| Notting Hill | |
|---|---|
 Dunworth Mews, Notting Hill | |
  Notting Hill Location withinGreater London | |
| OS grid reference | TQ245805 |
| • Charing Cross | 3.5 mi (5.6 km) ESE |
| London borough | |
| Ceremonial county | Greater London |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | LONDON |
| Postcode district | W2, NW10, W10, W11 |
| Dialling code | 020 |
| Police | Metropolitan |
| Fire | London |
| Ambulance | London |
| UK Parliament | |
| London Assembly | |
| 51°30′35″N0°12′15″W / 51.5096°N 0.2043°W /51.5096; -0.2043 | |
Notting Hill is a district ofWest London, England,[1] in theRoyal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Notting Hill is known for being acosmopolitan andmulticultural neighbourhood, hosting the annualNotting Hill Carnival and thePortobello Road Market.[2] From around 1870, Notting Hill had an association with artists.[3]
For much of the 20th century, the large houses were subdivided into multi-occupancy rentals.ContinentalEuropeans,Caribbeans (African Caribbeans,Indian Caribbeans, andWhite Caribbeans),Africans,Indians,Arabs,Asians,Jewish,Central Americans,South Americans,Pacific Islanders,Irish,Northern Irish,Scottish,Welsh, and other immigrants were drawn to the area in the 1950s and 1960s, partly because of the cheap rents, but were exploited by slum landlords likePeter Rachman and also became the target of whiteTeddy Boys in the1958 Notting Hill race riots.[citation needed]
By the early 21st century, after decades ofgentrification, Notting Hill had gained a reputation as an affluent and fashionable area,[4] known for attractiveterraces of largeVictorian townhouses and high-end shopping and restaurants (particularly aroundWestbourne Grove and Clarendon Cross). ADaily Telegraph article in 2004 used the phrase "theNotting Hill set"[5] to refer to a group of emergingConservative politicians, such asDavid Cameron andGeorge Osborne, who would become respectively Prime Minister andChancellor of the Exchequer and were once based in Notting Hill.
Notting Hill is in the ceremonial county ofGreater London although it was formerly a hamlet on rural land until the expansion of urban London during the 19th century. As late as 1870, even after the hamlet had become a London suburb, Notting Hill was still popularly referred to as being in Middlesex rather than in London.[6]
The origin of the name "Notting Hill" is uncertain[7] though an early version appears in thePatent Rolls of 1356 as Knottynghull,[8][9] while an 1878 text, Old and New London, reports that the name derives from a manor in Kensington called "Knotting-Bernes", "Knutting-Barnes", or "Nutting-barns",[3] and goes on to quote from a court record duringHenry VIII's reign that "the manor called Notingbarons, alias Kensington, in the parish of Paddington, was held of the Abbot of Westminster." For years, it was thought to be a link with Canute, but it is now thought likely that the "Nott" section of the name is derived from theSaxon personal name Cnotta,[10] with the "ing" part generally accepted as coming from the Saxon for a group or settlement of people.[11]
The area in the west around Pottery Lane was used in the early 19th century for making bricks and tiles out of the heavy clay dug in the area.[12] The clay was shaped and fired in a series of brick and tile kilns.[13] The only remaining 19th-century tile kiln in London is on Walmer Road.[14] In the same area, pig farmers moved in after being forced out of theMarble Arch area.Avondale Park was created in 1892 out of a former area of pigslurry called "the Ocean". This was part of a general clean-up of the area which had become known as the Potteries and Piggeries.
The area remained rural until London's westward expansion reachedBayswater in the early 19th century. The Ladbroke family was Notting Hill's main landowner, and from the 1820sJames Weller Ladbroke began to develop the Ladbroke Estate. Working with the architect and surveyorThomas Allason, Ladbroke began to lay out streets and houses, with a view to turning the area into a fashionable suburb of the capital (although the development did not get seriously under way until the 1840s). Many of these streets bear the Ladbroke name, includingLadbroke Grove, the area's main north–south axis, andLadbroke Square, London's largest privategarden square.
