Novosibirsk was founded in 1893 on the Ob River crossing point of the futureTrans-Siberian Railway, where theNovosibirsk Rail Bridge was constructed. Originally namedNovonikolayevsk[b] ("New Nicholas") in honor ofEmperor Nicholas II, the city rapidly grew into a major transport, commercial, and industrial hub. Novosibirsk was ravaged by theRussian Civil War but recovered during the earlySoviet period and gained its present name,Novosibirsk ("New Siberia"), in 1926. Under the leadership ofJoseph Stalin, Novosibirsk became one of the largest industrial centers of Siberia. Following the outbreak ofWorld War II, the city hosted many factories relocated from theRussian core.
Novosibirsk was founded on the right side of theOb, near an area traditionally inhabited byChat Tatars (Chertovo gorodishche [ru]). TheRussian town originated on 30 April 1893[3] at the future site of aTrans-Siberian Railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river, and in 1895 became known as Novonikolayevsk (Новониколаевск),[4] in honor both ofSaint Nicholas[citation needed] and of the new reigningTsar,Nicholas II.[24] It supersededBolshoye Krivoshchyokovo village, located on the opposite side of theOb, which was founded in 1696 and was resettled in 1893 due to the construction of theNovosibirsk Rail Bridge. The bridge, completed in the spring of 1897, made the new settlement a regional transport hub. The importance of the city further increased with the completion of theTurkestan–Siberia Railway in the early 20th century. The new railway connected Novonikolayevsk directly withCentral Asia and theCaspian Sea.[25]
At the time of the bridge's opening, Novonikolayevsk had a population of 7,800 people. The settlement developed rapidly. Its first bank opened in 1906, and a total of five banks were operating by 1915. In 1907, Novonikolayevsk, now with a population exceeding 47,000, was granted town status with full rights for self-government. During thepre-revolutionary period, the population of Novonikolayevsk reached 80,000. The city had steady and rapideconomic growth, becoming one of the largest commercial and industrial centers ofSiberia. It developed a significant agricultural-processing industry,[26] as well as apower station, iron foundry, commodity market, several banks, and commercial and shipping companies. By 1917, the city had seven Orthodox churches and oneRoman Catholic Church, along with several cinemas, fortyprimary schools, a high school, a teaching seminary, and the Romanov House non-classicalsecondary school. In 1913, Novonikolayevsk became one of the first places in Russia to institute compulsory primary education.[25]
TheRussian Civil War of 1917–1923 took a toll on the city. Wartime epidemics, especiallytyphus andcholera, claimed thousands of lives. In the course of the war, the Ob River Bridge was destroyed. For the first time in the city's history, the population of Novonikolayevsk began to decline. The Soviet Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of Novonikolayevsk took control of the city in December 1917. In May 1918, theCzechoslovak Legion rose in opposition to the revolutionary government and, together with theWhite Guards, captured Novonikolayevsk (26 May 1918). TheRed Army took the city in 1919, retaining it throughout the rest of the Civil War.[25]
Novonikolayevsk began reconstruction in 1921 at the start ofLenin'sNew Economic Policy period (1921–1928). The city formed part ofTomsk Governorate and served as its administrative center from 23 December 1919 to 14 March 1920. Between 13 June 1921 and 25 May 1925, it served as the administrative center ofNovonikolayevsk Governorate, which was separated from Tomsk Governorate.[27] The city received its present name on 12 September 1926,[4] -Novosibirsk, which, in the Russian language, translates roughly as "New Siberian [town]".
