Croce Malloni, Materdomini, Pecorari, Uscioli, Camerelle, Pizzone, Casa Milite, Citola, Porta Romana, Pareti, Pucciano, San Clemente, San Pietro, Starza, Taverne
According to legend, an Etruscan princess escaped from her hometown for love and came to die in these areas. In her memory, her father erected a city, giving it her name, Nuceria. Another legend tells that a great flood swept away an entire forest leaving a single walnut tree (from the Latinnux,nucis – Nuceria).
The name's origins were uncovered through the study of inscriptions on the city's coins which statedNuvkrinum Alafaternum. Analysing these two words, linguists have split the terms in this way:
The nameNuvkrinum Alafaternum is derived fromnuv +krin-um +alafatern-um:nuv ('new'),krin ('fortress') of the Alfaterni, anItalic people of theAgro Nocerino Sarnese.
Archaeological evidence from thenecropoli shows that at the end of the 7th century BC the native Oscan populations of the valley went to settle towards the sea for mainly strategic reasons, some foundingPompeii, others towards the interior, giving life toNuvkrinum.[3] The city was founded by the union of several scattered villages, colonising a strategic well-defended place guarding a fertile valley and a route between the gulfs of Naples and Salerno. It was centred on the suburb of Pareti.
It became anEtruscan settlement and possibly part of thedodecapolis (the twelve most important cities) of the Etruscan colonisation in Campania to block the Greek expansion towards the north.
After the defeat of 474 BC at theBattle of Cumae the Etruscans abandoned the region and Nuvkrinum passed to the Samnites. In the 5th century BC the city changed its name by addingAlfaternum from the name of the Samnite tribe of the Alfaterni.
Around the 6th century BC theOsci,[4] anItalic people ofCampania, probably gave rise to the original settlement of Nuceria Alfaterna, located in Nocera Superiore, between the current Pareti and Pucciano districts. This site was chosen due to its favourable geographic position with water sources and a very fertile hinterland protected from winds.
It became one of the most important cities of ancient Campania and the capital of a confederation (Lega nucerina) which included Pompeii,Herculaneum,Stabiae andSorrento. It minted its own money on which the expressionNuvkrinum Al (a) faternum was engraved using a particular alphabet (Nucerian alphabet) based on the Greek and Etruscan alphabets.
Nuceria's first mention in history is in 315 BC when, during theSecond Samnite War, it was an ally of the Romans but was persuaded to abandon the alliance and join the Samnite cause.[5] In 310 BC the Romans ravaged the territory of Nuceria but in the end it obtained favourable treatment and entered into an alliance with Rome as acivitas foederata.[6]
During theSecond Punic War (218 – 201 BC), the city's defences proved formidable enough thatHannibal reduced the city by starvation because of its loyalty to Rome, rather than by direct attack, though subsequently destroyed it in 216 BC.[7] After the war the defences were rebuilt and strengthened with the addition of towers inopus incertum.
Its territory was ravaged during theSocial War (90 BC) and by the troops ofSpartacus.
During the period of thetriumvirate, the city became acolonia asNuceria Constantia, but the city proudly kept its origins and Greek was still written and spoken as a sign of cultural distinction.
Roman fresco depicting the riot between Pompeians and Nucerians
In AD 59, there was a serious riot and bloodshed in the nearbyPompeii Amphitheatre between Pompeians and Nucerians (which is recorded in a fresco) and which led the Roman senate to send the Praetorian Guard to restore order and to ban further events for a period of ten years.[8]
The earthquake in 62 and the eruption ofVesuvius in 79 caused serious damage to the town which never regained its previous prosperity.
Nuceria lay on thevia Popillia, the great road linkingCapua to southern Italy, as well as on the via Stabiana (towards Stabiae) and the Via Nuceria from Pompeii.
At its greatest expansion, Nuceria, famous for the robustness of the town walls, enclosed the current districts of Pareti, San Pietro, Pucciano, Grotti, Portaromana, Santa Maria Maggiore and San Clemente. There are astonishing similarities between the fortifications of Nuceria andPompeii. Nuceria is rectangular with scarps defending the north, west, and east of the city while the southern side had the strongest fortifications as the most vulnerable section and, like Pompeii, featured atufaopus quadratum double wall with an agger behind.[9]
It was a bishopric as early as the 3rd century AD. The first bishop wasSaint Priscus.
During theGothic War (535–554), the Byzantines and Goths faced each other a few km away along the banks of the Sarno river for months until the Byzantines won theBattle of Mons Lactarius.
