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TheOK gesture,OK sign orring gesture is agesture performed by joining thethumb andindex finger in a circle, and holding the other fingers straight or relaxed away from the palm. Commonly used by scuba divers, it signifies "I am OK" or "Are you OK?" when underwater. In mostEnglish-speaking countries it denotes approval, agreement, and that all is well or "okay". In other contexts or cultures, similar gestures may have different meanings including those that are negative, offensive, financial, numerical, devotional, political,[1] or purelylinguistic.
Ring gestures, formed by forefinger and thumb with remaining digits extended, appear in Greece at least as early as the fifth century BCE, and can be seen onpainted vases as an expression of love, with thumb and forefinger mimickingkissing lips. When proffered by one person toward another inAncient Greece, the gesture was of one professing their love for another, and the sentiment was conveyed more in the touching of fingertips than in the ring that they formed.[2] As an expression of assent and approval, the gesture can be traced back to first centuryRome where therhetoricianQuintilian is recorded as having used it.[3] Quintilian'schironomy prescribed variations in context for the gesture's use during specific points of a speech: to open, give warning or praise or accusation, and then to close adeclamation.[2]
Contemporaneously, the sign appeared throughout theBuddhist andHindu diasporas as a symbol of inner perfection.EthologistDesmond Morris posits that the joined thumb-and-forefinger communicates precision in grasping something literally or figuratively, and that the shape formed by their union represents the epitome of perfection—acircle—hence the gesture's transcultural message that things are "exactly right" or "perfect".[4]
InNaples, the gesture has been long used to symbolize love andmatrimony, as was custom in neighboringGreece, but specifically with the palm upturned, while the gesture made with a downturned palm represents a hand holding thescales of justice.[2][5] AcrossItaly, the gesture remained in use as one for making points in conversation when moved about to express discursive precision, but when held still in an upright position with fingers jutting skyward, it became an emblem of perfection.[2]
Early records of the sign's usage in the English-speaking world date to British physician-philosopherJohn Bulwer's 1644Chirologia, "The naturall language of the hand composed of the speaking motions, and discoursing gestures thereof."[6] Among the many hand gestures detailed by Bulwer, he described one as "The top of the fore-finger moved to joyne with the naile of the Thumbe that's next to it, the other fingers in remitter,"[7] and said that it was "opportune for those who relate, distinguish, or approve".[8]
By the early 19th century in the United States, the gesture was affiliated with the letters "O" (formed by the circle) and "K" (derived from the extended fingers). While it is not known exactly how the OK gesture and the corresponding verbal expression coalesced, the English professorAllen Walker Read dates the expression's rise in usage to an 1839 humor piece in theBoston Morning Post describing the expression "o.k." as meaning "all correct", suggesting comically misspelled initials, at a time whenacronyms for misspelled words were in vogue.[9] Several otherbroadsheets inBoston,New York andPhiladelphia ran with the expression in their own columns, some with misspellings of "all correct" such asoll korrect, bringing the phrase into the vernacular ofAmerican English.
The following yearDemocrats began using the phrase and its accompanying gesture in support of presidentMartin Van Buren'scampaign for reelection. A native ofKinderhook, New York, Van Buren was widely known by his nickname, "Old Kinderhook", whose initials, "O.K.", were steadily gaining traction as an expression of approval.[10] InNew York City, fans of Van Buren formed the O.K. Democratic Club and used the gesture as its sign, with the slogan of "O.K." bearing the double meaning in the club's catchphrase, "Old Kinderhook is all correct." Both phrase and gesture made their way into newspapers around the country via political cartoons, thus further spreading the expression. After Van Buren's defeat toWilliam Henry Harrison, O.K. was briefly satirized as meaning "Owful Kalamity" or "Owful Katastrophe".[11]
As a gesture, its denotation is more positive than the word "OK", which may mean a thing is merely mediocre, satisfactory at only the most basic level, as in, "The food was OK." The gesture is commonly understood as a signal of approval,[10] and is sometimes used synonymously with the Westernthumbs up gesture.
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In thecommunication used byscuba divers, the OK sign is specific in its meaning that "everything is OK" as regulated by theRecreational Scuba Training Council. Divers are taught to always use this sign and not thethumbs up gesture because the latter means that a diver needs to ascend.[12] The gesture is also used as a means of checking in, with one diver using it to ask another, "Everything OK?" and the response meaning, "Yes, everything is OK."[13]
At distances where the standard OK gesture may be hard to see, divers use larger signals as an alternative, either with one hand atop the head and the elbow bent out to the side, or with both hands touching above the head so that the arms form an "O" for "OK".[14] This full-body gesture is also used as "OK" in Japan where the single-handed gesture denotes monetary transactions instead of meaning "OK".[15] This two-armed OK gesture was added toUnicode in 2010 asU+1F646 🙆FACE WITH OK GESTURE and became part ofEmoji 1.0 in 2015.[16]
In Japan, the one-handed ring gesture is used to symbolize money,[17] and in this context the fingers' circular shape represents acoin.[4] Sometimes the sign is used to avoid the verbal awkwardness in talking about or asking for money.[18] In other contexts, it can be used to imply a bribe or other illicit financial transactions,[19][20] or signal an invitation to enter into business negotiations.
