November 28, 1943:Joseph Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill meet forTehran ConferenceNovember 22, 1943:Chiang Kai-shek,Franklin D. Roosevelt andWinston Churchill meet at the Cairo ConferenceNovember 6, 1943: Japan'sHideki Tojo hosts puppet state leaders at Greater East Asia Conference in TokyoNovember 8, 1943: Lebanon's leaders briefly declare independence (shown is the parliament members signed drawing)
In California, thousands of Japanese-American internees at theTule Lake Segregation Center surrounded the administration building during a visit to the internment camp by War Location DirectorDillon S. Myer. Leaders of theDaihyo Sha Kai, a group of inmates who spoke for their fellow prisoners, had spread the word during lunchtime that Myer had arrived at 11:00 a.m., and called upon families to assemble for a peaceful protest. By 1:30 p.m., there were between 5,000 and 10,000 men, women and children standing outside the camp headquarters. "Completely surrounded by thousands of evacuees and virtually imprisoned in the administration building, Dillon Myer consented to see the Negotiating Committee", while young men were stationed outside the building exits "to see that no Caucasian left".[1] Myer and the Center Director then conferred with spokesman George Kuratomi about the internees' grievances and pledged to make improvements, and the protesters returned to their barracks.
The American destroyerUSSBorie and German submarineU-405 engaged in a fierce battle in the Atlantic Ocean. TheBorie took severe battle damage after depth charging and rammingU-405; both ships had to be scuttled after the battle.
TheBattle of Empress Augusta Bay took place as the Imperial Japanese Navy responded to the surprise invasion ofBougainville Island by sending the heavy cruisersMyōkō andHaguro, the light cruisersAgano andSendai, and six destroyers. Task Force 39 of the U.S. Navy had four light cruisers and eight destroyers to defend the U.S. Marine beachhead, and the naval battle began at 2:50 am. An author notes that "The key advantage that the Americans had was radar, and ... radar was a battle winner," as the Japanese fleet had to maneuver around the 25 torpedoes fired at them, and some of their ships collided. While the U.S. suffered only light damage in comparison, the two Japanese heavy cruisers were severely damaged, and theSendai and the destroyerHatsukaze were sunk.[3]
More than 18,000 Jewish prisoners were shot to death in a single day at theMajdanek concentration camp in Poland, in theAktion Erntefest.[5] TheErntefest was the traditional German "Harvest Festival", and dance music was played over loudspeakers "to drown out the sounds of the killing and the dying".[6] The extermination of the estimated 18,400 members of the camp was carried out by order of the new camp commandant, German Lt. ColonelMartin Weiss, as part ofOperation Reinhard. A further 6,000 were murdered atTrawniki concentration camp.
Adolf Hitler issued Führer Directive Number 51, anticipating an invasion of Nazi-occupied France by the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, in what Hitler described as "an Anglo-Saxon landing". Troops and reinforcements were transferred to Western Europe, and the "Anglo-Saxon landing" would eventually take place onJune 6, 1944.[7]
After the executions of over 1,000 Jewish prisoners in theSzebnie concentration camp in Poland, an uprising broke out among the remaining group. It was quickly suppressed by the German SS guards; the camp was closed the next day and the 3,000 prisoners were shipped to theAuschwitz concentration camp.[8]
The U.S. War Department concluded a top secret analysis of American strategy in the war in the Pacific, and concluded that it would be impractical to attack Japan from mainland China. Instead, it was recommended that troops and equipment be shifted to the ongoing effort tocapture islands within striking distance of the Japanese Home Islands.[9]
Despite its neutral status in World War II,Vatican City hadfour bombs dropped upon it from an unidentified airplane at 8:10 pm . Windows and glass were broken atSt. Peter's Basilica and at the Palace of the Governorate, and there was damage to the Vatican aqueduct, but nobody was injured. A British Royal Air Force bomber near Rome had been given clearance to unload its bombs after developing engine trouble, and released them "without quite knowing where it was"[11] but no Allied bombing raids had been scheduled for Rome that day.
The German submarineU-848 was depth charged and sunk in the South Atlantic offAscension Island by American aircraft.