The original idea was to call the districtKensington Park, and other roads (notablyKensington Park Road andKensington Park Gardens) are reminders of this. The original local telephoneprefix 020 7727 (originally 01-727) is based on theold telephone exchange name of PARk.[15]
Ladbroke left the actual business of developing his land to the firm ofCity solicitors, Smith, Bayley (known as Bayley and Janson after 1836), who worked with Allason to develop the property. In 1823 Allason completed a plan for the layout of the main portion of the estate. This marks the genesis of his most enduring idea – the creation of large private communal gardens, originally known as "pleasure grounds", or "paddocks", enclosed by terraces and/or crescents of houses.
Instead of houses being set around a garden square, separated from it by a road, Allason's houses would have direct access to a secluded communal garden in the rear, to which people on the street did not have access and generally could not see. To this day thesecommunal garden squares continue to provide the area with much of its attraction for the wealthiest householders.[16]
In 1837 theHippodrome racecourse was laid out.[17] The racecourse ran around the hill, and bystanders were expected to watch from the summit of the hill. However, the venture was not a success, in part due to a public right of way which traversed the course, and in part due to the heavy clay of the neighbourhood which caused it to become waterlogged. The Hippodrome closed in 1841, after which development resumed and houses were built on the site. The crescent-shaped roads that circumvent the hill, such asBlenheim Crescent,Elgin Crescent, Stanley Crescent, Cornwall Crescent and Landsdowne Crescent, were built over the circular racecourse tracks. At the summit of hill stands the elegantSt John's church, built in 1845 in the early English style, and which formed the centrepiece of the Ladbroke Estate development.
The Notting Hill houses were large, but they did not immediately succeed in enticing the very richest Londoners, who tended to live closer to the centre of London inMayfair orBelgravia. The houses appealed to the upper middle class, who could live there in Belgravia style at lower prices. In the opening chapter ofJohn Galsworthy'sForsyte Saga novels, he housed the Nicholas Forsytes "in Ladbroke Grove, a spacious abode and a great bargain".[18] In 1862Thomas Hardy left Dorchester for London to work with architectArthur Blomfield; during this period he lived in Westbourne Park Villas. He immersed himself in the city's literary and cultural life, studying art, visiting theNational Gallery, attending the theatre and writing prose and poetry. His first published story, "How I Built Myself a House", appeared inChamber's Journal in 1865. Here he wrote his first―but never published―novel,The Poor Man and the Lady, in 1867, and the poem "A Young Man's Exhortation", from whichGraham Greene took an epigraph for his own novelThe Comedians.Arthur Machen (1863–1947), the author of many supernatural and fantastic fictions, lived at 23Clarendon Road, Notting Hill Gate, in the 1880s; he writes of his life here in his memoirsFar Off Things (1922) andThings Near and Far (1923). His mystical workThe Hill of Dreams (1907, though written ten years earlier) has scenes set in Notting Hill; it is here that the protagonist Lucian Taylor encounters the beautiful bronze-haired prostitute who will later connive at his death.
The reputation of the district altered over the course of the 20th century. As middle-class households ceased to employ servants, the large Notting Hill houses lost their market and were increasingly split into multiple occupation. Duringthe Blitz a number of buildings were damaged or destroyed by theLuftwaffe, includingAll Saints' Church, which was hit in 1940 and again in 1944. In the postwar period the name Notting Hill evoked a down-at-heel area of cheap lodgings, epitomised by the racketeering landlordPeter Rachman and the murders committed byJohn Christie in 10 Rillington Place, since demolished. The area to the north east, Golborne, was particularly known for being, in the words ofCharles Booth, "one of the worst areas in London".[19] Southam Street in Kensal Green had 2,400 people living in 140 nine-roomed houses in 1923, and the slum children from this street were documented in the 1950s photographs ofRoger Mayne.
In late August and early September 1958, theNotting Hill race riots occurred. The series of disturbances are thought to have started on 30 August when a gang of white youths attacked a Swedish woman,Majbritt Morrison, who was married to a West Indian man (Raymond Morrison), following a previous incident in Latimer Road tube station.[20] Later that night a mob of 300 to 400 white people, including many "Teddy Boys", were seen on Bramley Road attacking the houses of West Indian residents. The disturbances,racially-motivated rioting and attacks continued every night until they petered out by 5 September.