After the Soviet Union abolishedgovernorates in 1929, the city served as the administrative center of theSiberian Krai until 23 July 1930, and ofWest Siberian Krai until 28 September 1937, when that krai was split intoNovosibirsk Oblast andAltai Krai.[28] Since then, it has served as the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast.[28]
View of the part of Student Brigades Square and the intersection of Oktyabrskaya Highway, Serebrennikovskaya Street and Oktyabrskaya Street, as seen in 2017. In the lower left-hand corner, the part of the building of theNovosibirsk Globus Theatre is visible. In the center of the picture is the building at 50 Kommunisticheskaya Street, popularly known as "Batman" and "Plug".[29]
TheMonument to the Heroes of the Revolution, erected in the center of the city in 1922, became one of the chief historic sites (essentially every child had to visit the monument on school field-trips during the Soviet years). Neglect in the 1990s while other areas were redeveloped helped preserve it in the post-Soviet era.[citation needed]
During Stalin's industrialization effort, Novosibirsk secured its place as one of the largest industrial centers of Siberia. Several massive industrial facilities developed, including the 'Sibkombain' plant, specializing in the production of heavy mining equipment. Additionally, a metal-processing plant, a food-processing plant, and other industrial enterprises and factories were built, as well as a newpower station. The greatSoviet famine of 1932–33 resulted in more than 170,000 rural refugees seeking food and safety in Novosibirsk. They were settled in barracks at the outskirts of the city, giving rise toslums.[25] Reflecting international recognition of its rapid growth and industrialization, in the US media Novosibirsk was referred to as the "Chicago of Siberia".[30]
Tram rails were laid down in 1934, by which time the population had reached 287,000, making Novosibirsk the largest city in Siberia. The following year the original road bridge over the Ob River was replaced by the newKommunalny bridge.[25]
Between 1941 and 1942, the Soviets crated up and relocated more than 50 substantial factories from western Russia to Novosibirsk in order to reduce the risk of their destruction throughwar, and at this time the city became a major supply base for theRed Army. During this period the city also received more than 140,000 refugees.[31]
The rapid growth of the city prompted the construction during the 1950s of ahydroelectric power station with a capacity of 400megawatts,[32] necessitating the creation of a giant water reservoir, now known as theOb Sea. As a direct result of the station's construction, vast areas of fertile land were flooded, as were relic pine woods in the area; additionally, the new open space created by the reservoir's surface caused average wind speeds to double, increasing the rate ofsoil erosion.[25]
In the 1950s, the Soviet Government directed the building of a center for scientific research in Novosibirsk, and in 1957 the multi-facilityscientificresearch complex ofAkademgorodok was constructed about 30 km (19 mi) south of the city center. The Siberian Division of theRussian Academy of Sciences (formerly theAcademy of Sciences of the Soviet Union) has its headquarters in Akademgorodok, and the town hosts more than 35 research institutes and universities, among themNovosibirsk State University, one of the top Russian schools in natural sciences and mathematics. Although it possesses a fully autonomous infrastructure, Akademgorodok is administered by Novosibirsk.[citation needed]
On 2 September 1962, the population of Novosibirsk reached one million. At that time, it was the youngest city in the world with the population exceeding one million. Novosibirsk took fewer than seventy years to achieve this milestone.[33] On 8 June 1965, the city was the scene of a dramatic aerial stunt when Lieutenant Valentin Privalov flew hisMiG-17 under theOctober Bridge; an image which purportedly showed the event was later found to be a photocollage.[34][35] In 1979, work began on the Novosibirsk Metro Transit System, culminating in the opening of the first line in 1985.[25]
On 1 August 2008, Novosibirsk was in the center of the path of asolar eclipse, with a duration of 2 minutes and 20 seconds.[36]
According to the2021 Russian census, the population of Novosibirsk is 1,633,595.[38] This is an increase compared to the2010 census, when the population of the city was 1,473,754.[9]
The layout of the modern city is based on the planning of the post-revolution period. Before 1917, there was no traditional city center in Novo-nikolayevsk. The main buildings of the railway management and the nearby railway station as well as the most important cathedral and the complex of the city's government were spread throughout the city. This changed following the revolution, with Lenin House built in 1925 in what was traditionally the main avenue, Krasny Prospekt while the first Lenin monument was built in Barnaulskaya Street, closer to the railway station. And thus, until the late 1920s, Novosibirsk did not have a clearly defined city center. The 1930s brought many changes to the development of the city: Its former Bazarnaya Ploschad (Market Square) was chosen as the site for the construction of the Opera House which started in 1931. The Stalin Park of Culture and Rest was established some distance from the main avenue and the city's administrative buildings and park created a radial around the Bazarnaya Ploschad.[40]
The climate in Novosibirsk is typical of Siberia, with dry winters and far-below-freezing winter temperatures. Among the reasons for these temperatures are the absence of a nearby ocean and the lack of tall mountains at the north of Novosibirsk that could have held back freezing Arctic winds.[citation needed] In fact, Novosibirsk is the second-farthest substantially populated city from the ocean, the first beingÜrümqi in China.[citation needed]
The climate ishumid continental (KöppenDfb), with warm summers and bitterly cold winters. Snow is frequent, falling on almost half of all winter days, but individual snowfalls are usually light. On average temperatures range in summer from +15 °C (59 °F) to +26 °C (79 °F) and in winter from −20 °C (−4 °F) to −12 °C (10 °F). However, winter temperatures can go as low as −30 °C (−22 °F) to −35 °C (−31 °F), and summer temperatures can go as high as +30 °C (86 °F) to +35 °C (95 °F). The difference between the highest- and lowest-recorded temperatures is 82 °C (148 °F).
