 35°26′45.9″N83°23′1.3″W / 35.446083°N 83.383694°W /35.446083; -83.383694 |
| Length | 30 mi (48 km) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Ela, NC |
| • average | 518 cu ft/s (14.7 m3/s)[3] |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Tuckasegee →Little Tennessee →Tennessee →Ohio →Mississippi |
TheOconaluftee River[4] drains the south-centralOconaluftee valley of theGreat Smoky Mountains inWestern North Carolina before emptying into theTuckasegee River. The river flows through theQualla Boundary, a federal land trust that serves as a reserve for theEastern Band of the Cherokee, the only federally recognized tribe in North Carolina. They bought the land back from the federal government in the 1870s, after having been pushed off and forced to cede it earlier in the 19th century. Several historicCherokee towns are known to have been located along this river.
Beech Flats Prong is a stream formed by the convergence of several spring outlets high in theAppalachians nearNewfound Gap, a mountain pass that straddles theTennessee–North Carolina border in the center of theGreat Smoky Mountains National Park. The stream flows about 10 miles (16 km) south where it merges with Smith Branch, Kepharts Prong, and the Kanati Fork to form the Oconaluftee River. The river continues south, where it is joined by the Bradley Fork, which greatly strengthens its flow. A large, flatbottomland is created by the river'sconfluence with the Raven Fork atCherokee, North Carolina, where the river turns westward, flowing to its mouth on theTuckasegee River.
Present-dayBryson City inSwain County developed just upriver of this confluence.[5] The Oconaluftee passes through the settlements of Smokemount, theOconaluftee Village and Hospital, the town of Cherokee, base of the EBCI;Indian Hills, andBirdtown before emptying into the Tuckasegee.
For thousands of years, indigenous peoples occupied this region, generally living near the waterways. The historicCherokee people occupied this region as their traditional homelands long before European encounter. They considered theOcona Luftee waters to be sacred.[6] The name "Ocona Luftee" was derived from the name of the Cherokee village,Egwanulti, which was developed on its banks prior to the area's colonization by Europeanfrontiersmen. The name translates to "by the river" in English.[7] The river and the village were named by the Cherokee prior to the arrival in this area ofJohn Bartram, an English colonial explorer fromPhiladelphia.[8]
During the 1830s and the time ofIndian removals from the Southeast, the Cherokee were allowed the chance to purchase plots of land for individual households, if they agreed to leave the tribe. They were then considered U.S. and state citizens, not subject to removal.
About 500 Cherokee led byYonaguska lived on land along the Oconaluftee, which was owned byWilliam Holland Thomas, a white man who held it in trust for the Cherokee, to protect it for them. They were originally prohibited from buying land where the European Americans were settling. He had been adopted by the Cherokee as a boy, and he enabled this band of Cherokee to remain, safe from removal. They were joined by a smaller band of about 150 people, who lived along theNantahala River and were led by Utsala. Other groups living in Snowbird and along theCheoah River (inTomotley) also stayed in the region. If needed, they could all gather on the land held in trust by Thomas and be protected. Today their descendants comprise most of theEastern Band of Cherokee, numbering approximately 2,000 people. In the 1870s, the Cherokee people expanded their lands in North Carolina with the purchase of theQualla Boundary.
Since the late 20th century, archeological remains have been found in the eleven westernmost counties of North Carolina, especially in the flat bottomlands about the mouth of Mingus Creek, Toe String Creek, Bradley Fork, and Collins Creek.[9][10]