Chef Tell (stage name for Friedman Paul Erhardt), German-American chef and television personality; inStuttgart (d. 2007)
Died:Bernhard Lichtenberg, 67, German Roman Catholic priest and martyr who would be beatified in 1943, died while being transported in a cattle car to theDachau concentration camp. His funeral in Berlin would be attended by more than 4,000 mourners, despite his open opposition to the Nazi government.
The last NFL game to end in a scoreless tie (0–0) was played. A crowd of 16,992 watched the action (or lack of it), as the Detroit Lions and the visiting New York Giants were unable to make much progress during the rain on a muddy field. Neither team got within 15 yards of the other's end zone. Augie Lio of the Lions missed field goal attempts from 32, 50 and 25 yards out, and the Giants missed one.[17][18]
U.S. Marine SergeantHerbert J. Thomas, 25, was killed in combat during theBattle of Koromokina Lagoon onBougainville Island. While leading a charge against Japanese machine gun positions, Sgt. Thomas threw his body on top of a live hand grenade in order to protect his men from the explosion. He would posthumously be awarded theMedal of Honor for his heroism.
The middle eastern nation ofLebanon had been operated for more than 20 years under the"French Mandate" set up by the League of Nations, with an elected legislature and a president whose roles were to advise the French High Commissioner. When the new Commissioner, Jean Helleu, refused to agree to a revision of his role, the legislators unanimously passed a bill to end the Mandate. The vote was 48–0, and PresidentBechara El Khoury signed it immediately, leading to a retaliation by the French.[19][20]
Radio Moscow broadcast news from the newly liberated capital of Ukraine, and reported that only one Jew had been left alive inKiev. Before the German invasion, the city's Jewish population had been 140,000.[21]
TheUnited Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was created by an agreement signed by representatives of 44 Allied nations, inAtlantic City, New Jersey. While the founding of the United Nations would not happen until 1945, the UNRRA was the first agency to become a component of the UN, with the initial goal of providing relief to refugees and homeless persons "in the still to be liberated states of Europe and Asia".[22][23]
U.S. Senate Resolution 203 was introduced, calling for the first time for a federal plan "to save the surviving Jewish people of Europe from extinction at the hands of Nazi Germany."[24] Resolution 203 was a bipartisan measure penned by SenatorsGuy Gillette of Iowa,Elbert D. Thomas of Utah, andEdwin C. Johnson of Colorado, all supporters of the "Bergson Group". On the same day, U.S. House of Representatives Resolutions 350 and 352 were introduced, calling for a new agency to resettle the surviving Jewish refugees in neutral nations.
The fourLübeck martyrs were executed after being convicted of treason in show-trials by Nazi Germany's"People's Court". Three Roman Catholic priests (Johannes Prassek, Eduard Müller and Hermann Lange) and an Evangelical Lutheran pastor, Karl Friedrich Stellbrink, were taken to theguillotine at Holstenglacis Prison inHamburg. The four beheadings were performed at intervals three minutes apart[26] and the bodies were cremated a few days later.
Three days after the French Mandate of Lebanon was repealed by the legislators and president, agents of the French colonialSûreté force raided homes in the early morning hours and arrested President El Khoury, Prime MinisterRiad Al Solh, and all but two members of the Cabinet (including future presidentCamille Chamoun).[19] Later in the day, High Commissioner Helleu announced on the radio that he had suspended the Lebanese constitution, dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, and had appointedÉmile Eddé as the new president.[28]
The Red Army captured the northern Ukrainian city ofRadomyshl.[29]
Thebombing of Rabaul ended in Allied victory. By the battle's end, nearly every Japanese ship in the harbor had been disabled or sunk, including the destroyerSuzunami.[30]
The drama war filmSahara, starringHumphrey Bogart as an American tank commander during the Western Desert Campaign, was released.