Travellers coming from countries with mild climates may find Novosibirsk's winter extremely cold, but it is a lot less severe than further east in Siberia and theRussian Far East, especially considering its latitude of55°N. For example, Novosibirsk is less cold during winter nights thanSpassk-Dalny at eleven degrees lower latitude. It also is less cold in winter than the largest far eastern city ofKhabarovsk and during nights even the Pacific coastal town ofSovetskaya Gavan, both at less than49°N, and slightly milder than the Chinese city ofHarbin, the capital of Manchuria andHeilongjiang province in China, at only 45°N. Sometimes bitter cold may hold for some days, but temperatures of −40 °C (−40 °F) and lower do not occur every year. Its overall temperatures are very similar to that ofWinnipeg,Canada, at about 50 degrees north.
Climate data for Novosibirsk (1991–2020, extremes 1930–present)
Novosibirsk is home to Russia's most powerfulshortwaverelay station east of theUral mountains. This relay station can reach most ofSouth Asia, West Asia, andChina. TheMagadan andVladivostok relay stations when operated in conjunction with Novosibirsk can guarantee that theVoice of Russia or any other broadcaster renting time at Novosibirsk is heard in the intended target area.
The city is served byNovosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport, which connects Novosibirsk with most of Russia's largest cities and most countries of Europe and Asia. Tolmachevo is the hub forS7 Airlines.
The old NovosibirskBus Station located onKrasny Avenue in the right bank part of the city nearKommunalny Bridge was opened in 1964 and eventually closed on 6 April 2020.[44] There is a plan to build some new bus stations on the periphery of the city; the first of these newbus stations was built on Gusinobrodskoe Сhaussee and was opened on 18 December 2019.[45] Until the completion of remaining new bus stations, somebus stops in the city are being used byintercity bus services.
The many regular intercity/international bus routes connect Novosibirsk with most cities of the southern part of WesternSiberia and major cities ofCentral Asia.
The building of Novosibirsk riverpassenger terminal (Russian: Речной вокзал) on theOb river was opened in 1974.[46] Later, theself-titled metro station was opened near the building of the terminal. On 7 March 2003, there was the strong fire in the building of the terminal.[47] The part of the building was beyond repair and was demolished.
At present day[when?], only two regular passenger lines are operational: Novosibirsk - Kudryash island - Yagodnaya - Cheremushki - Novaya Zarya - Bibikha - Sedova Zaimka and Novosibirsk -Berdsk.[48] There are also cruises on theOb river and theNovosibirsk Reservoir including toTomsk andBarnaul. River ships use theNovosibirsk Shipping Canal, equipped with a single triple-chamber shipping lock and located in Novosibirsk along its entire length, for the passage from the river to the reservoir and from the reservoir to the river.
Usually, the period of navigability is opened in late April or early May and is closed in late September or early October.