The dire housing conditions in Notting Hill ledBruce Kenrick to found theNotting Hill Housing Trust in 1963, helping to drive through new housing legislation in the 1960s and found the national housing organisationShelter in 1966.[21] Nos 1–9 Colville Gardens, now known asPinehurst Court, had become so run down by 1969 that its owner, Robert Gubay of Cledro Developments, described conditions in the buildings as "truly terrible".[22]
The slums were cleared during redevelopment in the 1960s and 1970s when theWestway Flyover andTrellick Tower were built. It is now home to a vibrant community, mainly Mediterranean Spanish and Moroccan, together with Portuguese.[23]
By the 1980s, single-occupation houses began to return to favour with families who could afford to occupy them, and because of the open spaces and stylish architecture Notting Hill is today one of London's most desirable areas.[24] Several parts of Notting Hill are characterised by handsome stucco-fronted pillar-porched houses, often with private gardens, notably around Pembridge Place and Dawson Place and streets radiating from the southern part of Ladbroke Grove, many of which lead onto substantial communal gardens. There are grand terraces, such as Kensington Park Gardens, and large villas as inPembridge Square and around Holland Park. There is also new construction of modern houses tucked away on backland sites.[25]
Since at least 2000, independent shops in Portobello such as Culture Shack have lost out to multinational standardised chains such asStarbucks.[26] In 2009, Lipka's Arcade, a large indoor antiques market, was replaced by the high-street chainAllSaints.[27] Reflecting the increasing demise of one of the most culturally vibrant parts ofcentral London, the 2011 Census showed that in the borough of Kensington and Chelsea, in which Notting Hill is situated, the number of Black or Black British and White Irish residents, two of the traditionally largest ethnic minority groups in Notting Hill, declined by 46 and 28 percent respectively in ten years.[28]
The district adjoins two large public parks,Holland Park andKensington Gardens, withHyde Park within 1 mile (1.6 km) to the east. The gentrification has encompassed some streets that were among the 1980s' most decrepit, including the now expensive retail sections ofWestbourne Grove and Ledbury Road, as well as Portobello Road's emergence as a top London tourist attraction and Chamberlayne Road as a local shopping street with its boutique independent shops. Notting Hill has a high concentration of restaurants, including the two Michelin-ratedThe Ledbury and Core byClare Smyth.
The hill from which Notting Hill takes its name is still clearly visible, with its summit in the middle ofLadbroke Grove, at the junction withKensington Park Gardens.
Notting Hill has no official boundaries, so definitions of which areas fall under Notting Hill vary. The postcode "W11", centred on the former[29] site of the Post Office inWestbourne Grove, near the junction with Denbigh Road, is the one most closely associated with Notting Hill. It covers the central part of Notting Hill, and is situated between the A402 (Holland Park Avenue) to the south and the Westway to the north. Notting Hill is made up of four sub areas plus Notting Hill itself. In the north west isKensal Green...North Kensington in the south west while to the north east isKensal Town and South east of the area is Westbourne Park and Notting Hill. These areas are separated by the by westway(north–south axis) andLadbroke Grove which runs through the area north–south.The local historian Florence Gladstone, in her much reprinted work "Notting Hill in Bygone Days" defines Notting Hill as the whole of that part of Kensington which is north of the road known as Notting Hill Gate.
North Kensington is considered the major neighbourhood of Notting Hill, butKensal Green,Latimer Road and Westbourne Park are also part of Notting Hill;[30] thoughestate agents differentiateNorth Kensington and Notting Hill as distinct areas withWestbourne considered part of Notting Hill and Kensal considered part of North Kensington. Locally the areas ofPortobello,North Kensington,Kensal are referred to as Ladbroke Grove, the main thoroughfare and tube station at the heart of Notting Hill.[31] That part of theRoyal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea roughly encompassed by the electoral wards of Saint Charles, Golborne, Notting Barns, Colville, Norland, and Pembridge,[32] which is bounded on the north by Harrow Road and on the south byNotting Hill Gate andHolland Park Avenue, includes all areas known as Notting Hill, including Notting Barns,[33] the centre of the Notting Hill race riot.[34]David Cameron, former leader of theConservative Party, is known as part of the "Notting Hill Set", though he states he lives in North Kensington.[24]
_Kensaington_Park_Road.jpg)
There are five tube stations in the area:Ladbroke Grove,Westbourne Park,Latimer Road,Notting Hill Gate andKensal Green. Notting Hill is part of the parliamentary constituency ofKensington and Bayswater, represented by LabourJoe Powell since the 2024 general election.