The final aerial bombardment ofDarwin, the capital of Australia'sNorthern Territory, took place. Starting on February 19, 1942, Darwin had been bombed on 63 different occasions by Japan before the tide had turned during World War II.[32]
The first aerial bombardment ofArezzo, the capital of Italy's province of the same name, took place, as Allied forces struck at its large railway yard in the evening, killing one person. On the next raid, 60 people were killed, and bombing runs escalated as World War II.[33]
The German submarineU-508 was depth charged and sunk in theBay of Biscay by an American B-24.
Construction was completed on the XP-80, the prototype for theLockheed P-80 Shooting Star, the firstsuccessful American jet fighter, 140 days after the work had started. An earlier attempt, theBell P-59 Airacomet, had been tested but not put into service.[34]
Operation Crossbow was carried out as Douglas Kendall, who oversaw aerial photography and analysis for theRoyal Air Force, ordered a follow-up examination of thePeenemünde Army Research Center in Germany, after hearing rumors of a "pilotless aircraft" that was being developed by the Nazi Luftwaffe. The examination discovered Germany'ssecret missile program.[37]
In an unusualcollege football game, theOhio State Buckeyes and theIllinois Illini were tied 26 to 26, and the Buckeyes' pass on the last play fell incomplete. The players left the field, and most of the 36,331 spectators filed out of the stands. Twelve minutes later, the players were told to return to the field. None of the fans, coaches or players had realized that an official had called an off-sides penalty against the Illini, and two seconds were put back on the clock. With its second chance, Ohio State kicked a field goal for a 29–26 win.[39]
Program for L. Bernstein's concertRadio announcement
The U.S. Navy destroyerUSSWilliam D. Porter inadvertently fired an armed torpedo at the battleshipUSSIowa. "If this wasn't bad enough," author Kermit Bonner would note later, "theIowa was carrying President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Secretary of State Cordell Hull and all of the country's World War II military brass ..."[40] TheIowa and its escort were fifty miles east of Bermuda, and a demonstration of torpedo accuracy and range was being performed for the Commander-in-Chief. Torpedoman Lawton Dawson had failed to remove the explosive primer from torpedo tube three, a prerequisite for target practice. As soon as the torpedo was launched, it made the unique sound of an armed weapon, which was speeding directly toward theIowa. The radioman on board theW. D. Porter was able to signal theIowa to turn right to evade the approaching bomb in time, and the torpedo detonated beyond the battleship. The entire crew of theW. D. Porter was placed under arrest and held at Bermuda. Although Dawson would be sentenced to 14 years of hard labor, President Roosevelt intervened and asked that he not be punished for the accident.[40] Writing in his personal logbook that evening, President Roosevelt noted that "Had that torpedo hit theIowa in the right spot with her passenger list of distinguished statesmen, military, naval, and aerial strategists and planners, it could have had untold effect on the outcome of the war and the destiny of the country."[41]
TheManifesto of Verona was issued by the Fascist Republican Party, which still controlled northern Italy under the Nazi-occupiedItalian Social Republic. Meeting inVerona, the party adopted an 18-point declaration of principles, including the seventh one, which reversed Italy's previous policy toward the Jews within its borders. During the early years of its alliance with Nazi Germany, the Fascist regime had avoided anything similar to the Nazi campaign against German Jews. The seventh point of the Manifesto, however, declared that "All those who belong to the Jewish race are foreigners. During this war they belong to an enemy nationality."[42] Within two weeks, the ISR's Minister of the Interior would begin the arrest of all Jews within the nation's borders.[43]
Bulgaria, a member of the Axis with Germany and Italy, was bombarded for the first time by the Allies, as 91 American B-25 bombers attacked the railroad yards ofSofia and three neighboring villages, as well as the Vrajedna Airfield.[44]
Leonard Bernstein, age 25, was the little-known assistant director of theNew York Philharmonic, charged with arranging the rehearsals for conductorArtur Rodziński and guest conductors. The orchestra's concert was going to be broadcast live on theCBS radio network, but guest conductorBruno Walter became ill, and Rodziński was too far away fromCarnegie Hall to arrive in time. Bernstein was called to fill in, and became the youngest person to ever conduct the New York Philharmonic. The next morning, theNew York Times gave an excellent review for Bernstein's performance[45] and Bernstein began a successful career as both a conductor and a composer.[46]
Heinrich Himmler, the commandant of Nazi Germany's SS police force, issued an order reclassifying the status ofGypsies in German-occupied territories. While "sedentary" people of Romani origin were "to be treated as citizens of the country", he declared "nomadic Gypsies and part-Gypsies are to be placed on the same level as Jews and placed in concentration camps."[49] Initially, the order applied only to occupied areas in the Soviet Union.
