The Oceanids' father Oceanus was the great primordial world-encircling river, their motherTethys was a sea goddess, and their brothers theriver gods (also three thousand in number) were the personifications of the great rivers of the world. Like the rest of their family, the Oceanid nymphs were associated with water, as the personification of springs.[2]Hesiod says they are "dispersed far and wide" and everywhere "serve the earth and the deep waters",[3] while inApollonius of Rhodes'Argonautica, theArgonauts, stranded in the desert of Libya, beg the "nymphs, sacred of the race of Oceanus" to show them "some spring of water from the rock or some sacred flow gushing from the earth".[4]
The Oceanids are not easily categorized, nor confined to any single function,[5] not even necessarily associated with water.[6] Though most nymphs were considered to be minor deities, many Oceanids were significant figures.Metis, the personification of intelligence, wasZeus' first wife, whom Zeus impregnated withAthena and then swallowed.[7] The OceanidDoris, like her mother Tethys, was an important sea-goddess.[8] While their brothers, the river gods, were the usual personifications of major rivers,Styx (according to Hesiod the eldest and most important Oceanid) was also the personification of a major river, theunderworld's river Styx.[9] And some, like Europa, andAsia, seem associated with areas of land rather than water.[10]
The Oceanids were also responsible for keeping watch over the young.[11] According to Hesiod, who described them as "neat-ankled daughters of Ocean ... children who are glorious among goddesses", they are "a holy company of daughters who with the lord Apollo and the Rivers have youths in their keeping—to this charge Zeus appointed them".[12]
Sailors routinely honored and entreated the Oceanids, dedicating prayers, libations, and sacrifices to them. Appeals to them were made to protect seafarers from storms and other nautical hazards. Before they began their legendary voyage toColchis in search of theGolden Fleece, theArgonauts made an offering of flour, honey, and sea to the ocean deities, sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated their protection from the dangers of their journey.[22] They were also recorded as the companions of Persephone when she was abducted by Hades.[23]
The goddessArtemis requested that sixty Oceanids of nine years be made her personal choir, to serve her as her personal handmaids and remain virgins.[24]
Hesiod gives the name of 41 Oceanids, with other ancient sources providing many more. While some were important figures, most were not. Some were perhaps the names of actual springs, others merely poetic inventions.[25] Some names, consistent with the Oceanids' charge of having "youths in their keeping", represent things which parents might hope to be bestowed upon their children: Plouto ("Wealth"), Tyche ("Good Fortune"), Idyia ("Knowing"), and Metis ("Wisdom").[26] Others appear to be geographicaleponyms, such as Europa, Asia, Ephyra (Corinth), and Rhodos (Rhodes).[27]
Several of the names of Oceanids were also among the names given to theNereids.
As a group, the Oceanids form the chorus of the ancient Greek tragedyPrometheus Bound, coming up from their cave beneath the ground to console the chainedTitanPrometheus.[28] There they are described as moving with haste, in contrast to the hero's immobility.[29] In his new interpretation of the Greek play's continuation,Prometheus Unbound (1820),[30]Percy Bysshe Shelley included three Oceanids among his characters. Ione and Panthea accompany the suffering hero and are joined by his lover,Asia. The setting is in the Caucasus mountains and Shelley describes these characters as winged beings.
Two 19th century artists depicted the mourning of the Oceanids about the rock on whichPrometheus is chained, which was interpreted in this case as rising mid-ocean. The first of these wasLa Désolation des Océanides (1850) byHenri Lehmann, presently in the Musée départemental deGap.[31] The other, titled simplyThe Oceanids (The Naiads of the Sea) (1869), was byGustave Doré. Lehmann's painting was savaged as lacking in Classical decorum by the critics of theSalon at which it was exhibited; in particular, the nymphs clustered about the sea-girt rock on which Prometheus is chained were compared to "a troop of young seals clambering onshore".[32] Doré's naiads, engaged in the same occupation, were eventually identified more elegantly byDorothea Tanning as akin to mermaids.[33]
Later artists reinterpreted the nymphs tumbling among the waves, as depicted by both painters, in order to portray individual Oceanids as female manifestations of sea foam. Examples includeWilhelm Trübner's study of a female form in a frothy wave (Weiblicher Akt im Schaum einer Welle), which he titled "Oceanide" (1872);[34] andWilliam-Adolphe Bouguereau'sOcéanide (1904), portraying a nude extended on the shore in the track of the incoming tide,[35] of which a more sympathetic critic of the 1905 Salon noted how the artist delights in comparing a lissom body to the sea's undulations.[36] Manchester-bornAnnie Swynnerton's "Oceanid" emerging from the sea was painted the same year and is presently in theCartwright Hall Art Gallery, Bradford.[37]
The 1925 bronze copy of theOcéanides in the Rodin Museum, Philadelphia
Sculptures of the subject are comparable to the paintings in some respects. In Johann Eduard Müller's marble statue of "Prometheus and the Oceanides" (1868–79), the nymphs scramble upwards in an attempt to alleviate the Titan's suffering,[38] as they do in Lehmann's canvas. The smaller-scaleOcéanides (1905) ofAuguste Rodin cluster like waves breaking at the base of a rock, their "supple feminine forms emerging from rough marble".[39] A larger scale version of the sculpture was finally cast in bronze in 1925 and is in Philadelphia'sRodin Museum.
The fountain atYork House, Twickenham concentrates on a purely marine theme and is of much wider extent. This gave the turn of the century sculptor, Oscar Spalmach (1864–1917), the opportunity to drape his white marble Oceanids about the rocks of the cascade in a variety of painterly poses.[40]Henri Laurens created a bronzeOcéanide in 1933 which was equally suited for outdoor display. Largely abstract in conception, the sea connection is suggested by the shell-like wave shape that upholds one of her legs.[41] Several copies of the sculpture exist, displayed in theMiddelheim Open Air Sculpture Museum outside Antwerp, the GermanStaatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe and theCentre Pompidou in Paris. And in Australia Helen Leete went on to create an equally abstracted group of "Oceanides" in 1997 to mount on the seaside rocks offManly, New South Wales.[42]
A musical interpretation of these mythical figures was the result of the visit byJean Sibelius to the US in 1914, before which he was commissioned to compose atone poem. Though this is generally titledThe Oceanides (Opus 73), Sibelius referred to it in his diary asAallottaret: the Finnish word for "nymphs of the waves".[43]
Grimal, Pierre,The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996,ISBN9780631201021.
Hard, Robin,The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004,ISBN9780415186360.Google Books.
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