During the 6th century theLombards, under KingAlboin, forced Nuceria to surrender: they placed it under the supremacy of theDuchy of Benevento.
After its reconstruction, the birth of the modern Nocera began with many hamlets and villages which gradually expanded and became small towns.
During theAngevin dominion (1266–1435) Nocera was rebuilt and took the name ofNuceria Christianorum. In 1385Pope Urban VI was besieged in the city castle byCharles III of Naples.
In the XV century the town name was changed toNuceria Paganorum (Italian:Nocera dei Pagani) in honor to the Pagano family, itself named after the Saracen pagans who previously inhabited the area.Throughout the Spanish domination, the town was subdivided into two departments (Nocera Soprana andNocera Sottana), each one composed of multiple municipalities.
Every year in August, the male adults of each municipality gathered in public assembly to elect theirparticular mayor; then – in a different assembly – each department elected theuniversal mayors: two forNocera Soprana and one forNocera Sottana, which together ledNocera dei Pagani as atriumvirate.
The town survived until 1806.In 1807 fivecomuni were established:Barbazzano merged into thecomune ofPagani;Sperandei merged intoSan Matteo Tre Casali, forming thecomune ofNocera San Matteo; whileNocera Corpo,Sant'Egidio andCorbara stayed autonomous.In 1834, the remnants ofNocera Soprana (Nocera Corpo andNocera San Matteo) merged back into a singlecomune, but fourteen districts ofNocera Corpo (includingPucciano) later asked for self-administration, which was granted by decree No. 1960 on 11 November 1850, with effect from 1 January 1851; thus were born the contemporarycomuni ofNocera Superiore (corresponding to most ofNocera Corpo) andNocera Inferiore (formerlyNocera San Matteo).
The Hellenistic-Roman Theatre was identified between Pareti and Pucciano and brought to light in the 1970-80s.
It was one of the largest in Campania (96 m diameter in the Roman phase). TheScaenae frons consisted of a wall with three niches (the central one semicircular and the two lateral ones rectangular). Thepulpitum, the low front wall that supported the stage made of wooden boards in front of thescaenae frons, was also decorated with alternate semicircular and rectangular niches.
The orchestra preserves the remains of a rich pavement in polychrome marble. Theeuripus, a channel for the drainage of water, flowed around the orchestra. The steps of cavea are still preserved, from which thetuff cladding blocks have been largely removed. In the westernparodos there are frescoes in the third Pompeian style.
Theoinochoe inbucchero with the inscriptionBruties Esum in the Nucerino alphabet comes from a burial in the necropolis of the 6th century BC adjacent to the theatre.
Built in the 2nd c. BC against the city walls, it was located along the axis of the north–south road in front of the gate called Porta Romana.
The theatre used the slope of the ground. The remains of the oldest part made with large rectangular blocks dates to the Samnite era. There was an integral school and gymnasium.
The theatre was then restored in the Augustan age which transformed it into Roman form. It was restored after the damage of the earthquake of 62 and the eruption of Vesuvius in 79. Abandoned since the 4th century, it was used as a stone quarry and then progressively buried during the Middle Ages. The cavities in the walls were used as prisons where prisoners were lowered from above, hence this was commonly called the prisons.
Parts of the amphitheatre were discovered in 1926 incorporated in more recent houses. The visible structures seem to date from around the middle of the 1st century BC with renovations from the end of the 1st century AD.
The name of the district where the buried amphitheatre is called Grotti ('caves') which refers to the vaulted rooms (vomitoria) of the structure discovered in the foundations of the subsequent structures.
Through the elliptical form of the road and houses, and after explorations in the cellars of the houses, it was possible to reconstruct the size of the amphitheatre at 125 x 102 m.
The double-curtain city walls were built in the 2nd century BC and have a thickness of 1.5 m and a height of 5 m while the distance between the two curtains was about 12 m.
A section of them with a two towers is preserved in a sports field on via Pucciano.
A second tower, known today as Cantina Vecchia, is preserved on the eastern side.
Interior of BaptisteryEarlier mosaic floors in Baptistery
It is a 6th-century circular domed structure, ofByzantine style with a double row of 15 columns topped by arches. As the baptistery is usually an annex to the cathedral, the cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary probably collapsed. It was built in the centre of the city by removing the previous civil buildings of which some floor mosaics are visible.
The baptismal font (the second largest in Italy) in the centre is octagonal on the outside and circular inside, surrounded by eight columns (five originals).
