 The obelisk in a print byGiuseppe Vasi of 1738 | |
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| Coordinates | 41°54′02″N12°28′43″E / 41.9006°N 12.4787°E /41.9006; 12.4787 |
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TheObelisk of Montecitorio (Italian:Obelisco di Montecitorio), also known asSolare, is anancient Egyptian, redgraniteobelisk ofPsamtik II (595–589 BC) fromHeliopolis. Brought toRome with theFlaminio Obelisk in 10 BC by theRoman EmperorAugustus to be used as thegnomon of theSolarium Augusti, it is now in thePiazza Montecitorio. It is 21.79 metres (71 ft) high, and 33.97 metres (111 ft) including the base and the globe.
The stone was quarried atAswan and then transported to, and erected at, the sanctuary ofRa inHeliopolis during the reign ofPsamtik II (595–589 BC).[1][2]
The hieroglyphic inscription on the sides reads[3][4]
The Golden Horus, beautifying the Two Lands, beloved of Atum, lord of Heliopolis; the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Neferibre, beloved of Re-Harakhti;the son of his own body, who seizes the White Crown and who unites the Double Crown, Psammetikos, beloved of the Souls of Heliopolis.
and the inscription on thePyramidion reads[3]
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, <good heart of Re> son of Re <Psamchek II>life for ever and evergive him all life and all health for ever Re Horachty great god lord of the skyI gave thee all life and dominion, all health, and all joy for ever
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In 10 BCE, Emperor Augustus ordered this and theFlaminio Obelisk to be brought to Rome.[6] It was erected as thegnomon of the Solarium Augusti, his giantsundial (orhorologium) in theCampus Martius. The meridian, worked out by the mathematicianFacondius Novus, was placed in the center of a surface measuring 160 by 75 metres (525 by 246 ft), constructed from slabs oftravertine, on which a quadrant was marked out with bronze letters, with indications of the hours, months, seasons and signs of thezodiac. Besides its function as a solar clock, the obelisk was oriented in such manner so as to cast its shadow on the nearbyAra Pacis on 23 September, Augustus's birthday, which coincided with theautumnal equinox. The reason for this orientation of the sunlight alludes to the peace that Augustus had always strived for by directing the light to the Ara Pacis, Pax the Roman goddess of peace is being highlighted. This orientation “sanctioned his divine right to rule” and “possibly his right to establish a dynasty.”[citation needed]
A detailed description that gives us the typology, appearance and formal operating procedure of this imposing solar meridian is supplied fromPliny the Elder (Naturalis historia 36, 71–72): "The one [obelisk] in the Campus was put to use in a remarkable way by divine Augustus so as to mark the sun’s shadow and thereby the lengths of days"[7]
The inscription written on two sides of the obelisk's base runs as follows:
IMP. CAESAR DIVI F.
AVGVSTVS
PONTIFEX MAXIMVS
IMP. XII COS. XI TRIB. POT. XIV
AEGVPTO IN POTESTATEM
POPVLI ROMANI REDACTA
SOLI DONVM DEDIT
Translation: Imperator Caesar, son of thedeified (Julius Caesar), Augustus,Supreme Pontiff, proclaimed Imperator twelve times, Consul eleven times, holding Tribunician Power fourteen times, having reduced Egypt into the sovereignty of the Roman people, gave this gift to the sun.
However, according to Pliny, the original horologic stopped working 30 years after its construction (that is, by the 40s AD).[8]
Augustus’s decision to erect the obelisks in Rome inspired future rulers of Rome to do the same. Some of these rulers that would follow suit areHadrian andDomitian. Both of them would erect more obelisks throughout Rome, each one with a different meaning.
Between the 9th and 11th centuries, probably because of fire, earthquake (perhaps the earthquake of 849) or war (e.g. during thesiege of Rome of 1084 byRobert Guiscard), the obelisk collapsed and then, progressively, became buried.Pope Sixtus V (1520–1590) made some attempts to repair and raise the obelisk, reassembling some pieces that had been found in 1502 in a cellar off the "Largo dell'Impresa", the presentPiazza del Parlamento. After this fruitless attempt, some traces of the meridian were recovered during the pontificate ofBenedict XIV in 1748, who found parts of it under the main entrance of Piazza del Parlamento 3, sited just as in Pliny's description. The obelisk and the meridian were not originally located in the position in which they were re-erected by the popes, but in the space behind the Curia innocenziana (now calledPalazzo Montecitorio). Under the cellar of a stable on a street in the Campus Martius, a piece of the meridian was excavated, with the markings for various months in Greek letters set into the travertine slabs. Another fragment was hypothesized to be contained in the mosaic still visible in the foundation of the Church ofSan Lorenzo in Lucina.
From 1789 to 1792,Pope Pius VI carried out intensive works to repair the obelisk, which was later raised and restored as asundial. The direction of the restoration work was entrusted to the architectGiovanni Antinori, who restored the obelisk using granite from theColumn of Antoninus Pius. This column's base, with its famous relief showing the Solar obelisk held as a symbol of the Campus Martiusregio by a personification of the Campus, is still preserved in theVatican Museums.
In the new layout ofPiazza Montecitorio (inaugurated on 7 June 1998), a new meridian was traced on the pavement in honor of Augustus's meridian, pointing towards the main entrance of the palazzo. Unfortunately, the shadow of the obelisk does not point precisely in that direction, and its gnomonic function is definitively lost.
Media related toMontecitorio obelisk at Wikimedia Commons
| Preceded by Elephant and Obelisk | Landmarks of Rome Obelisk of Montecitorio | Succeeded by Arch of Constantine |
