Anotebook computer ornotebook is, historically, alaptop whose length and width approximate that ofletter paper (8.5 by 11 inches or 220 by 280 millimetres).[a]
The termnotebook was coined to describe slab-likeportable computers that had a letter-paper footprint, such asEpson'sHX-20 andTandy'sTRS-80 Model 100 of the early 1980s. The popularity of thisform factor waned in the middle of the decade, as larger,clamshell-style laptops offered far more capability. In 1988,NEC'sUltraLite defined a new category of notebook: it achievedIBM PC compatibility, making it technically as versatile as the largest laptops, while occupying a letter-paper footprint in a clamshell case. A handful of computer manufacturers followed suit with their own notebooks, includingCompaq, whose successfulLTE achieved full feature parity with laptops and spurred many others to produce their own notebooks. By 1991, the notebook industry was in full swing.
Notebooks and laptops occupied distinct market segments into the mid-1990s, but customer preference for larger screens led to notebooksconverging with laptops in the late 1990s. Since the early 2000s, the termslaptop andnotebook are used interchangeably, irrespective of physical dimensions, withlaptop being the more common term in English-speaking territories.
The termslaptop andnotebook both trace their origins to the early 1980s, coined to describeportable computers in a size class smaller than the contemporary mainstream units (so-called"luggables") but larger thanpocket computers.[2][3] The etymologistWilliam Safire traced the origin oflaptop to some time before 1984;[4] the earliest attestation oflaptop found by theOxford English Dictionary dates to 1983.[5] The word is modeled after the termdesktop, as indesktop computer.[4]Notebook, meanwhile, emerged earlier in 1982[6] to describeEpson'sHX-20 portable, whose dimensions roughly correspond to aletter-sizedpad of paper.[3][7]: 9 [8]
In the mid-1980s, notebooks and laptops came to represent differingform factors of portable computer in the technology press, with notebooks possessing simplified hardware and a slab-like appearance with exposed keyboard (typified by the HX-20 and theTRS-80 Model 100); and laptops possessing more advanced hardware and aclamshell case to protect the keyboard.[9][10] These early notebooks were all but discontinued by 1987, with laptops gaining favor due to their increased versatility.[10]
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By this point, however, laptops were gaining hardware features faster than the industry couldminiaturize their parts, leading to very heavy laptops—some upwards of 20 pounds (9.1 kg).[11]: 16 [12] In October 1988,NEC released theUltraLite, the first notebook-sized clamshell laptopcompatible with the IBM PC. The termnotebook was promptly revived by journalists to describe the new class of laptop that the UltraLite had invented.[11]: 16 [13] Competitors soon came out with competing models, and while initial entries like the UltraLite made concessions in terms of data storage compatibility,[14][b]Compaq'sLTE line of notebooks in 1989 was the first to have full feature parity with the heaviest laptops of the time and jumpstarted the industry for these new notebooks, with scores of other manufacturers announcing their own notebooks.[15][16][c]
In direct response to Compaq,[18]: 59 [19]: 75 bothApple andIBM, top players in the computer industry, made their hotly anticipated entries in the notebook market in 1991 and 1992, respectively, with thePowerBook and thePS/2 Note (a predecessor to theThinkPad).[20][21] Under the aegis of theIndustrial Technology Research Institute, dozens of Taiwanese computer manufacturers formed a consortium to mass manufacture notebook computers starting in 1991. These Taiwanese notebook computers soon flooded the West, bringing the cost of notebooks down on the low end of the market.[22][23]
Laptops and notebooks continued to occupy discrete market segments into the mid-1990s, with unit sales tracked separately by research firms such asDataquest.[24][25] Notebooks were seen as having a footprint exactly that of or smaller than letter paper (8.5 by 11 inches or 22 by 28 centimetres),[a] while laptops were larger.[25] This distinction was considered important to business buyers, whoseattaché cases often had a compartment exactly that size.[26] An additional distinction was weight, with 8 pounds (3.6 kg) a loose upper limit for what journalists would accept as a "notebook" in the press.[27] Aside from size and weight considerations, notebooks were also seen as more sleek and stylish than the bulkier laptops.[28] Compared to notebooks, however, laptops saw quicker improvements in processing speed and memory; featured better upgradability; and were less easy tosteal.[29] In addition, the earliest notebooks had monochrome-onlyLCDs, whereas laptops had color LCDs since 1989 (with NEC'sProSpeed CSX).[30][31] Others still preferred laptops for their keyboards, which featured fuller-sized layouts and often superior build quality; journalists evaluated the keyboard poorly in most early notebooks.[32][33]
The year 1991 saw the first notebooks with color displays,[34] as well as the emergence ofsubnotebooks, which occupy a size class in between notebooks andpalmtop PCs.[35][36] By late 1992, the higher-end notebooks had run into the same miniaturization issues that laptops had encountered in the 1980s, with some notebooks weighing as much as 14 pounds (6.4 kg).[37]
Starting in 1997, screen sizes in notebook computers began increasing rapidly, fueled by consumer preference toward larger displays over compactness.[38] The emergence of LCD panels larger than 12.1 inches diagonally in early 1997 led to the breaking of the 8.5-by-11-inch size barrier.[39][40] By 1999, portable manufacturers had started integrating 13-, 14-, and even 15-inch LCD panels on their notebooks.[41]Ergonomic considerations, as well the integration ofpointing devices such astouchpads, also necessitated increasing the size of laptops to accommodate a largerpalm rest area. These developments led to the distinction between and laptops and notebooksbecoming blurred by the early 2000s. In English-speaking territories,laptop is now the more common term to describe any clamshell portable computer—notebook-sized or otherwise—likely because of the lack of ambiguity with actual papernotebooks.[42]
On the small side, computer makers are responding with alacrity to the complaints about the sheer heft of the PCs that now are sold under the label 'laptop'.
... thin enough to fit in an interoffice envelope, the NEC [UltraLite] even revived talk of 'notebook computers'.
'It violates a form factor', said Tuan Tran, product manager in Hewlett-Packard Co.'s mobile computing division, in Corvallis, Ore. 'The 12.1-inch screens fit into an 8.5-by-11-inch package. But this will fundamentally change the size of notebooks'.
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