Royal Air Force MarshalTrafford Leigh-Mallory was named as the Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Air Forces in preparation forOperation Overlord, the planned Allied invasion of France.[50]
German AdmiralKarl Dönitz called off all U-boat operations in the western Atlantic due to lack of success and heavy losses.[51]
TheBattle of Leros ended when Allied troops on the island surrendered. The Germans paid a heavy price, however. Having lost 160 planes and 4,800 personnel in the five days of fighting, they were even considering calling off the offensive before word of the surrender came through.[31]
Residents of the English village ofTyneham inDorset were all given notice that they were being evicted. Signs posted in the village that day put everyone on notice that they had to leave by December 19. None of them had the right to contest the action, because they were all tenants of the descendants ofNathaniel Bond, whose family owned theTyneham House and the surrounding area. The British War Department had acquired the area as a training ground in preparation for D-Day.[53]
TheUSSCorvina became the only Americansubmarine to be sunk in an attack by an enemy submarine, after the Japanese submarineI-176 struck it with two torpedoes in the South Pacific.[55]
The German submarineU-280 was depth charged and sunk in the North Atlantic by a B-24 ofNo. 86 Squadron RAF.
Sports editorSam Lacy ofThe Chicago Defender, the African-American weekly newspaper, met withBaseball CommissionerK. M. Landis to discuss the issue of integrating the leagues of organized baseball. "This is the first time such a question has been brought into the open," Landis told reporters, "and I don't know what might come of it. I do know that the step is a healthy one ..." Landis agreed to a second meeting that where major league officials and black media representatives would confer on the matter on December 3. "I can't say where I stand— one way or the other— because the owners could come to the meeting with minds made up for or against." Landis commented.[56]
The BritishRoyal Air Force launchedthe largest bombing campaign carried out against Berlin up to that time, with 440 planes making a nighttime raid on the German capital. The attack killed 131 people and caused light damage. The RAF lost nine aircraft and 53 aviators.[57][58]
TheEbensee concentration camp opened, receiving its first 1,000 prisoners. These inmates were put to work excavating tunnels in the Salzkammergut Mountains nearEbensee in theOstmark, German-annexedAustria, for the purpose of establishing a missile development facility. Originally, the laborers were Aryan, with Jewish prisoners being shipped in seven months later. At the peak of its operations, the camp had 18,000 slave workers engaged in the mining operations, and 11,000 of the inmates of the Ebensee would die from starvation and disease.[59]
Inmates ofJanowska concentration camp nearLwów (at this time inGerman-occupied Poland), staged an uprising that ultimately failed. Leon Weliczker and several other prisoners had run errands for the camp guards, and were accustomed to bringing firewood into the guard houses. On the evening of the 19th, two groups of prisoners attacked guards in two different locations, stole their machines guns, and started a breakout.[61] The 6,000 remaining Jewish residents of Janowska camp were killed over the next four days and on November 23, Lwów (nowLviv inUkraine) was declaredJudenrein ("clean of Jews").[62]
In theBattle of Tarawa and theBattle of Makin, theUnited States Marines made anamphibious landing on the Japanese-controlledTarawa Atoll and theMakinatoll to open the assault on theGilbert Islands (nowKiribati). Because of an overestimate of high tide by the planners, the heavily armoredHiggins boats were sent toward the beach and got stuck on the coral reefs, 800 yards (730 m) short of their destination. TheLVT carriers, with a shallower draft, and tracks that could travel across the coral, lacked adequate armor. When the first three sets of Marines made their assault at 9:13 a.m., "Most of the LVTs were shot to pieces," and the Marines on the stranded Higgins boats had to wade ashore. In 76 hours of fighting, more than 1,000 Marines were killed and more than 2,000 wounded, "the costliest victory in Marine history up to that point".[63] Japanese losses were even higher; out of 3,000 troops, "only a little over a hundred Japanese survived".[64] Decades later, a commander of theUnited States Navy SEALs would opine that "UDT/SEAL history began during the invasion of Tarawa", citing the creation of underwater demolition teams and the sea, air and land teams after the disastrous lessons learned from the battle.[65] The first UDT units would be formed the following month.[66]
British Fascist Leader SirOswald Mosley and his wifeDiana Mitford were released from prison after three years of incarceration as a threat to national security. Home SecretaryHerbert Morrison explained that the controversial release was on medical grounds – Mosley was ill withphlebitis – as well as his no longer being considered a threat. Mosley and his wife were to stay underhouse arrest, initially living with Diana's sister Pamela.[68][69]
The German submarineU-536 was depth charged and sunk northeast of theAzores by Allied warships, while another German submarine,U-768, sank inDanzig Bay after a collision with its sister ship,U-745.
