Nova Scotia'scapital and largest municipality isHalifax, which is home to over 45% of the province's population as of the2021 census. Halifax is thetwelfth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada,[12] the largest municipality inAtlantic Canada, and Canada's second-largest coastal municipality afterVancouver.
"Nova Scotia" isLatin for "NewScotland"[14] and is the recognizedCanadian English name for the province. In bothCanadian French andCanadian Gaelic, the province is directly translated as "New Scotland" (French:Nouvelle-Écosse. Canadian Gaelic:Alba Nuadh). In general,Romance andSlavic languages usetranslations of "New Scotland" to their language, while most other languages usetransliterations of the Latin (which is the same as English) name.
Mi'kmaq family inTuft's Cove, 1871. The Mi'kmaq inhabited Nova Scotia when the first Europeans arrived.
Nova Scotia includes regions of theMi'kmaq nation ofMi'kma'ki (mi'gama'gi), the territory of which extends across the Maritimes, parts ofMaine,Newfoundland and theGaspé Peninsula. The Mi'kmaq people are part of the largeAlgonquian-language family and inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived.[16] Research published in 1871 as well as S. T. Rand's work from 1894 showed that some Mi’kmaq believed they had emigrated from the west, and then lived alongside the Kwēdĕchk, the original inhabitants.[17][18] The two tribes engaged in a war that lasted "many years", and involved the "slaughter of men, women, and children, and torture of captives", and the eventual displacement of the Kwēdĕchk by the victorious Mi’kmaq.[17]
The first Europeans to settle the area were the French, who sailed into the Annapolis Basin in 1604, but chose to settle atSaint Croix Island in Maine instead. They abandoned the Maine settlement the following year and, in 1605, established a settlement atPort Royal, which grew into modern-dayAnnapolis Royal. This would be the first permanent European settlement in what would later become Canada. The settlement was in the Mi'kmaw district of Kespukwitk and was the founding settlement of what would becomeAcadia.[13][19]
In 1621, KingJames VI of Scotland granted a charter to allow a Scottish colony to be founded in North America. The charter which was granted by the King covered the area of theMaritime Provinces and theGaspé peninsula, whilst the French had claimed territory inAcadia. The charter grantedSir William Alexander, a Scottish noble, powers to establish a system of government, full rights over fishing and minerals and the power to execute law in the new colony. A Scottish colony was eventually established in 1629 following the arrival of around seventy Scots to settle in the area known as "New Scotland".[20] "New Scotland" was captured by the French in 1632, with the Scots who had colonised the area forced to return to Scotland after the French occupation. Following a prolonged period of change between the French and British, Nova Scotia eventually returned to the British (which by now included Scotland as one of thecountries of the United Kingdom following theTreaty of Union). As a result, many Scots grasped the opportunity to once again settle in Nova Scotia.[21]
Warfare was common in Nova Scotia during the 17th and 18th centuries.[22] During the first 80 years the French and Acadians lived in Nova Scotia, nine significant military clashes took place as the English, Dutch, French and Mi'kmaq fought for possession of the area. These encounters happened at Port Royal,Saint John,[23] Cap de Sable (present-dayPubnico toPort La Tour, Nova Scotia),Jemseg (1674 and 1758) andBaleine (1629). TheAcadian Civil War took place from 1640 to 1645. Beginning withKing William's War in 1688, a series of six warstook place between the English and the French, with Nova Scotia being a consistent theatre of conflict between the two powers.
French forces withdrawing fromPort-Royal after beingdefeated by the British in 1710
Hostilities between England and France in North America resumed from 1702 to 1713, known asQueen Anne's War. Thesiege of Port Royal took place in 1710, ending French rule in peninsular Acadia. The subsequent signing of theTreaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized British rule in the region, while returning Cape Breton Island (Île Royale) and Prince Edward Island (Île Saint-Jean) to the French. Despite the Britishconquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq, who confined British forces to Annapolis and to Canso. Present-day New Brunswick formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. Immediately after the capture of Port Royal in 1710,Francis Nicholson announced it would be renamedAnnapolis Royal in honour ofQueen Anne.
As a result ofFather Rale's War (1722–1725), the Mi'kmaq signed a series of treaties with the British in 1725. The Mi'kmaq signed a treaty of submission to the British crown.[24][25] However, conflict between the Acadians, Mi'kmaq, French and the British persisted in the following decades withKing George's War (1744–1748).
Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755) began whenEdward Cornwallis arrived to establishHalifax with 13 transports on 21 June 1749.[26][27] A General Court, made up of the governor and the council, was the highest court in the colony at the time.[28]Jonathan Belcher was sworn in as chief justice of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court on 21 October 1754.[28] The first legislative assembly in Halifax, under the Governorship ofCharles Lawrence, met on 2 October 1758.[29]
Expulsion of the Acadians inGrand-Pré. More than 80 per cent of the Acadian population was expelled from the region between 1755 and 1764.
In 1763, most of Acadia (Cape Breton Island, St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island), and New Brunswick) became part of Nova Scotia. In 1765, the county ofSunbury was created. This included the territory of present-day New Brunswick and eastern Maine as far as thePenobscot River. In 1769, St. John's Island became a separate colony.[30]
TheAmerican Revolution (1775–1783) had a significant impact on shaping Nova Scotia, with the colony initially displaying ambivalence over whether the colony should join the revolution; Rebellion flared at theBattle of Fort Cumberland (1776) and at theSiege of Saint John (1777). Throughout the war, Americanprivateers devastated the maritime economy by capturing ships and looting almost every community outside of Halifax. These American raids alienated many sympathetic or neutral Nova Scotians into supporting the British. By the end of the war, Nova Scotia had outfitted numerous privateers to attack American shipping.[31]
British military forces based at Halifax succeeded in preventing an American occupation of Nova Scotia, though theRoyal Navy failed to establish naval supremacy in the region. While the British captured many American privateers in battles such as theNaval battle off Halifax (1782), many more continued attacks on shipping and settlements until the final months of the war. The Royal Navy struggled to maintain British supply lines, defending British convoys from American and French attacks as in the fiercely fought convoy battle, theNaval battle off Cape Breton (1781).
After the Americans and their French allies won at thesiege of Yorktown in 1781, approximately 33,000Loyalists (the King's Loyal Americans, allowed to place "United Empire Loyalist" after their names) settled in Nova Scotia (14,000 of them in what became New Brunswick) on lands granted by the Crown as some compensation for their losses. (The British administration divided Nova Scotia and hived off Cape Breton and New Brunswick in 1784.) The Loyalist exodus created new communities across Nova Scotia, includingShelburne, which briefly became one of the larger British settlements in North America, and infused Nova Scotia with additional capital and skills.
The migration caused political tensions between Loyalist leaders and the leaders of the existing New England Planters settlement. The Loyalist influx also pushed Nova Scotia's 2000 Mi'kmaq People to the margins as Loyalist land grants encroached on ill-defined native lands. As part of the Loyalist migration, about 3,000Black Loyalists arrived; they founded the largest free Black settlement in North America atBirchtown, near Shelburne. There are several Black Loyalists buried in unmarked graves in theOld Burying Ground in Halifax. Many Nova Scotian communities weresettled by British regiments that fought in the war.
During theWar of 1812, Nova Scotia's contribution to the British war effort involved communities either purchasing or building various privateer ships to attack U.S. vessels.[32] Perhaps the most dramatic moment in the war for Nova Scotia occurred whenHMS Shannon escorted the captured American frigateUSS Chesapeake intoHalifax Harbour in 1813. Many of the U.S. prisoners were kept atDeadman's Island.
Inauguration of theSebastopol Monument in 1860. The monument was built to honour Nova Scotians who fought in theCrimean War.
Thousands of Nova Scotians fought in theAmerican Civil War (1861–1865), primarily on behalf of theNorth.[35] The British Empire (including Nova Scotia)declared itself neutral in the conflict. As a result, Britain (and Nova Scotia) continued to trade with both theSouth and the North. Nova Scotia's economy boomed during the Civil War.
TheBluenose in 1921. The racing ship became a provincial icon for Nova Scotia in the 1920s and 1930s.
Soon after the American Civil War, Pro-Canadian ConfederationpremierCharles Tupper led Nova Scotia intoCanadian Confederation on 1 July 1867, along with New Brunswick and theProvince of Canada.[36] TheAnti-Confederation Party was led byJoseph Howe. Almost three months later, in the election of 18 September 1867, the Anti-Confederation Party won 18 out of 19 federal seats, and 36 out of 38 seats in the provincial legislature.[37]
Throughout the 19th century, numerous businesses developed in Nova Scotia became of pan-Canadian and international importance: the Starr Manufacturing Company (first ice skate manufacturer in Canada), theBank of Nova Scotia,Cunard Line, Alexander Keith's Brewery, Morse's Tea Company (first tea company in Canada), among others.