TheNovosibirsk tram system was launched in 1934. As of 2022, the network has 10 routes: 6 of them are situated in left-bank part of the city, 4 of them are situated in right-bank of the city.[50][51]
TheNovosibirsk bus system was launched in 1923. As of 2022, system consists of 52 routes served by buses over 10 metres long and 17 routes served by smaller buses.[50]
Novosibirsk river passenger terminal - Beach "Bugrinskaya Roshcha" -Korablik Island
Novosibirsk river passenger terminal - Severo-Chemskoy residential area - Allotment garden community "Smorodinka" - Allotment garden community "Tikhie Zori"
Novosibirsk river passenger terminal - Novosibirsk Waterpark (the last route was not included in the plan of navigational season 2021 due to suspension of Waterpark's operation).
Usually, the period of navigability is opened in late April or early May and is closed in late September or early October.[citation needed]
TheNovosibirsk fixed-route taxi system (marshrutka), which utilizes minibuses, has operated in the city since late 1970s. In 1989, the first private carriers appeared after the passage of theLaw on Cooperatives. There are 56 marshrutkas routes in Novosibirsk.[52] In recent years the number of minibus routes in this system have been in decline, generally being replaced with bus routes.[53]
Novosibirsk is a large industrial center. The industrial complex consists of 214 large and average-sized industrial enterprises. These produce more than two-thirds of all industrial output of the Novosibirsk region. Leading industries are aerospace (Chkalov's Novosibirsk Aircraft Plant), nuclear fuel (Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant), turbo and hydroelectric generators (NPO ELSIB), textile machinery (Textilmach), agriculture machinery (NPO "Sibselmash"), electronics components and devices production (Novosibirsk Factory and Design Bureau of Semiconductor Devices NZPP, OXID Novosibirsk Plant of Radio components), and metallurgy and metalworking (Kuzmina's Novosibirsk Metallurgical Plant, Novosibirsk Tin Plant OJSC, and JSC Plant of Rare Metals).
According to the television stationRBC, Novosibirsk took third place in 2008 in the list of Russian cities most attractive to businesses (in 2007 it was placed thirteenth).
TheRich Family multi-national retailer was founded in Novosibirsk in 2002 and continues to maintain their headquarters in the city. Before the relocation of its headquarters toOb,S7 Airlines had its head office in Novosibirsk.[54]
Theheadquarters of a number of large Russian companies are located in Novosibirsk:[55]
Until 2023, the head of the city (mayor) was elected by universal suffrage among city residents. This position was held byAnatoly Lokot (Communist Party of the Russian Federation) from 23 April 2014. In February 2023, deputies of the Legislative Assembly of the Novosibirsk Oblast, in two readings, adopted a bill to abolish direct elections of the heads of Novosibirsk and the scientific settlement ofKoltsovo; the election of heads of municipal administrations will take place on a competitive basis.[56] On 28 December 2023, thegovernor of Novosibirsk Oblast,Andrey Travnikov, announced that Anatoly Lokot was going on vacation with subsequent dismissal. First Deputy Mayor Oleg Klemeshov was appointed acting mayor.[57] On 16 April 2024, based on the results of voting by deputies of the Novosibirsk City Council of Deputies, Deputy Governor of the Novosibirsk RegionMaxim Kudryavtsev (United Russia) was elected mayor of Novosibirsk.[58]
Novosibirsk is the home town of several former Olympians, includingAleksandr Karelin, a twelve-time worldGreco-Roman wrestling champion who has been voted the greatest Greco-Roman wrestler of the twentieth century by the sport's international governing body ofFILA.
The city also hosts a number of national and internationalIce Speedway events. Siberia Novosibirsk competed in the Russian Ice Speedway Premier League in 2012/13, and 2013/2014. The speedway venue known as the Motordrome ROSTO is located on Ulitsa Tul'skaya, 205 at (54°58′07″N82°53′30″E / 54.96861°N 82.89167°E /54.96861; 82.89167).
The city possesses the Novosibirsk State Conservatory, named in honor of the composerMikhail Glinka; Novosibirsk State Philharmony, home to Novosibirsk Academic Symphony Orchestra, Novosibirsk Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, Russian Academic Orchestra of Folk Instruments, and other musical groups;Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theater; and several notable music venues.
The Novosibirsk Zoo is a world-renowned scientific institution as well as a populartourist attraction.