Ladbroke Grove is a road running down the west side of Notting Hill, stretching up toKensal Green, straddling the W10 and W11postal districts, and also the name of the immediate area surrounding the road.Ladbroke Grove tube station is on the road where it is crossed by theWestway.
Aturnpike gate was constructed at the foot of the hill on the main road from London to Uxbridge, nowOxford Street, Bayswater Road and Holland Park Avenue along this part of its route. The point at which the turnpike gate stood was known as Notting Hill Gate. The gate was there to stop people passing along the road without paying. The proceeds were applied towards the maintenance of this important road. The gate was removed in the 19th century and the high road was widened and straightened in the 1960s, involving the demolition of many buildings, the linking of two separate tube stations and the construction of two tower blocks.
Portobello Road runs almost the entire length of Notting Hill from north to south. It runs parallel to Ladbroke Grove. It containsPortobello Road Market, one of London's best known markets, containing anantique section and second-hand, fruit and veg and clothing stalls. The road was originally a lane leading to Portobello Farm in the north of Notting Hill.[35]
Westbourne Grove is a retail road running across Notting Hill from Kensington Park Road in the west to Queensway in the east, crossing over Portobello Road. It was noted as "fashionable" and "up-and-coming" from the 1990s[36] since then it has attracted many designer label outlets as well as independent and chain retailers.[37]
TheNotting Hill Carnival passes along the central part of Westbourne Grove.
Westbourne Green is the area in between Westbourne Park Station and Royal Oak Station and is made up of mainly residential roads with Westbourne Park Road running through the entire area to the east of Notting Hill. The Westbourne Green section of Notting Hill comes under Westminster City Council.
TheNotting Hill Carnival also passes through Westbourne Green up Chepstow Road and turns right onto Westbourne Grove.
Kensal Green is in the north of Notting Hill. It is the area north of the respective iron bridges onLadbroke Grove andGolborne Road. Parts of this area fall under the London Borough of Brent. It has been earmarked for regeneration around the proposed crossrail station next to Sainsbury's.
The area is served byKensal Green station (Underground and Overground)
North Kensington is the key neighbourhood of Notting Hill. It is where most of the violence of therace riots occurred, where theNotting Hill Carnival started and where most of the scenes in the film, Notting Hill were shot.
The area's main transport hub,Ladbroke Grove tube station, was called Notting Hill from its opening in 1864 until 1919. The name was changed then to avoid confusion with the newNotting Hill Gate station. Ladbroke Grove is the area's main thoroughfare.
Estate agents now call thesuper-rich area to the south Notting Hill when referring to Notting Hill Gate andHolland Park.
North Kensington was once well known for its slum housing.[citation needed] However, North Kensington retains high levels of poverty and unemployment and a high-proportion of social housing for rent. In this area,Grenfell Tower is also found, which burnt down in 2017.
Waves of immigration to the area have occurred for at least a century, including, but certainly not limited to, people of Irish, Jewish, Caribbean, Spanish, and Moroccan extraction. This constant renewal of the population makes the area one of the most cosmopolitan in the world.
Notting Hill Carnival is an annualCaribbean carnival event in August, over two days (Sunday and the followingbank holiday). It has continuously taken place since 1965.[38] It is led by members of the Caribbean population, many of whom have lived in the area since the 1950s. The carnival has attracted up to 1.5 million people in the past, putting it among the largest street festivals in Europe.