British warships depth charged and sank the German submarineU-538 southwest of Ireland.
On his Sunday radio show on theBlue Network, commentatorDrew Pearson broke the story that General Dwight D. Eisenhower had reprimanded Lt. Gen.George S. Patton for hitting a soldier under his command. "A great mystery has surrounded the whereabouts of General 'Blood and Guts' Patton," Pearson told his listeners. "His pearl-handled revolver, his picturesque language, made headlines in the Tunisian campaign but he has not been heard of since. Here is the reason ..." Pearson went on to describe an incident where General Patton ordered a shell shocked Army private to get up out of bed "and when he didn't get up right away, pulled him up and struck him, knocking him down."[70] Though not initially identified, the soldier would soon be revealed to be Army Private Charles H. Kuhl, whom Patton had hit onAugust 3. Despite an initial uproar and calls for Patton's firing, "the story was by then 'old news' and had little effect on Patton's career".[71]
Died:J. William Ditter, 55, U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania since 1933, was killed in a plane crash along with Lieutenant Commander J.J. Manshure while attempting to land at the Willow Grove Naval Air Station nearColumbia, Pennsylvania.[72]
Lebanon became independent when French High Commissioner Helleu, under pressure from the United Kingdom, ordered the release of the president, prime minister and cabinet members who had been jailed ten days earlier atRashaya.[19] This brought an end to theFrench Mandate, and the date is now celebrated as Lebanon's Independence Day.[74]
Keiji Shibazaki, 49, Japanese rear admiral who had guided the defense of Tarawa against the U.S. Marine assault. Shibazaki, who had boasted to his troops that "a million Americans couldn't take Tarawa in 100 years", was killed on the third day of the battle when one of the Marines saw him, his chief of staff, his gunnery officers and his operations officer entering a command post on the south side of the island, then radioed an American destroyer to shell the location.[76] Before being killed, Shibazaki was able to send one final message to General Headquarters in Tokyo: "Our weapons have been destroyed and from now on everyone is attempting a final charge. May Japan exist for 10,000 years!"[77]
TheBattle of Tarawa ended at 1:00 p.m., a little less than 77 hours after it began, when U.S. GeneralJulian C. Smith declared that all organized resistance by the Japanese had ceased.[77]
Germany's national opera house, theDeutsche Opernhaus on Bismarckstraße in theBerlin district ofCharlottenburg, was destroyed in an air raid. It would be rebuilt and reopened in1961 as theDeutsche Oper Berlin. During the night, the Berlin Zoo and most of its 4,000 animals were destroyed. Other casualties during the week of British bombings were the German National Theatre, the National Gallery, the Invalidenstrasse Museum, the Hotel Bristol, the Charite Hospital, the City Hospital, the Schulstrasse Maternity Hospital, the Lichterfelde-East Rail Station, and the embassies of France, Sweden, Turkey, Iran and Slovakia.[78]
The escort carrierUSSLiscome Bay, with 916 crewmen on board, was torpedoed and sunk by the Japanese submarineI-175. The torpedo had made a direct hit on the aircraft bomb stowage compartment on the ship's starboard side, causing a massive explosion that incinerated most of the men below decks, and the ship sank within 23 minutes. In all, 644 men were killed — 53 officers and 591 enlisted men.[79]
Died: (among the 644 people killed in the destruction of the USSLiscome Bay):
Dorie Miller, 24, U.S. Navy cook who became the first African-American to be awarded theNavy Cross, for his heroism during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
