All three logos used by Nupedia. The first logo was used from March to August 2000, the second from August 2000 to February 2001, and the third from February 2001 to its closing in September 2003.
Nupedia was a multi-languageonline encyclopedia whose articles were written by volunteer contributors with relevant subject-matter expertise, reviewed by expert editors before publication, and licensed asfree content. It was founded byJimmy Wales and underwritten byBomis, withLarry Sanger as editor-in-chief. Nupedia operated from March 2000[1] until September 2003. It is best known today as the predecessor ofWikipedia. Nupedia had a seven-step approval process to control content of articles before being posted, rather than livewiki-based updating. Nupedia was designed by a committee of experts who predefined the rules. It had 21 articles in its first year,[a] compared with Wikipedia having 200 articles in the first month, and 18,000 in the first year.[2]
Unlike Wikipedia, Nupedia was not a wiki; it was instead characterized by an extensivepeer-review process, designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias. Nupedia wanted scholars (ideally with PhDs) to volunteer content.[3] Before it ceased operating, Nupedia produced 24 approved articles[4][5][6] that had completed its review process and another 150 articles were in progress.[7] Wales preferred Wikipedia's easier posting of articles, while Sanger preferred the peer-reviewed approach used by Nupedia[2] and later foundedCitizendium in 2006 as an expert-reviewed alternative to Wikipedia.[8]
In October 1999, Jimmy Wales began thinking about an online encyclopedia built by volunteers[citation needed] and, in January 2000, hired Larry Sanger to oversee its development.[1] The project officially went online on 9 March 2000.[9]By November 2000, however, only two full-length articles had been published.[10]
From its beginning, Nupedia was afree content encyclopedia,[9] with Bomis intending to generate revenue from online ads on Nupedia.com.[10] Initially, the project used a homegrown license, the Nupedia Open Content License. In January 2001, it switched to theGNU Free Documentation License at the urging ofRichard Stallman and theFree Software Foundation,[11] who had proposed the identically licensedGNE encyclopedia in December 2000.[12] Also in January 2001, Nupedia startedWikipedia as a side-project to allow collaboration on articles before entering the peer review process.[13] This attracted interest from both sides, as it provided the less bureaucratic structure favored by advocates of the GNE encyclopedia. As a result, GNE never really developed, and the threat of competition between the projects was averted. As Wikipedia grew and attracted contributors, it quickly developed a life of its own and began to function largely independently of Nupedia, although Sanger initially led activity on Wikipedia by virtue of his position as Nupedia's editor-in-chief.
Besides leading to discontinuation of the GNE project, Wikipedia also led to the gradual demise of Nupedia. Due to the collapse of the internet economy at that time, Jimmy Wales decided to discontinue funding for a salaried editor-in-chief in December 2001,[1] and Sanger resigned from both projects shortly thereafter.[14] After Sanger's departure, Nupedia increasingly became an afterthought to Wikipedia; of the Nupedia articles that completed the review process, only two did so after 2001. As Nupedia dwindled into inactivity, the idea of converting it into a stable version of approved Wikipedia articles was occasionally broached, but never implemented. Nupedia's server crashed in September 26, 2003.[15] Nupedia's encyclopedic content was assimilated into Wikipedia.[16]
Nupedia had a seven-step editorial process, consisting of:
Assignment
Finding a lead reviewer
Lead review
Open review
Lead copyediting
Open copyediting
Final approval and markup
Authors were expected to have expert knowledge (although the definition of expert allowed for a degree of flexibility, and it was acknowledged that some articles could be written by a good writer, rather than an expertper se)[17] and the editors approving articles for publication were expected "to be true experts in their fields and (with few exceptions) [to] possess PhDs".[18]
Ruth Ifcher was someone Sanger depended upon and worked closely with on Nupedia's early policies and procedures. Ifcher, holding several higher degrees, was a computer programmer and former copy editor and agreed to be volunteer chief copy editor.[19]
As part of the project, a new version of the original software (called "NuNupedia") was under development. NuNupedia was implemented for testing atSourceForge, but never reached a sufficient stage of development to replace the original software.[20]
^Wales, Jimmy (January 17, 2001)."Re:GNUPedia = Nupedia".GNUPedia Project Starting. Slashdot.Archived from the original on June 12, 2022. RetrievedMay 25, 2008.
^"Nupedia.com Editorial Policy Guidelines (Version 3.31)".Nupedia. November 16, 2000. Archived fromthe original on March 31, 2001. RetrievedJune 3, 2010.The rule of thumb an editor should bear in mind is: would an article on this topic be of significantly greater quality if it were written by an expert on the subject? If yes, we will require that the writer be an expert on the subject. If no, nonspecialists (who are good writers) are more than welcome.