The building reuses older materials, both in the thick outer cylinder, and for the columns in Pentelic marble recovered from temple buildings of the 2nd and 3rd centuries. These columns are unequal in shape and height and give the baptistery a lively polychromy. The capitals are also completely different, some taken from the temple of Neptune and adorned with dolphins.
The discovery of the monumental necropolis of Pizzone, in the locality of Taverne, is due to the systematic control of the territory by the Nocera Excavation Office. It lies 800 m outside the eastern city walls, along the Via Popilia.
It dates back to the 1st century BC. Excavations from 1994 to 1997 brought to light funerary monuments on the sides of a road cut 3 m deep and almost 10 m wide into the ground. Thus travelers could read the messages written on their graves to address them a prayer or a thought. Inside the funerary enclosures, some individual tombs are marked bycolumellas.
Of the funerary buildings, a tumulus built by the importantNumisia gens (Numisia family) recalls the mausoleum of Augustus in Rome. It is flanked by the Mausoleum of the importantCornelia gens similar to the monument of Porta Marina inOstia with the square lower part surmounted by atholos. A third building with a square plan, of the importantLutatia gens, is connected to the street below by two scenographic stairs.
The necropolis was along the road from Nuceria Alfaterna to Stabiae dating from the end of the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD.[10] The remains of a rustic villa of the 2nd century BC was also found partially obliterated by the church of San Matteo, and a temple was built over it in the Republican age of which the square platform remains.
In the 3rd century AD in the precincts of the temple a veteran of the13th Gemina Legion, possibly converted to Christianity, built his family tomb.[11]
The church of San Matteo suggests the presence of a bridge as sources refer to San Matteo de Archiponticulo (literally 'to the old bridge'). There were usually small places of worship near bridges and the road crossed a stream where votive offerings would be thrown under the bridge in homage to the divinity Janus (two-faced) who has been linked with the construction of the church dedicated to San Matteo, according to popular tradition the "saint with two faces".
The most important necropolis was south of the city at the foot of Mount Albino in the locality of Pareti. Tombs were often in tuff from Fiano or in limestone from Monte Albino. Painted or bronze vases were found in these tombs and various objects of iron, lead, and other metals.[12] In the 1950s more archaeological excavations brought to light more than a hundred burials of the sixth and fifth centuries BC and others from the Samnite period, i.e. from the 4th and 3rd centuries BC.[13] Etruscan amphorae also testified to the city's contacts.[14]
The necropolis of San Clemente is a complex of burials mainly from the early and late imperial eras (1st and 4–5th centuries). There are also very interesting finds belonging to an older Hellenistic phase.
In those of the late imperial age, one tomb has inscriptions in Greek regarding a local Jewish community whose very existence would otherwise be unknown.
One Hellenistic tomb found in 1993 contained an inscription on the myth ofDionysus and the Tyrrhenian pirates, known from the Homeric Hymns and celebrated in the famouskylix of Exekias. It is of considerable interest due to its connection with the foundation of Nuceria which some traditions attribute to the Tirsenoi.
The city's emblem is the same of the oldNocera dei Pagani. It has been recognised by decree of the President of the Republic on 6 April 1987 and has the following description:
«d'azzurro, al noce sradicato, di verde, fruttato d'oro, accompagnato ai fianchi delle parole "Urbs Nuceria" in lettere maiuscole romane d'oro, poste verticalmente, la parola Urbs in bordatura nel fianco destro e con la U iniziale all'insù, la parola Nuceria in bordatura nel fianco sinistro e con la A finale all'insù. Ornamenti esteriori di città.»
Translation:
«light blue, uprooted walnut, green, fruity golden, accompanied on the sides by the words "Urbs Nuceria" in golden Roman capital letters, placed vertically, the word Urbs in the border on the right side and with the initial U upwards, the word Nuceria in the border on the left side and with the final A upwards. Exterior city ornaments.»