Nova Scotia became a world leader in both building and owning wooden sailing ships in the second half of the 19th century. Nova Scotia produced internationally recognized shipbuildersDonald McKay andWilliam Dawson Lawrence. The fame Nova Scotia achieved from sailors was assured in 1895 whenJoshua Slocum became the first man to sail single-handedly around the world. International attention continued into the following century with the many racing victories of theBluenose schooner. Nova Scotia was also the birthplace and home ofSamuel Cunard, aBritish shipping magnate (born atHalifax, Nova Scotia) who founded the Cunard Line.
In April 2004, the Nova Scotia legislature adopted a resolution explicitly inviting the government of theTurks and Caicos Islands to explore the possibility of joiningCanada as part of thatProvince.[39]
In April 2020,a killing spree occurred across the province and became the deadliest rampage in Canada's history.[40]
Nova Scotia is Canada's second-smallest province in area, afterPrince Edward Island. It is surrounded by four major bodies of water: theGulf of Saint Lawrence to the north, theBay of Fundy to the west, theGulf of Maine to the southwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.[41] The province's mainland is theNova Scotia peninsula and includes numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km (42 mi) from the ocean.[42]Cape Breton Island, a large island to the northeast of the Nova Scotia mainland, is also part of the province, as isSable Island, a small island notorious for being the site of offshore shipwrecks,[43] approximately 175 km (110 mi) from the province's southern coast.
Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone and, although the province is almost surrounded by water, the climate is closer tocontinental climate rather thanmaritime. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the continental climate are moderated by the ocean.[41] However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental—still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotian climate is in many ways similar to the centralBaltic Sea coast in Northern Europe, only wetter and snowier. This is true although Nova Scotia is some fifteen parallels further south. Areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows are a little colder. On 12 August 2020, the community of Grand Étang, famous for itsLes Suêtes winds, recorded a balmy overnight low of 23.3 °C (73.9 °F).[45]
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Nova Scotia[46]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.
According to the 2016 Canadian census[47] the largest ethnic group in Nova Scotia isScottish (30.0%), followed by English (28.9%), Irish (21.6%), French (16.5%), German (10.7%), First Nations (5.4%), Dutch (3.5%), Métis (2.9%), and Acadian (2.6%). 42.6% of respondents identified their ethnicity as "Canadian".
As of the2021 Canadian Census, the ten most spoken languages in the province included English (951,945 or 99.59%), French (99,300 or 10.39%), Arabic (11,745 or 1.23%), Hindi (10,115 or 1.06%), Spanish (8,675 or 0.91%), Mandarin (8,525or 0.89%),Punjabi (6,730 or 0.7%), German (6,665 or 0.7%), Miꞌkmaq (5,650 or 0.59%), andTagalog (5,595 or 0.59%).[48] The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses.
The2021 Canadian census showed a population of 969,383. Of the 958,990 singular responses to the census question concerningmother tongue, the most commonly reported languages were:
Languages in Nova Scotia: red – majority anglophone, orange – mixed, blue – majority francophone
Rank
Language
Population
Percentage
1.
English
868,365
89.57%
2.
French
34,675
3.57%
3.
Arabic
9,560
0.98%
4.
Mandarin
7,185
0.74%
5.
Punjabi
5,335
0.55%
6.
Tagalog
4,255
0.43%
7.
Mi'kmaw
3,990
0.41%
8.
German
3,480
0.35%
9.
Spanish
3,075
0.31%
10.