American and Japanese ships fought theBattle of Cape St. George betweenBuka Island andNew Ireland, in the 15th and final naval confrontation of the campaign in theSolomon Islands. Five Japanese destroyers had been sent to deliver troops to Buka and to remove naval air technicians, and were intercepted by five American ships from the U.S. Navy's 45th Destroyer Division. Three of the five Japanese ships—theŌnami, theMakinami, and theYūgiri—were destroyed, and 630 of their sailors were killed, and the nighttime resupply missions, nicknamed the "Tokyo Express", came to an end.[80]
Following three nights of raids,RAF Bomber Command Chief SirArthur Harris declared that Berlin would be bombed "until the heart of Nazi Germany ceases to beat."[68]
The Japanese submarineI-19 was depth charged and sunk west ofMakin Island by the American destroyerRadford.
The German submarinesU-600 andU-849 were both lost to enemy action in the Atlantic Ocean.
HMTRohna, a British ocean liner that had been converted into a carrier for Allied troops, was sunk 30 minutes after a German airplane struck it with anHs-293 guided missile. The radio-controlled bomb penetrated the ship's side and exploded below decks, in a compartment where the U.S. 853rd Aviation Engineer Battalion was stationed. The blast killed 481 officers and men, and another 534 drowned as the ship sank off of the coast of North Africa, for a total of 1,015 deaths.[81] For security reasons, the disaster was not disclosed to news media, and few details were released even after World War II had ended.[82]
Died: Lieutenant CommanderEdward "Butch" O'Hare, 29, American fighter pilot who became the U.S. Navy's firstflying ace and received theMedal of Honor; missing and presumed dead after hisTBF Avenger torpedo bomber was shot down over the Pacific.
At theCairo Conference, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and President Chiang agreed to the release of theCairo Declaration, declaring in part that "all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such asManchuria,Formosa, andThe Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China" and that U.S., the U.K. and China "covet no gain for themselves and have no thought of territorial expansion", setting instead the goal that "Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which she has taken by violence and greed" and "that in due course Korea shall become free and independent".[35]
TheBattle of Wareo began between Australian and Japanese troops in New Guinea.
TheArmy–Navy Game was played atWest Point, New York, withNavy defeatingArmy 13–0. Only 15,000 spectators were on hand because of the wartime travel restriction that only allowed residents within 10 miles of the game site to attend.[86]
The USSR'sCouncil of People's Commissars (Sovietnarodnykhkommissarov orSovnarkom) issued its Resolution 1325, creating a Department for Russian Orthodox Christian Affairs and a difficult bureaucratic process for approval of the opening of new churches, a reversal of earlier stated goals to eliminate religion within the Soviet Union.[91]
TheKoiari Raid atBougainville began. A force of U.S. Marines was landed to harass Japanese troops on the island.
At the second session of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation ofYugoslavia (Antifašističko Vijeće Narodnog Oslobođenja Jugoslavije orAVNOJ), held atJajce,Bosnia and Herzegovina, the council created a shadow government to operate after the end of the war. The delegates declared that the monarchy would not be restored and that the post-war Yugoslavia would be a federated state of six republics, under the overall rule ofJosip Broz Tito.[92]
TheKoiari Raid ended in offensive failure for the Americans when they withdrew after being attacked by a larger-than-expected Japanese force.
The U.S. Navy destroyerUSSPerkins sank after a collision with the Australian troopshipDuntroon off Ipoteto Island, New Guinea, with the loss of nine crew.
The Japanese submarineI-21 was probably sunk on this date by AmericanTBF Avengers offTarawa.
The German submarineU-86 was sunk east of the Azores by British destroyersTumult andRocket.
