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Anozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of afluid flow (specially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber orpipe.
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid orgas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In a nozzle, the velocity of fluid increases at the expense of its pressure energy.
Agas jet,fluid jet, orhydro jet is a nozzle intended to eject gas or fluid in a coherent stream into a surrounding medium. Gas jets are commonly found ingas stoves,ovens, orbarbecues. Gas jets were commonly used forlight before the development ofelectric light. Other types of fluid jets are found incarburetors, where smoothcalibrated orifices are used to regulate the flow offuel into an engine, and injacuzzis orspas.
Another specialized jet is thelaminar jet. This is a water jet that contains devices to smooth out the pressure and flow, and giveslaminar flow, as its name suggests. This gives better results forfountains.
The foam jet is another type of jet which uses foam instead of a gas or fluid.
Nozzles used for feedinghot blast into ablast furnace orforge are calledtuyeres.
Jet nozzles are also used in large rooms where the distribution of air via ceiling diffusers is not possible or not practical. Diffusers that uses jet nozzles are called jet diffuser where it will be arranged in the side wall areas in order to distribute air. When the temperature difference between the supply air and the room air changes, the supply air stream is deflected upwards, to supply warm air, or downwards, to supply cold air.[1]
Frequently, the goal of a nozzle is to increase thekinetic energy of the flowing medium at the expense of itspressure andinternal energy.
Nozzles can be described asconvergent (narrowing down from a wide diameter to a smaller diameter in the direction of the flow) ordivergent (expanding from a smaller diameter to a larger one). Ade Laval nozzle has a convergent section followed by a divergent section and is often called a convergent-divergent (CD) nozzle ("con-di nozzle").
Convergent nozzles accelerate subsonic fluids. If the nozzle pressure ratio is high enough, then the flow will reach sonic velocity at the narrowest point (i.e. thenozzle throat). In this situation, the nozzle is said to bechoked.
Increasing the nozzle pressure ratio further will not increase the throatMach number above one. Downstream (i.e. external to the nozzle) the flow is free to expand to supersonic velocities; however, Mach 1 can be a very high speed for a hot gas because thespeed of sound varies as the square root of absolute temperature. This fact is used extensively in rocketry wherehypersonic flows are required and where propellant mixtures are deliberately chosen to further increase the sonic speed.
Divergent nozzles slow fluids if the flow is subsonic, but they accelerate sonic or supersonic fluids.
Convergent-divergent nozzles can therefore accelerate fluids that have choked in the convergent section to supersonic speeds. This CD process is more efficient than allowing a convergent nozzle to expand supersonically externally.The shape of the divergent section also ensures that the direction of the escaping gases is directly backwards, as anysideways component would not contribute to thrust.
A jet exhaust produces thrust from the energy obtained from burning fuel. The hot gas is at a higher pressure than the outside air and escapes from the engine through apropelling nozzle, which increases the speed of the gas.[2]
Exhaust speed needs to be faster than the aircraft speed in order to produce thrust but an excessive speed difference wastes fuel (poor propulsive efficiency). Jet engines for subsonic flight use convergent nozzles with a sonic exit velocity. Engines for supersonic flight, such as used forfighters andSST aircraft (e.g.Concorde) achieve the high exhaust speeds necessary for supersonic flight by using a divergent extension to the convergent engine nozzle which accelerates the exhaust to supersonic speeds.
Rocket motors maximise thrust and exhaust velocity by using convergent-divergent nozzles with very large area ratios and therefore extremely high pressure ratios. Mass flow is at a premium because all the propulsive mass is carried with vehicle, and very high exhaust speeds are desirable.
Magnetic nozzles have also been proposed for some types of propulsion, such asVASIMR, in which the flow ofplasma is directed bymagnetic fields instead of walls made of solid matter.
Many nozzles produce a very fine spray of liquids.
Vacuum cleaner nozzles come in several different shapes. Vacuum nozzles are used in vacuum cleaners.
Some nozzles are shaped to produce a stream that is of a particular shape. For example,extrusion molding is a way of producing lengths of metals or plastics or other materials with a particular cross-section. This nozzle is typically referred to as adie.
