| Nubkheperre Intef | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Intef VI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Nebkheperre Intef's woodenRishi coffin in theBritish Museum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharaoh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | Year 3 (highest att.) c.1571 to mid-1560s BC[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consort | Sobekemsaf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Father | Sobekemsaf II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Burial | Pyramid atDra' Abu el-Naga' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | 17th dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nubkheperre Intef (orAntef, Inyotef, sometimes referred to asIntef VI) was anEgyptian king of theSeventeenth Dynasty of Egypt at Thebes during theSecond Intermediate Period, when Egypt was divided by rival dynasties including theHyksos in Lower Egypt.
He is known to be the brother ofSekhemre-Wepmaat Intef—and this king's immediate successor—since he donated Louvre Coffin E3019 for this king's burial which bears an inscription that it was donated for king Sekhemre Wepmaat Intef "as that which his brother, king Antef (Nubkheperre Intef here)gives", notesKim Ryholt.[2] As the German scholar Thomas Schneider writes in the 2006 bookAncient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies):
Nubkheperre Intef and, by implication, his brother Sekhemre Wepmaat Intef, were probably the sons of Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf (Sobekemsaf II today) on the basis of inscriptions found on a doorjamb discovered in the remains of a 17th Dynasty temple at Gebel-Antef on the Luxor-Farshut road.[5] The British Egyptologist Aidan Dodson also endorses Ryholt's interpretation of the doorjamb's text and writes:
The German Egyptologist Daniel Polz, who discovered this king's tomb in 2001, also studied the same doorjamb and reached a similar conclusion in a 2007 German language book.[7] An association between Nubkheperre Intef and a king Sobekemsaf is also indicated by the discovery of a doorframe fragment by John and Deborah Darnell in the early 1990s which preserved part of an inscription naming a king Intef ahead of a king Sobekemsaf; the hieroglyphic spelling of the king Intef here was that used only by Nubkheperre.[8] Unfortunately, not enough of the inscription was uncovered to reveal the nature of the relationship with any certainty here—or which king Sobekemsaf was intended.[9] Nubkheperre Intef is sometimes referred to as Intef VII,[10] in other sources as Intef VI,[11] and even as Intef V.[12]
King Intef's wife wasSobekemsaf, who perhaps came from a local family based atEdfu. On an Abydos stela mentioning a building of the king are the wordsking's son, head of the bowmen Nakht.
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Nubkheperre Intef is one of the best attested kings of the 17th dynasty who restored numerous damagedtemples in Upper Egypt as well as constructing a new temple at Gebel Antef. The best preserved building from his reign is the remains of a small chapel atKoptos. Four walls that have been reconstructed show the king in front ofMin and show him crowned byHorus and by another god. The reliefs are executed in raised and sunken relief.[14] At Koptos, theCoptos Decree was found on a stela which referred to the actions of Nubkheperre Intef againstTeti, son of Minhotep.[15] At Abydos, several stone fragments were found, including columns which attest to some kind of restoration work.[16] On a stela found at Abydos, a mention is made of aHouse of Intef. This most likely refers to a building belonging to Nubkheperre Intef.[13] Therefore, while Nubkheperre Intef's highest—and only known—year date is his Year 3 on the Koptos stela,[17] this must be considered an underestimate since he must have ruled much longer to accomplish his ambitious building program and also complete his royal tomb.[18] Indeed, Nubkheperre Intef is alone "mentioned on over twenty contemporary monuments" from his reign[19] which demonstrates his position as one of the most powerful rulers of the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt.
Numerous attestations are known, see Ryholt 1997:394 File 17/4.
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Both Kim Ryholt and the German Egyptologist Daniel Polz concur that this pharaoh did not rule at or near the start of the 17th dynasty but rather late into the 17th dynasty just prior to the final three known kings of this dynasty (Senakhtenre, Seqenenre and Kamose).[22]
Ryholt (1997) reconstructed the sequence of 17th dynasty rulers with a king Sobekemsaf intervened between the last Intef king and Senakhtenre.[23] Detlef Franke rejects this view (below) and argues that there is no space for a king Sobekemsaf to intervene in the space after Nubkheperre Intef. "Contrary toRyholt, I see no place for a king Sobekemsaf who ruled after Nubkheperra Antef. Nubkheperra Antef (c.1560 BC) is the best attested (from Abydos to Edfu, e.g. BM 631, EA 1645, coffin 6652) and [the] most important of the three Antefs."[24]
Polz (2007) placesSekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef as a short-lived king between the reigns of Nubkheperre Intef andSenakhtenre Ahmose—the first ruler of the Ahmoside family of kings.[25]
AtDra' Abu el-Naga, the Tomb of Nubkheperre was rediscovered by a team led by Polz in 2001. The grave was originally covered with a small pyramid (approximately 11 m at the base, rising to a height of approx. 13 m.)
Nubkheperre Intef's tomb is mentioned in theAbbott Papyrus, which records an investigation into tomb robberies during the reign ofRamesses IX, about 450 years after Intef's interment. Although the authorities found a tunnel that was carved into the pyramid by tomb robbers, his tomb was mentioned as being "uninjured", as the tomb robbers were unable to locate and enter the burial chamber.[26]
Nubkheperre Intef's tomb was originally penetrated by tomb robbers in 1827 but some of its treasures made it into the hands of Western collectors; his unique rishi style coffin was purchased by the British Museum from theHenry Salt collection where its catalogue number is EA 6652.[27]
His tomb was later found by early Egyptologists around 1881 but knowledge of its location was lost again until it was rediscovered by German scholars under Daniel Polz, the deputy director of theGerman Archaeological Institute in 2001 atDra' Abu el-Naga'.[28] The coffin of Nubkheperre Intef was reportedly found in his tomb complete with adiadem or crown, some bows and arrows, and the heart-scarab of a king Sobekemsaf that may have been deposited from the lost tomb ofSobekemsaf I.[29] Fragments of a pyramidion of Nubkheperre Intef were also found during excavations.[30]
| Preceded by | Pharaoh of Egypt Seventeenth Dynasty | Succeeded by |
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