The zoo has over 11,000 animals from 738 species and is an active participant in thirty-two differentcaptive breeding programmes for endangered species. Since 2016, the Center ofoceanography andmarine biology "Dolphinia" has been part of the zoo.[69]
On average, around 1.5 million people visit the zoo each year.[70]
ViolinistMikhail Simonyan, playwright and prose writerNina Mikhailovna Sadur, three-time Olympic Greco-Roman wrestling championAleksandr Karelin, pop singerShura, singer andThe Voice judgePelageya, rapperAllj and top model Sofia Steinberg were born and raised in Novosibirsk.Maxim Vengerov, an Israeliviolinist,violist, and conductor was born here.Aleksandr Akimov, who was also born here, was the night shift supervisor on duty for Reactor 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant at the time of the explosion in April 1986.Stanislav Pozdnyakov, fencer and president of the Russian Olympic Commission, was born here.
^abLawOn the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Novosibirsk Oblast
^Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Федеральное агентство по технологическому регулированию и метрологии. №ОК 033-2013 1 января 2014 г. «Общероссийский классификатор территорий муниципальных образований. Код 50 701». (Federal State Statistics Service. Federal Agency on Technological Regulation and Metrology. #OK 033-2013 January 1, 2014Russian Classification of Territories of Municipal Formations. Code 50 701. ).
^LawOn the Administrative Centers of the Municipal Districts and Rural Settlements of Novosibirsk Oblast
^"Об исчислении времени".Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. RetrievedJanuary 19, 2019.
^Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post).Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search)(in Russian)
^Haywood, A. J. (2010).Siberia: A Cultural History. Oxford:Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-975417-5.During the Second World War the city received a second boost through the relocation of about fifty strategic industries and a fresh wave of about 140,000 war refugees
^Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens."Rusland - Novosibirsk"(PDF).Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931-1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 225. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on April 27, 2013. RetrievedApril 7, 2017.
Городской Совет Новосибирска. Решение №616 от 27 июня 2007 г. «Устав города Новосибирска», в ред. Решения №1311 от 31 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в устав города Новосибирска, принятый Решением городского Совета Новосибирска от 27.06.2007 №616». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования, за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки и порядок вступления в силу. Опубликован: "Бюллетень органов городского самоуправления Новосибирска", №58, стр. 3, 15 августа 2007 г. (City Council of Novosibirsk. Decision #616 of June 27, 2007Charter of the City of Novosibirsk, as amended by the Decision #1311 of March 31, 2015On Amending the Charter of the City of Novosibirsk Adopted by the Decision #616 of the City Council of Novosibirsk of June 27, 2007. Effective as of 10 days after the official publication date, with the exception of the clauses for which different dates and procedures of taking effect are specified.).
Новосибирский областной Совет депутатов. Постановление №282-ОЗ от 31 марта 2005 г. «Устав Новосибирской области», в ред. Закона №529-ОЗ от 26 февраля 2015 г. «О поправках к Уставу Новосибирской области». Вступил в силу 1 мая 2005 г. Опубликован: "Советская Сибирь", №81, 29 апреля 2005 г. (Novosibirsk Oblast Council of Deputies. Resolution #282-OZ of March 31, 2005Charter of Novosibirsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #529-OZ of February 26, 2015On Amending the Charter of Novosibirsk Oblast. Effective as of May 1, 2005.).
Новосибирский областной Совет депутатов. Закон №246-ОЗ от 17 декабря 2004 г. «Об административных центрах муниципальных районов и сельских поселений Новосибирской области», в ред. Закона №69-ОЗ от 5 декабря 2006 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Новосибирской области "Об административных центрах муниципальных районов и сельских поселений Новосибирской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Советская Сибирь", №252, 29 декабря 2004 г. (Novosibirsk Oblast Council of Deputies. Law #246-OZ of December 17, 2004On the Administrative Centers of the Municipal Districts and Rural Settlements of Novosibirsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #69-OZ of December 5, 2006On Amending the Law of Novosibirsk Oblast "On the Administrative Centers of the Municipal Districts and Rural Settlements of Novosibirsk Oblast". Effective as of the official publication date.).
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