President Roosevelt'sExecutive Order 9397 took effect upon publication in theFederal Register. By providing that "any Federal department, establishment, or agency shall, whenever the head thereof finds it advisable to establish a new system of permanent account numbers pertaining to individual persons, utilize exclusively the Social Security Act account numbers", EO 9397 would ultimately mean that every American would need aSocial Security number to qualify for any federal program.
The Soviets withdrew fromKorosten after holding it for twelve days.[67]
Guido Buffarini Guidi, the Minister of the Interior for the Nazi-controlledItalian Social Republic, issued the order to arrest all Jews within ISR boundaries and to deport them to concentration camps.[93]
Notre Dame won the mythical national college football title, despite a 19–14 loss three days earlier to theGreat Lakes Naval Training Center, as the Associated Press announced the results of its ninth and final poll of 131 sportswriters. The Fighting Irish received 86 first place votes and 1,259 points overall, while theIowa Pre-Flight Seahawks had 1,028 points but only 12 votes overall. Other first place votes went to Purdue University (12), Del Monte Pre-Flight (9), Duke University (7), and Great Lakes NTC and the University of Michigan with one apiece.[94]
Died:
Etty Hillesum, 29,Dutch Jewish scholar, was executed at theAuschwitz concentration camp. The diaries that she had written would be published 37 years later under the titleHet verstoorde leven (An Interrupted Life).
^Dorothy S. Thomas and Richard Nishimoto,The Spoilage: Japanese-American Evacuation and Resettlement During World War II (University of California Press, 1969) pp. 130–133
^R.G. Grant,Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare (Penguin, 2011) p. 321
^Reg Newell,Operation Goodtime and the Battle of the Treasury Islands, 1943: The World War II Invasion by United States and New Zealand Forces (McFarland, 2012) pp. 187–188
^Robert M. Spector,World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis, Volume 1 (University Press of America, 2005) pp. 444–445
^"Majdanek", inEncyclopedia of the Holocaust, Robert Rozett and Shmuel Spector, eds. (Routledge, 2013) p. 313
^Steven J. Zaloga,D-Day 1944 (1): Omaha Beach (Osprey Publishing, 2012) p. 14; Jacob F. Field,D-Day in Numbers: The facts behind Operation Overlord (Michael O'Mara Books, 2014)
^David Crowe,Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List (Basic Books, 2007) p. 235
^Hsi-sheng Ch'i,The Much Troubled Alliance: US–China Military Cooperation During the Pacific War, 1941–1945 (World Scientific, 2015) pp. 458–460
^James Barr,A Line in the Sand: The Anglo-French Struggle for the Middle East, 1914–1948 (W. W. Norton & Company, 2012) pp. 244–250
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^abKoburger, Charles W. (1999).Wine-dark, Blood Red Sea: Naval Warfare in the Aegean, 1941–1946. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. pp. 58–60.ISBN978-0-275-96571-6.