The town's standard is described as follows:
«drappo partito di giallo e di verde riccamente ornato di ricami d'oro e caricato dello stemma comunale con la iscrizione centrata in oro: "Città di Nocera Superiore". Le parti di metallo e i cordoni sono dorati. L'asta verticale è ricoperta di velluto dei colori del drappo, alternati, con bullette dorate poste a spirale. Nella freccia è rappresentato lo stemma della città e sul gambo inciso il nome. Cravatta con nastri tricolorati dai colori nazionali frangiati d'oro»
Translation:
«yellow and green standard lavishly adorned with gold embroidery, having the municipal emblem with the gold-centered inscription: "Città di Nocera Superiore". The metal parts and the ropes are golden. The vertical shaft is covered in velvet with the colors of the drape, alternating, with golden tacks placed in a spiral. The emblem of the city is represented on the arrow and the name is engraved on the stem. Tie with tricolour ribbons in national colours golden fringed»
Solemn celebrations in honour of the city's Patron, St. Ciro (31 January, Pareti)
'A Trasuta 'e San Ciro Festival andSalata di San Ciro National Contest (June, Pareti)
International Contest of Madonnari, St.Paschal Baylon and Mary Most Holy of Costantinopoli's Festival (May, Pecorari): street artists from all over the world calledmadonnari make religious drawings on the ground of the streets by using just chalks.
St. Mary's Festival (also calledFesta dell'Assunta, 14 and 15 August, Materdomini). During the summer of 1401 a peasant, hereinafter calledCaramari (which means 'dear to Mary'), had a vision: the Virgin Mary suggested that she dig under the oak where she was sleeping in order to find one of her icons. That was how a painted wooden board of the Blessed Virgin Mary, in Byzantine style, came to light. During the night between 14 and 15 August many devotees go to the Shrine of Materdomini in order to obtain full indulgence. In the square in front of the shrine popular dances are accompanied bytammorre (tambourine),scetavajasse (a sort of tambourine played with a rod equipped with disks made of tin), andtriccheballacche (a musical instrument consisting of three wooden hammers, one central unmovable hammer and two movable side hammers, equipped on the outside with disks made of tin). During this festival citizens eat thepalatella câ 'mbupota 'e alice, a type of bread filled with aubergines marinated in vinegar and anchovies.
Way of the Cross' sacred representation (Good Friday, Pizzone's excavations and Pecorari)
Way of the Cross in Casa Milite's mountain village (Friday before Palm Sunday)
Procession of the Mysteries (Good Friday, Pucciano, Pareti and S.Clemente's streets)
Living nativity scene (Christmas period, Uscioli)
Christmas Village and Christmas Market (13 and 14 December, Pecorari)
Majo's Festival (May Day, Materdomini), documented from 1758: during a procession Nocera Superiore and Roccapiemonte's mayors along with the Confraternity of the Most Holy Rosary's prior bring themajo (three adorned little trees) to the Madonna of Materdomini in order to propitiate good crops.
Nocera's dialect, callednocerese, corresponds to theNeapolitan language with small variations: the "e" vowel is always pronounced as an open one and sometimes there is a tendency to replace the gerund suffix-anne with-enne:stann' aspettenne,stann' magnenne ('they're waiting', 'they're eating').
^All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical instituteIstat.
^Panebianco, V., Il Museo Nocerino nel Trecentesco Convento di S. Antonio in Nocera Superiore, in I Musei Degli Enti Locali Della Campania, Napoli, 1974, pp. 148–151.
^The Oscans in Greek and Roman Tradition: Some Notes, Federico Russo, Ancient history bulletin.org 27 (2013) 75–82 www.ancienthistorybulletin.org
^Johannowsky, W. "Considerazioni sull’architettura militare del II Sec. a.C. nei centri della lega nucerina." In Nuceria Alfaterna e il suo territorio: Dalla fondazione ai Longobardi, 123–135. Nocera Inferiore, 1994. p 123.
^The City Walls of Pompeii: Perceptions and Expressions of a Monumental Boundary by Ivo van der Graaff, M.A. Dissertation. Graduate School of The University of Texas, p. 158
^Nuceria fuori le mura. L'area extraurbana prima di San Matteo, Pagani, 1991
^De Spagnolis M., L'area archeologica di piazza del Corso a Nocera Inferiore, in: Fortunato Teobaldo (a cura di), Nuceria, scritti in onore di Raffele Pucci, Postiglione (SA), 2006
^Minervini, G., Bull. Archeologia Napoletana, vol. 99, 1 anno V, settembre 1856, p. 3.
^Panebianco, V., Il Museo Nocerino nel Trecentesco Convento di S. Antonio in Nocera Superiore, in I Musei Degli Enti Locali Della Campania, Napoli, 1974, pp. 148–151.
^Albore Livadie, C., La situazione in Campania, a cura di Cristofani M., Il commercio etrusco arcaico, Atti dell’incontro di studio 5–7 dicembre 1983, 1985, pp. 127–135.