Hindi
3,020
0.31%
Figures shown are for the number of single-language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.[49]
Nova Scotia is home to the largestScottish Gaelic-speaking community outside of Scotland, with a small number of native speakers inPictou County andAntigonish County, and onCape Breton Island, and the language is taught in a number of secondary schools throughout the province. In 2018 the government launched a new Gaelic vehicle licence plate to raise awareness of the language and help fund Gaelic language and culture initiatives. They estimated that there were 2,000 Gaelic speakers in the province.[50]
According to the 2011 census, the largest denominations by number of adherents were Christians with 78.2%. About 21.18% were non-religious and 1% wereMuslims.Jews,Hindus, andSikhs constitute around 0.20%.[52]
In 1871, the largest religious denominations were Presbyterian with 103,500 (27%); Roman Catholic with 102,000 (26%); Baptist with 73,295 (19%); Anglican with 55,124 (14%); Methodist with 40,748 (10%), Lutheran with 4,958 (1.3%); and Congregationalist with 2,538 (0.65%).[53]
Halifax, the capital and largest municipality, is the economic hub of Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia'sper capita GDP in 2016 wasCA$44,924, significantly lower than the national average per capita GDP ofCA$57,574.[54] GDP growth has lagged behind the rest of the country for at least the past decade.[55] As of 2017, the median family income in Nova Scotia was $85,970, below the national average of $92,990;[56] in Halifax the figure rises to $98,870.[57]
The province is the world's largest exporter ofChristmas trees,lobster,gypsum, andwild berries.[58] Its export value of fish exceeds $1 billion, and fish products are received by 90 countries around the world.[59] Nevertheless, the province's imports far exceed its exports. While these numbers were roughly equal from 1992 until 2004, since that time the trade deficit has ballooned. In 2012, exports from Nova Scotia were 12.1% of provincial GDP, while imports were 22.6%.[60]
Nova Scotia's traditionallyresource-based economy has diversified in recent[when?] decades. The rise of Nova Scotia as a viable jurisdiction in North America, historically, was driven by the ready availability of natural resources, especially thefish stocks off theScotian Shelf. Thefishery was a pillar of the economy since its development as part ofNew France in the 17th century; however, the fishery suffered a sharp decline due tooverfishing in the late 20th century. The collapse of thecod stocks and the closure of this sector resulted in a loss of approximately 20,000 jobs in 1992.[61]
Other sectors in the province were also hit hard, particularly during the last two[when?] decades: coal mining in Cape Breton and northern mainland Nova Scotia has virtually ceased, and alarge steel mill inSydney closed during the 1990s. More recently, the high value of the Canadian dollar relative to the US dollar has hurt the forestry industry, leading to the shutdown of a long-runningpulp and paper mill nearLiverpool. Mining, especially ofgypsum and salt and to a lesser extentsilica,peat andbarite, is also a significant sector.[62] Since 1991,offshore oil and gas has become an important part of the economy, although production and revenue are now[when?]declining.[55] However, agriculture remains an important sector in the province, particularly in theAnnapolis Valley.
A farm inGrafton. Agriculture remains an important sector of the economy in theAnnapolis Valley.
Nova Scotia's defence and aerospace sector generates approximately $500 million in revenues and contributes about $1.5 billion to the provincial economy each year.[63] To date, 40% of Canada's military assets reside in Nova Scotia.[63] Nova Scotia has the fourth-largestfilm industry in Canada hosting over 100 productions yearly, more than half of which are the products of international film and television producers.[64] In 2015, the government of Nova Scotia eliminated tax credits to film production in the province, jeopardizing the industry given most other jurisdictions continue to offer such credits.[65] The province also has a rapidly developingInformation & Communication Technology (ICT) sector which consists of over 500 companies, and employs roughly 15,000 people.[66]
In 2006, the manufacturing sector brought in over $2.6 billion in chained GDP, the largest output of any industrial sector in Nova Scotia.[67]Michelin remains by far the largest single employer in this sector, operating three production plants in the province. Michelin is also the province's largest private-sector employer.[68]
In July 2024, the provincial government committed CAD$18.6 million to build 27 newtelecommunication towers to upgrade cellular service province-wide.[69]
A cruise ship docked at thePort of Halifax. The port sees more than 200,000 cruise passengers each year.
