| Nueva Planta decrees Decretos de Nueva Planta Decrets de Nova Planta | |
|---|---|
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| Territorial extent | Kingdom of Aragon Kingdom of Valencia Kingdom of Mallorca Principality of Catalonia |
| Passed | 29 June 1707 (Aragon and Valencia) 28 November 1715 (Mallorca) 16 January 1716 (Catalonia) |
| Signed by | Philip V, king of Spain |
| Repeals | |
| Furs of Valencia (completely) Fueros of Aragon,Constitutions of Catalonia, Franqueses de Mallorca (partially) | |
| Status: Unknown | |
TheNueva Planta decrees (Spanish:Decretos de Nueva Planta,Catalan:Decrets de Nova Planta, English:"Decrees of the New Plant")[a] were a number ofdecrees signed between 1707 and 1716 byPhilip V, the firstBourbonKing of Spain, during and shortly after the end of theWar of the Spanish Succession by theTreaty of Utrecht.
The Decrees put an end to the existence of the realms of theCrown of Aragon (Aragon,Catalonia,Valencia andMajorca) as separate states within a composite monarchy and incorporated them into theCrown of Castile, thus abolishing the political differences of the two crowns and essentially establishing theKingdom of Spain as a French-styleabsolute monarchy and acentralized state in the pre-liberal sense.
Angered by what he saw assedition by therealms of the Crown of Aragon, who hadsupported the claim ofCharles of Austria to the Spanish thrones during the war and taking his nativeFrance as a model of a centralised state, Philip V suppressed the institutions, privileges, and the ancientcharters (Spanish:fueros,Catalan:furs) of almost all the areas that were formerly part of the Crown of Aragon, theKingdom of Aragon, thePrincipality of Catalonia, theKingdom of Valencia, and theKingdom of Majorca. The decrees ruled that all the territories in the Crown of Aragon except theAran Valley were to be ruled by the laws ofCastile ("the most praiseworthy in all the Universe" according to the 1707 decree), embedding those regions into a new and nearly uniformly administered, centralisedSpain.
The other historic territories (Navarre and theother Basque territories) supported Philip V initially, whom they saw as belonging to the lineage ofHenry III of Navarre, but after Philip V's militarycampaign to crush the Basque uprising, he backed down on his intent to suppresshome rule.
The acts abolishing the charters were promulgated in 1707 in the kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon,[1] in 1715 in theKingdom of Majorca and in 1716 in the Principality of Catalonia.[2]
The decrees effectively created a centralized Spanishstate andSpanish citizenship by abolishing all legal distinctions between the Castilians and the Aragonese, Catalans, Valencians and Majorcans. One of the main goals of the decrees was the replacement of the administrative andpublic law of each entity of the Crown of Aragon. The consequence was the abolition of the political institutions that they developed over the previous centuries, including their representative and legislative bodies, theCourts of Aragon, theCourts of Catalonia and theCourts of Valencia. From that point on, the members of the abolished Courts were summoned to the Cortes of Castile, now operating as the unifiedCortes of Spain, except in Navarra.
The decrees erased all internal borders and tariffs except for theBasque territory and granted all citizens of the newly created Spanish state the right to trade with the American andAsian colonies, which henceforth were no longer the exclusive domain of theCrown of Castile.
The top civil servants were to be appointed directly fromMadrid, and most institutions in what had become subnational entities were abolished. Court cases could also be presented and argued only inCastilian, which became the sole language of government and displacedLatin,Catalan and the otherlanguages of Spain. However, the application of Castilian as a single administrative language had one exception in the Vizcaya Chamber of the Valladolid Court, where the use of Basque was permitted.[3]
The fourth decree, which affected the Principality of Catalonia, was issued on October 9, 1715, and dispatched by Royal Decree from January 16, 1716.
The decree maintained Catalan private, criminal, and mercantile law, as well as theConsulate of the Sea, however, without its own legislative body, Catalan criminal and mercantile laws gradually became obsolete and were eroded by various royal ordinances throughout the 18th century. It did not affect the political-administrative regime of theAran Valley, which is why it was not incorporated into the new corregedorias into which the Principality of Catalonia was divided. TheValleys of Andorra also avoided the application of Nueva Planta primarly due to the Bishop of Urgell,Simeó de Guinda, who convinced the new Bourbon authorities that Andorra had always been neutral and unrelated to thePrincipality of Catalonia, resulting in the definitive political separation of Andorra from Catalonia.[5] Currently, the pre-1716 Catalan private law still exists, modernized and codified via theCivil Code of Catalonia.[6]
While theoretically the replacement of Catalan by the Spanish language solely affected the Royal Audience, the king provided with secret instructions to the newly appointed royal officers in Catalan territory to progressively enforce the use of Spanish: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian [Spanish] language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed."[7]