It attracted press attention in 1976 for clashes with the police,[39] which occurred in 1976 at the conclusion of the Notting Hill Carnival after police arrested a pickpocket and a group of black youths came to his defence. The disturbance escalated and more than 100 police officers were injured.[40] Two notable participants in this riot wereJoe Strummer andPaul Simonon, who later formed the seminal Londonpunk bandThe Clash. Their song "White Riot" was inspired by their participation in this event.[41] Further incidents continued for a few years, but receded for several decades, until 2008 when approximately 500 youths clashed with police on the Monday.
As the event grew, concerns about the size of the event promptedKen Livingstone to set up a Carnival Review Group to look into "formulating guidelines to safeguard the future of the Carnival".[42] An interim report by the review resulted in a change to the route in 2002. When the full report was published in 2004, it was recommended thatHyde Park be used as a "savannah"; though this move has attracted some concern that the Hyde Park event may overshadow the original street carnival.[43]
In 2003 Carnival was run by alimited company, the Notting Hill Carnival Trust Ltd. A report by the London Development Agency on the 2002 Carnival estimated that the event contributes around £93 million to theLondon and UK economy.
Notting Hill provides the setting for novels byG. K. Chesterton (The Napoleon of Notting Hill), Colin MacInnes (Absolute Beginners),Michael Moorcock (the Jerry Cornelius quartet),R. C. Sherriff (The Hopkins Manuscript), andAlan Hollinghurst (The Line of Beauty). Dan Waddel'sThe Blood Detective is a murder novel set in the past and present - featuring Notting Dale. The area's newer, wealthy residents are satirised inRachel Johnson's novelNotting Hell (2006) set in grand houses surrounding a fictional communal garden.Sam Selvon's 1956 novelThe Lonely Londoners set in Notting Hill portrays the lives of Caribbean immigrants making their way in post-World War II London.
The area is also the setting of the films:The Knack …and How to Get It (1965),Performance (1970) featuringMick Jagger,Lava (2001), andPaddington (2014). Notting Hill serves as the locale for the 1999 romantic comedyNotting Hill, starringJulia Roberts andHugh Grant.
A film set in the same streets but showing a different story of the area isPressure (1976), byHorace Ové, examining the experience of those of Caribbean descent in 1970s Notting Hill including police brutality and discrimination.
The Notting Hillbillies were acountry rock project formed byDire Straits frontmanMark Knopfler in 1986. They released a single album,Missing...Presumed Having a Good Time, in 1990.
Notting Hill has been referred to byTripsget as 'the most Instagrammable district in London' due to the abundance of photogenic restaurants and pastel-coloured houses.[44][importance?]
Along with the majority of west and northwest London, Notting Hill is heavily served by theLondon Underground. Five lines serve the area, two deep level tubes, theCentral andBakerloo lines, with three sub-surface lines, theHammersmith & City,Circle andDistrict lines. Firstly, the Central line crosses the area on an east–west axis, with stations atNotting Hill Gate, which also provides an interchange with the Circle (main section) and District lines (Edgware road branch), andHolland Park to the west. The northern half of Notting Hill, comprising various sub districts such as Kensal Green, Ladbroke Grove andNorth Kensington is served by the western branch of the Circle line, as it shares tracks with theHammersmith & City line west of Paddington. These lines run through Notting Hill predominantly on a viaduct, calling atWestbourne Park,Ladbroke Grove andLatimer Road respectively, before reaching Shepherds Bush to the west. The Bakerloo line skirts the North East corner running fromWarwick Avenue station toPaddington.[50]
At a site just to the east of the Old Oak Common site,Kensington & Chelsea Council has been pushing for a station atKensal Green[51] off Ladbroke Grove and Canal Way, as a turn-back facility will have to be built in the area anyway. Siting it at Kensal Green, rather than next to Paddington itself, would provide a new station to regenerate the area.[52][53][54] Among the general public there is a huge amount of support for the project and the then-MayorBoris Johnson stated that a station would be added if it did not increaseCrossrail's overall cost; in response, Kensington & Chelsea Council agreed to underwrite the projected £33 million cost of a Crossrail station, which was received very well by the residents of the Borough.[55] In 2011,Transport for London conducted a feasibility study on the station with the project backed byNational Grid, retailersSainsbury's andCath Kidston Limited, and Jenny Jones (Green Party member of the London Assembly).[56]
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