The Nova Scotia tourism industry includes more than 6,500 direct businesses, supporting nearly 40,000 jobs.[70] Cruise ships pay regular visits to the province. In 2010, thePort of Halifax received 261,000 passengers and Sydney 69,000.[71][72] This industry contributes approximately $1.3 billion annually to the economy.[73] A 2008 Nova Scotia tourism campaign included advertising a fictional mobile phone calledPomegranate and establishing a website, which after reading about the "new phone" redirected to tourism info about the region.[74]
The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in any of these areas of governance is limited, though; in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed bythe Executive Council, a committee ofministers of the Crown responsible to the unicameral, electedHouse of Assembly and chosen and headed by thePremier of Nova Scotia (Tim Houston since 2021), thehead of government. To ensure the stability of government, the Lieutenant Governor will usually appoint as premier the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of aplurality in the House of Assembly. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes theLeader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition (Zach Churchill from 2022–24[needs update]) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.[77]
The province's revenue comes mainly from the taxation of personal and corporate income, although taxes on tobacco and alcohol, its stake in theAtlantic Lottery Corporation, and oil and gas royalties are also significant. In 2006–07, the province passed a budget of $6.9 billion, with a projected $72 million surplus. Federal equalization payments account for $1.385 billion, or 20.07% of the provincial revenue. The province participates in the Harmonised Sales Tax (HST), a blended sales tax collected by the federal government using the Goods and Services Tax (GST) tax system.
On 21 July 2022, Nova Scotia became the second province in Canada to regulate online gambling by launching its own online casino through the Atlantic Lottery Corporation (ALC).[79] The site will bring benefits to the economy and provide residents with a safe and secure place to gamble online.[80]
Municipal-level governance is provided by 50 municipalities, of which there are three types: regional municipalities, towns, and county or district municipalities.[81] Villages can exist within county or district municipalities, with a limited authority and an elected council.
Nova Scotia is divided into18 counties. 9 of the original 18 counties retain a county-level government while the rest are either governed byregional or district municipalities. Regional municipalities are coextensive with the borders with a historic county, while historic counties governed by district municipalities are split into two district municipalities each. Despite this,Statistics Canada uses all counties of Nova Scotia for the purposes of administering the census and presenting its data, and they remain used in common parlance as geographic identifiers by Nova Scotians.
There are three regional municipalities. They may incorporate under theMunicipal Government Act (MGA) of 1998, which came into force on 1 April 1999,[82] while towns, county municipalities and district municipalities are continued as municipalities under theMGA.[83] TheMGA gives municipal councils the power to make bylaws for "health, well being, safety and protection of persons" and "safety and protection of property" in addition to a few expressed powers.[84] The regional municipality ofHalifax is the capital and largest municipality of Nova Scotia by population with 403,131 residents representing44% of the total population of the province and land area at 5,490.35 km2 (2,119.84 sq mi).[85]Pictou was the first municipality to incorporate on4 May 1874, and the newest municipalities are Halifax andRegion of Queens Municipality both amalgamating into their present regional municipality form of government on1 April 1996.[86]
There are 26 towns, nine county municipalities and 12 district municipalities.[87]
Thecuisine of Nova Scotia is typicallyCanadian with an emphasis on local seafood. Nova Scotia is renowned for itsscallops, particularly from theDigby area, and for itslobster. One endemic dish (in the sense of "peculiar to" and "originating from") is theHalifax donair, a distant variant of thedoner kebab prepared using thinly sliced beef shavings and a sweetcondensed milk sauce.[citation needed] An endemic variant of the Scottishhodge-podge, is a popular summer dish in Nova Scotia. Unlike the Scottish dish, the Nova Scotian variant typically does not feature meat but instead includes seasonal vegetables likecarrots,new potatoes, andbeans in a rich,cream-based broth.[88]
The province is known for itswines, and produces its own signatureappellation, Tidal Bay, which must be solely produced from 100% Nova Scotiagrapes to legally receive the designation.[89] Nova Scotia also hosts a vibrantcraft brewery industry, with more than 50 craft breweries located throughout the province.[90]
As a majorblueberry producing province (the fruit is Nova Scotia's largest agricultural export annually, with harvest exceeding twenty-three million kilograms, fifty million pounds each year),[91] the fruit features prominently in many traditional desserts from the province. Notably, blueberry grunt (adessert dish), originates from Nova Scotia.[92][93] Theice cream flavour known asmoon mist is also endemic to Nova Scotia, and is a popular feature at ice cream shops in the province.[94]