In other parts of the world the gesture can also express money, financial transactions, wealth or the priciness of an item. Records of the gesture being used to remark on a person's wealth or status are documented as practiced inMexico during the late nineteenth century.[21]
Inyoga, the gesture is known aschin mudra ("the seal of consciousness") when the palm is face down, orjnana mudra ("the seal of wisdom") when the palm is face up or held in other positions, such as in front of theheart. Some schools of yoga usechin andjnana mudra interchangeably, while others claim that "the former produces a subtle feeling of rootedness, the latter a sense of lightness,"[22] or thatjnana "the passive receiving position" whilechin "is an actively giving position".[23] In these mudras the middle, ring, and little fingers represent the threegunas ofrajas,tamas, andsattva which, when in harmony, uniteātman andbrahman, or the individual soul and universal soul. The pressing together of the thumb and forefinger represents that union—or "yoga"—of consciousness.[22] InBuddhism the gesture is calledvitarka mudra ("the seal of discussion") and is used to emphasize the meaning of words.[23]
Mostsign languages combine hand shapes, movement, and position in relation to the rest of body, as well as additionalbody language and facial expression. As with other hand signs, the OK gesture may be combined with other elements to convey numerous meanings across multiple sign languages.
Dating back to the tenth century in Europe, the gesture of thumb and forefinger forming a ring with the remaining fingers extended was used ina set of standardized ecclesiastical signs employed byChristian monks undervows of silence to represent numerous religious rites and objects. For example, when held out in front of oneself the gesture represented anoblation to God. When touched to the mouth it meant taking a meal. When added to the open-palmed sign for "book" it specified ahymnal, and the sign's O-shape represented the signing of an "O" that began manyhymns. If the thumb and forefinger took hold of a specific part of one's own clothing or body such as the hood of acowl, a lock of hair, or skin on the left hand, the gesture could stand for things as diverse as "monk" or "horse" or "parchment".[24]
InPlains Indian Sign Language (PISL), the gesture signifies the Sun when held up in front of the face or moved in an arc following the Sun's track. When held up to the sky and peered through, it is the sign forhigh noon.[25] A PISL primer printed in an 1888 issue of theCanadian residential school newspaperOur Forest Children specifies that the left hand be used to indicate sunrise and the right for sunset.[26] A more complicated series of movements with hands held in the gesture as if drawing a thread or stretching an elastic can signify death, or more specifically, "After a long time, you die."[27]
In modern-dayAmerican Sign Language (ASL) the gesture can mean many different things depending on how it is applied. The pinching action of the thumb-and-forefinger frequently represents something small. For example, the sign for "housefly" is made by making the gesture mimic a fly buzzing around.[28] In ASL the gesture can also communicate a selection of some sort: When moved from one side to the other as if picking something up and placing it down, it means "appoint". When the joined thumb and forefinger of the gesture are placed into a hole made by the opposite hand, it means "vote". The sign for "elect" is formed by making the signs for "vote" and "appoint" in succession.[29]
In systems offingerspelling used insign languages, thehandshape of joined thumb and forefinger represents various letters. TheAmerican manual alphabet reserves it for the letterF, while in bothIrish andFrench Sign Languages, it represents the letter G.[30] In fingerspellings that representCyrillic alphabetical systems, such as theUkrainian manual alphabet, the gesture represents the vowelO and reflects that letter's shape.[31] Similarly, theKorean manual alphabet uses the gesture for theHangul letterieung to reflect its pronunciation inspoken Korean.[32] Inyubimoji,Japanese Sign Language's (JSL) manual syllabary, the gesture is the syllableme.[33]
Various fingerspelling systems may call for other specific features of the gesture beyond its joined thumb-and-forefinger with remaining fingers entended. For example, the ring in the sign forme in JSL is slightly tapered rather than rounded.[34]
In ASL, the OK gesture represents the number 9 when held in a stationary position with the palm facing away from the signer.[35] This ASL numerical sign is the last in a sequence of single-digitintegers where quantities of fingers denote the numbers 1 through 5, and then the thumb touches each finger in turn to denote "6" (pinky finger), "7" (ring finger), "8" (middle finger), and finally "9" (index finger). When shaken from left to right, the sign for the number 9 becomes the number 19.[35]