^"Darwin", inHistorical Dictionary of Australia, Norman Abjorensen and James C. Docherty eds. (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) p. 123
^Victoria Belco,War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy, 1943–1948 (University of Toronto Press, 2010) p. 48
^Andrew Dewar,Fighter Jets (Tuttle Publishing, 2003) p. 28
^abPublic Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1943, Volume 12 (Government Printing Office, 1950) pp. 530–531
^Serhy Yekelchyk,Stalin's Citizens: Everyday Politics in the Wake of Total War (Oxford University Press, 2014) p. 103
^Allan Williams,Operation Crossbow: The Untold Story of the Search for Hitler's Secret Weapons (Random House, 2013) p. 169
^"Strange Saga of Football's Extra Inning",Chicago Tribune, November 14, 1943, p. 1; Andrew Buchanan,100 Things Buckeyes Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die (Triumph Books, 2014) pp. 246–247
^abKermit Bonner,Final Voyages (Turner Publishing, 1996) pp. 25–27
^Robert Klara,FDR's Funeral Train: A Betrayed Widow, a Soviet Spy, and a Presidency in the Balance (Macmillan, 2010)
^Stanislao G. Pugliese,Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present (Rowman & Littlefield, 2004) pp. 263–264
^Leni Yahil,The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945 (Oxford University Press, 1991) p. 424
^Richard Overy,The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 (Penguin, 2014)
^"A Warm Reception for 25-Year Old Conductor; Young Aide Leads Philharmonic, Steps In When Bruno Walter Is Ill",The New York Times, November 15, 1943
^"Leonard Bernstein", inLegends of the Arts: 50 Inspiring Stories of Creative People, by Arnold Cheyney (Good Year Books, 2007) p. 16
^"Luckman, Sid", inSports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia by Steven A. Riess (Routledge, 2015) p. 581
^Floyd Conner,Football's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of the Great Game's Outrageous Characters, Fortunate Fumbles, and Other Oddities (Potomac Books, 2000)
^Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum,Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Indiana University Press, 1998) pp. 445–446
^"Leigh-Mallory, Sir Trafford", in500 Great Military Leaders, by Spencer C. Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2014) pp. 429–430
^Marianna Dudley,An Environmental History of the UK Defence Estate, 1945 to the Present (A&C Black, 2012) pp. 139–140
^Horst Boog, et al.,Germany and the Second World War, Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5 (Clarendon Press, 2006) p. 223
^David W. Jourdan,The Search for the Japanese Fleet: USS Nautilus and the Battle of Midway (University of Nebraska Press, 2015) p; Douglas Campbell,Eight Survived: The Harrowing Story of the USS Flier and the Only Downed World War II Submariners to Survive and Evade Capture (Rowman & Littlefield, 2011)
^Robert C. Cottrell,Two Pioneers: How Hank Greenberg and Jackie Robinson Transformed Baseball— and America (Potomac Books, 2012)
^"Germany and World War II Air Battles (1940–1945) inAir Warfare: an International Encyclopedia: A–L, Walter J. Boyne, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2002) p. 258
^"Battle of Berlin: Lates reconnaissance air views of a dying city",LIFE Magazine, February 28, 1944
^Gideon Greif,We Wept Without Tears: Testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando from Auschwitz (Yale University Press, 2005) p. 352
^Mitcham, Samuel W. (2000).The Panzer Legions: A Guide to the German Army Tank Divisions of WWII and Their Commanders. Stackpole Books. p. 41.ISBN978-0-8117-3353-3.
^Laurence Gonzales,Surviving Survival: The Art and Science of Resilience (W. W. Norton, 2012)
^Mordecai Paldiel,Saving the Jews: Amazing Stories of Men and Women who Defied the "final Solution" (Schreiber, 2000) p. 248
^Parker, Bruce (2012).The Power of the Sea: Tsunamis, Storm Surges, Rogue Waves, and Our Quest to Predict Disasters. Macmillan. pp. 39–40.
^Sledge, Michael (2005).Soldier Dead: How We Recover, Identify, Bury, and Honor Our Military Fallen.Columbia University Press. pp. 259–260.
^Lt. Cmdr. Michael J. Walsh, with Greg Walker,SEAL!: From Vietnam's PHOENIX Program to Central America's Drug Wars (Simon and Schuster, 1994) pp. 18–20
^Liptak, Eugene; Shumate, Johnny (2014).World War II US Navy Special Warfare Units.Osprey Publishing.
^Thomas B. Buell,The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean (Square One Publishers, 2002) p. 151
^Anita Prazmowska,Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally (Cambridge University Press, 1995) p. 191
^Michael Fleming,Communism, Nationalism and Ethnicity in Poland, 1944–1950 (Routledge, 2009) p. 28
^Daniel H. Shubin,A History of Russian Christianity, Vol. IV: Tsar Nicholas II to Gorbachev's Edict on the Freedom of Conscience (Algora Publishing, 2006) p. 153
^Richard C. Hall,War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia (ABC-CLIO, 2014) p. 350
^"October Roundup (Rome, 1943)", inAntisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, by Richard S. Levy (ABC-CLIO, 2005) p. 518
^"Notre Dame Is Voted Mythical National Title",Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen, November 30, 1943, p. 8