The first newspaper to be printed in Nova Scotia was theHalifax Gazette on 23 March 1752. It was also the first newspaper printed anywhere in Canada. A single copy of the first issue of the Gazette exists today, which was acquired byLibrary and Archives Canada on 20 June 2002 from theMassachusetts Historical Society inBoston.[97]Newsprint made fromwood pulp was invented in 1844 byNova ScotianCharles Fenerty and was presented to theAcadian Recorder as an alternative printing medium to the paper made from other plant fibers at the time, such as cotton, which was typically made fromdiscarded articles of clothing.[98] Founded in 1874, the province's current primary dailybroadsheet newspaper isThe Chronicle Herald, which is circulated to 91,152 weekday customers, with the number increasing to 93,178 on Saturdays (2015). It is the most widely circulated newspaper in Atlantic Canada.[99] The paper does not publish on Sundays. It is owned by theSaltWire Network, the largest media company in Atlantic Canada.[100] The Nova Scotia Government also provides a digitalarchive of past newspapers via the Nova Scotia Archives website.[101]
Nova Scotia hosts a lively and rich music scene, influenced by the traditions of the various cultures that live there. Many of the songs that are today considered traditional to Nova Scotia were born asworking songs, specificallysea shanties were a prominent form of music in the province's coastal communities throughout the 19th century. While no longer practical as working songs, sea shanties are still closely associated with the province's musical culture.[105] Traditional music in Nova Scotia bears a heavyCeltic influence owing to the large numbers of settlers fromIreland and theScottish Highlands coming to the province in the 19th century. Every year,Cape Breton Island hosts theCeltic Colours International Festival, which celebrates and showcases the region's Celtic music.[106]
Nova Scotia has produced many significant songwriters, such asGrammy Award winningGordie Sampson, who has written songs forCarrie Underwood ("Jesus, Take the Wheel", "Just a Dream", "Get Out of This Town"),Martina McBride ("If I Had Your Name", "You're Not Leavin Me"),LeAnn Rimes ("Long Night", "Save Myself"), andGeorge Canyon ("My Name"). Many ofHank Snow's songs went on to be recorded by the likes ofThe Rolling Stones,Elvis Presley, andJohnny Cash. Cape BretonersAllister MacGillivray andLeon Dubinsky have both written songs which, by being covered by so many popular artists, and by entering the repertoire of so many choirs around the world, have become iconic representations of Nova Scotian style, values and ethos. Dubinsky's pop ballad "We Rise Again" might be called the unofficial anthem of Cape Breton.[107]
A view ofDalhousie University's Henry Hicks building located at the university's historic Studley Campus in Halifax.
The Minister of Education is responsible for the administration and delivery of education, as defined by the Education Act and other acts relating to colleges, universities and private schools. The powers of the Minister and the Department of Education are defined by the Ministerial regulations and constrained by the Governor-In-Council regulations.[111]
All children under the age of 16 are legally required to attend school unless the parents perform home schooling.[112] Nova Scotia's education system is split up into eight different regions including; Tri-County (22 schools), Annapolis Valley (42 schools), South Shore (25 schools), Chignecto-Central (67 schools), Halifax (135 schools), Strait (20 schools), and Cape Breton-Victoria Regional Centre for Education (39 schools).[113]
Nova Scotia has more than 450 public schools for children. The public system offers primary to Grade 12. There are also private schools in the province. Public education is administered by seven regional school boards, responsible primarily for English instruction and French immersion, and also province-wide by theConseil Scolaire Acadien Provincial, which administers French instruction to students whose primary language is French.[114]
TheNova Scotia Community College system has 13 campuses around the province. With a focus on training and education, thecollege was established in 1988 by amalgamating the province's former vocational schools. In addition to the provincial community college system, there are more than 90 registered private colleges in Nova Scotia.[115]
^Province of Nova Scotia, Gaelic Affairs."Nova Scotia/Alba Nuadh".gaelic.novascotia.ca.Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved21 April 2020.
^"Canadian Climate Normals". Environment and Climate Change Canada. 11 June 2019.Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved24 October 2015.
^Municipal Statistics Annual Report(PDF). Nova Scotia Department of Municipal Affairs and Housing.Archived(PDF) from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved19 July 2021.
^"Municipal History Highlights". Province of Nova Scotia Department of Municipal Affairs. 8 October 2015.Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved8 December 2016.
^"Municipal Government Act"(PDF). Office of the Legislative Counsel, Nova Scotia House of Assembly. 19 June 2012.Archived(PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved5 December 2016.
^Punch, Terrence M. (4 March 2015) [23 January 2008]."Charles Fenerty".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved26 November 2021.
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