In Plains Indian Sign Language, the gesture signifies the number 3 when held a bit lower than the signs used to represent the sun.[27] Regional forms offinger counting used in China also employ the raised middle, ring and pinky fingers to express the number 3, either with thumb and index fingers joined as they are in the OK gesture or in a similar configuration.[36] This number gesture is primarily used in China's southern provinces, while in the north, "3" may also be expressed by the raised index, middle, and ring fingers as it is in English-speaking countries.[37] Both methods are distinct from having the thumb, index and middle fingers extended as is used to denote "3" in much of mainland Europe,[38] because this represents the number 8 in bothTaiwan and parts of mainlandChina.[39]
Greco-Romanchironomia also included a counting system in which the ring gesture stood for either "10", "30", "100", or "300", the exact number being determined by which hand was used and the exact point of contact between thumb and forefinger.[5]
The gesture was given prominence in the 1967 British television seriesThe Prisoner, in which a number of unnamed characters are held captive ina village.[40] Whenever these imprisoned villagers took leave of each other, they did so with the phrase "Be seeing you", accompanied by the gesture held up in front of their own eye as a reminder that despite any pretenses of freedom, they were all prisoners.[41] The gesture is also used as a greeting in the show without the "be seeing you" phrase. The series' lead actorPatrick McGoohan stated that the show had adopted the gesture from thesign of the fish used by early Christians.[42][43]
In 2010,South Indian film directorUpendra Rao made a cinematic comeback with a film that fans calledSuper, but whose actual title was👌.[44] Rao himself starred in his film as anon-resident Indian who returns to his homeland to turn the nation into autopian society.[45] In depicting the film's title only as a hand symbol, Rao's intent was for the audience to name it, thinking that they might call it "Zero" or "Three", or associate it with Vitarka Mudra or the symbol forom (ॐ).[46] During the film's opening credit sequence, the Vitarka Mudra title transforms into a hand pointing at the viewer announcing the name of the director as "U".
In Europe'sBalkan region, the OK gesture is known as the "United Macedonia Salute" in its association withirredentist campaigns for a united Macedonia.[47] ForMacedonian nationalists the two fingers forming the "O" stand for the Macedonian wordОбединета (Obedineta, meaning "United"), and the other three fingers symbolize the regions ofAegean Macedonia in northernGreece,Pirin Macedonia in southwesternBulgaria, and the region ofVardar Macedonia that roughly corresponds to theRepublic of North Macedonia's borders.[48] Taken together, the United Macedonia Salute also resembles theVergina Sun that was the royal symbol ofAncient Macedonia. Both sun and salute became popular amongMacedonian Greeks in the 1980s, and the sun appeared on theMacedonian flag after the Republic of Macedonia declared independence fromYugoslavia in 1992. Three years later Macedonia changed its flag undereconomic pressure from Greece, which saw the use of the Vergina Sun as a threat against Greek sovereignty. The United Macedonia Salute remains controversial among many people in the Balkan region, especially those living within parts of Greece or Bulgaria that Macedonian nationalists wish to claim as provinces for their country.[49]
The gesture is used by doctors to test functionality of theanterior interosseous nerve and seek indications ofmedian nerve palsy in the hands. When performing the test, a patient makes the OK gesture with both hands. If the circle formed by one hand appears more pinched or less round than the other, it may indicate weakness in the nerve.[50][51]
A similar medical test, known asFroment's sign, is used to test forpalsy on theulnar nerve. To perform the test, a patient holds a piece of paper between their forefinger and thumb, and the examiner attempts to pull it out of the patient's grip.[52] If ulnar nerve palsy is present, the patient will have difficulty maintaining their hold and may compensate by flexing the thumb to add more pressure.[53]
The gesture has been used as a design element in several corporate and organizationallogos. These include thePiramal Group,Bharat Petroleum, andAdlabs Studios, all headquartered in India.[54] It is also used as a branding logo of Okamoto Industries line of condoms.[55]
The chef's kiss is a sign that means "perfection" in the context of food. It is a hand gesture from the mouth, sometimes with the thumb and forefingers.[56] Other times the chef's kiss is merely communicated with an OK sign near the face.[57]
The OK gesture is key feature of a popular school prank called "the circle game". Someone who initiates the game makes the gesture below their own waistline and tries to trick an opponent into glancing at it. If the opponent glances at it, the gesture maker "has the self-styled right" to punch their opponent, generally on the arm. In one variation, a player who can insert their own index finger into the circle without looking at it may punch the circle-maker.[58]
The circle game is reported to have been played in schoolyards across the United States since at least around the 1970s-1980s, and came to particular prominence after being featured on the sitcomMalcolm in the Middle in the early 2000s.[59]Vice News has interviewed an Ohio man who claims he invented the game in the early 1980s, though this has not been independently verified.[60] The circle game also made a resurgence in the 2010s as a form ofphotobomb prank orinternet meme, and began to engender controversy after the OK gesture was also sometimes used as a white power symbol starting in 2017.[61][59]
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In 2017, users on4chan, a message-board site,[62][63][64] aimed to convince the media and other people that the OK gesture was being used as awhite power symbol as a joke.[62][65] According toThe Boston Globe, users on 4chan's/pol/ ("Politically Incorrect") board were instructed in February 2017 to "floodTwitter and other social media websites...claiming that the OK hand sign is a symbol ofwhite supremacy" as part of a campaign dubbed "Operation O-KKK".[58]
The association of the gesture with white supremacy derived from the assertion that the three upheld fingers resemble aW and the circle made with the thumb and forefinger resemble the head of aP, together standing for "White Power". While some members of the alt-right started using the symbol after the launch of the 4chan campaign, it initially remained ambiguous whether or not it was being used to communicate genuine adherence to white supremacy, or with deliberatelyironic motives.[66][a]
In September 2019, theAnti-Defamation League added the OK gesture to its "Hate on Display" database.[63][67] The listing notes that while the usage of the OK hand gesture "in most contexts is entirely innocuous", somewhite supremacists have begun using the OK symbol "as a sincere expression of white supremacy", so care should be taken to evaluate the intent behind the gesture in context.[63] Some white supremacists have acknowledged using the symbol as a gesture of white power.[62] As a result of white supremacists' co-opting the symbol, some people have been accused of genuine use of the sign in support for white supremacist ideology:[58][68][69]
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While widespread use of the OK gesture has granted it an international meaning of assent, it also bears negative, vulgar, or offensive meanings in many regions of the world. In contrast to Japan's use of the expression to represent coins and wealth, the gesture's "O" shape stands for "zero" meaning "worth nothing" in France and Tunisia.[20][90] In many Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Tunisia, and Greece, as well as in the Middle East, parts of Germany, and many parts ofLatin America, the gesture may be interpreted as a vulgar expression resembling a humananus, referring to sex, either as an insult ("You are anasshole"), or a homophobic reaction to a symbol ofhomosexuality and the act ofsodomy.[10]
In somemiddle-eastern countries, the shaking of this sign represents theevil eye and is used as a curse or a threat, sometimes in conjunction with verbal condemnation.[91][92]
In some regions of the world, both the positive "OK" and the negative forms are practiced, which can lead to confusion over which meaning is intended.[10] In regions and cultures where the gesture has a historically negative meaning, its use as an "OK sign" is often the result of its appearance in media and tends to be used more by younger people.[93] In France, where widespread use has seeped in throughAmerican culture, the gesture's positive "OK" sentiment became popular in the north of the country while its negative meaning as "worthless" remained in the south. To avoid confusion, French communicators have become accustomed to using additional context clues, such as posture or facial expression, to clarify meaning.[4] In other circumstances, the gesture's varied meanings are less easily reconciled, as was the case in the 1950s Brazil whenUnited States Vice PresidentRichard Nixon emerged from his airplane displaying the sign with each hand.[20] While Nixon's intent was to communicate goodwill to the people ofSão Paulo, the crowd received it with offense.[94]
This emoji, which some assumed to be a ballerina performing a dance move, was intended to be used to signify an 'OK' gesture. 'It's supposed to be an OK symbol...The girl's arms are above her head because she's making an OK sign with her whole body (i.e. a circle, or large 'O'), which is a Japanese gesture.' Unicode lists the emoji as face with OK gesture.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)Super, is only a name that is given to it by the fans. But, Upendra had other thoughts in mind while naming the film. The actual title of the film is a depiction of a hand symbol (Vitarka Mudra).
VMRO-DPMNE political rally held by Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski in front of the Parliament in Skopje where many in the crowd raised a "three-finger" irredentist hand sign, meaning the unity of the lands of the fantasy country they call 'United Macedonia.'
Many in the crowd raised a 'three-finger' irredentist hand sign, meaning Vardar Macedonia, the 'Aegean part', and Pirin, and the 'O' from the word 'Obedineta' which means 'United' in the Slavic language that is spoken by the country's majority ethnos.
The 'OK': The sign is considered very insulting in Turkey and in some other Middle Eastern countries – such as Kuwait – where it denotes the evil eye.
The Western 'A-Ok' sign is, to the Arab, a sign of the evil-eye and used only in conjunction with curses.
Media related toOK (gesture) at Wikimedia Commons