Anotebook (also known as anotepad,writing pad,drawing pad, orlegal pad) is a book or stack ofpaper pages that are oftenruled and used for purposes such asnote-taking,journaling, or other writing,drawing, orscrapbooking and more.
Aspaper became more readily available in European countries from the 11th century onwards, wax tablets gradually fell out of use, although they remained relatively common in England, which did not possess a commercially successful paper mill until the late 16th century.[1][2]
While paper was cheaper than wax, its cost was sufficiently high to ensure the popularity of erasable notebooks, made of specially-treated paper that could be wiped clean and used again. These were commonly known as table-books, and are frequently referenced in Renaissance literature, most famously inShakespeare'sHamlet:[1][3]
"My tables,—meet it is I set it down, That one may smile, and smile, and be a villain."
Despite the apparent ubiquity of such table-books in Shakespeare's time, very few examples have survived, and little is known about their exact nature, use, or history of production.[1][4] The earliest extant edition, bound together with a printed almanac, was made inAntwerp, Belgium, in 1527.
By the end of this decade, table-books were being imported into England, and they were being printed inLondon from the 1570s.
At this time, however, it appears that the concept of an erasable notebook was still something of a novelty to the British public, as the printed instructions included with some books were headed:[1]
"To make clean your Tables when they be written on, which to some as yet is unknown."
The leaves of some table-books were made of donkey skin;[1] others had leaves of ivory[5] or simplepasteboard.[4] The coating was made from a mixture of glue andgesso, and modern-day experiments have shown that ink, graphite andsilverpoint writing can be easily erased from the treated pages with the application of a wet sponge or fingertip.[1]
Other types of notebook may also have been in circulation during this time; 17th-century writerSamuel Hartlib describes a table-book made ofslate, which did "not need such tedious wiping out by spunges or cloutes".[6]
The leaves of a table-book could be written upon with astylus, which added to their convenience, as it meant that impromptu notes could be taken without the need for aninkwell (graphitepencils were not in common use until the late 17th century). Table-books were owned by all classes of people, from merchants to nobles, and were employed for a variety of purposes:[1]
Surviving copies suggest that at least some owners (and/or their children) used table-books as suitable places in which to learn how to write. Tables were also used for collecting pieces of poetry, noteworthy epigrams, and new words; recording sermons, legal proceedings, or parliamentary debates; jotting down conversations, recipes, cures, and jokes; keeping financial records; recalling addresses and meetings; and collecting notes on foreign customs while travelling.
The use of table-books for trivial purposes was often satirized on the English stage. For example,Antonio's Revenge byJohn Marston (c. 1600) contains the following exchange:[7][8]
Matzagente: I scorn to retort the obtuse jest of a fool. [Balurdo draws out his writing tables, and writes.] Balurdo: Retort and obtuse, good words, very good words.
Their use in some contexts was seen as pretentious;Joseph Hall, writing in 1608, describes "the hypocrite" as one who, "in the midst of the sermon pulls out his tables in haste, as if he feared to lose that note".[4][9] The practice of making notes during sermons was a common subject of ridicule, and led to table-books becoming increasingly associated withPuritanism during the 17th century.[1]
By the early 19th century, there was far less demand for erasable notebooks, due to the mass-production offountain pens and the development of cheaper methods for manufacturing paper.[1] Ordinary paper notebooks became the norm. During theEnlightenment, British schoolchildren were commonly taught how to make their own notebooks out of loose sheets of paper, a process that involved folding, piercing, gathering, sewing and/or binding the sheets.[10]
According to a legend, Thomas W. Holley ofHolyoke, Massachusetts, invented the legal pad around the year 1888 when he innovated the idea to collect all the sortings, various sorts of sub-standard paper scraps from various factories, and stitch them together in order to sell them as pads at an affordable and fair price.
In about 1900, the latter then evolved into the modern, traditionally yellow legal pad when a local judge requested for a margin to be drawn on the left side of the paper. This was the first legal pad.[11]
The only technical requirement for this type of stationery to be considered a true "legal pad" is that it must have margins of 1.25 inches (3.17 centimeters) from the left edge.[11] Here, the margin, also known as down lines,[12] is room used to write notes or comments.
Legal pads usually have a gum binding at the top instead of a spiral or stitched binding.
In 1902, J.A. Birchall ofBirchalls, a stationery shop based inLaunceston, Tasmania, Australia, decided that the cumbersome method of selling writing paper in folded stacks of "quires" (four sheets of paper or parchment folded to form eight leaves) was inefficient.
As a solution, he glued together a stack of halved sheets of paper, supported by a sheet of cardboard, creating what he called the "Silver City Writing Tablet".[13][14]
Principal types of binding are padding,perfect,spiral,comb, sewn, clasp,disc, and pressure, some of which can be combined.Binding methods can affect whether a notebook can lie flat when open and whether the pages are likely to remain attached.
It is frequently cheaper to purchase notebooks that are spiral-bound, meaning that aspiral of wire is looped through largeperforations at the top or side of the page. Otherbound notebooks are available that useglue to hold the pages together; this process is "padding."[15]
Notebooks used for drawing and scrapbooking are usually blank.
Notebooks for writing usually have some kind of printing on the writing material, if only lines to align writing or facilitate certain kinds of drawing. Many notebooks also have graphic decorations.
Today, it is common for pages in such notebooks to include a thin line ofperforations that make it easier to tear out the page.
Spiral-bound pages can be torn out, but frequently leave thin scraggly strips from the small amount of paper that is within the spiral, as well as an uneven rip along the top of the torn-out page.
Hard-bound notebooks include a sewn spine, and the pages are not easily removed. Some styles of sewn bindings allow pages to open flat, while others cause the pages to drape.
Variations of notebooks that allow pages to be added, removed, and replaced are bound by rings, rods, or discs. In each of these systems, the pages are modified with perforations that facilitate the specific binding mechanism's ability to secure them.
Ring-bound and rod-bound notebooks secure their contents by threading perforated pages around straight or curved prongs. In the open position, the pages can be removed and rearranged. In the closed position, the pages are kept in order.
Disc-bound notebooks remove the open or closed operation by modifying the pages themselves. A page perforated for a disc-bound binding system contains a row of teeth along the side edge of the page that grip onto the outside raised perimeter of individual discs.
There are many different types of notebooks which often determines its use.
Artists often usesketchbooks which include wide spaces of blank paper appropriate for drawing. They may also use thicker paper if painting or using a variety of mediums in their work. Although large, artists' notebooks also are usually considerably light, because they usually take their notebooks with them everywhere to draw scenery.
Similarly, composers utilize notebooks for writing their lyrics. Lawyers use rather large notebooks known as legal pads that containlined paper (often yellow) and are appropriate for use on tables and desks. These horizontal lines or "rules" are sometimes classified according to their space apart with "wide rule" the farthest, "college rule" closer, "legal rule" slightly closer and "narrow rule" closest, allowing more lines of text per page. When sewn into a pasteboard backing, these may be calledcomposition books, or in smaller signatures may be called "blue books" or exam books and used for essay exams.
Various notebooks are popular among students for taking notes. The types of notebooks used for school work are single line, double line, four line, square grid line etc. These notebooks are also used by students for school assignments (homeworks) and writing projects.
In contrast, journalists prefer small, hand-held notebooks for portability (reporters' notebooks), and sometimes useshorthand when taking notes. Scientists and other researchers uselab notebooks to document their experiments. The pages in lab notebooks are sometimesgraph paper to plot data. Police officers in the United Kingdom are required to write notes on what they observe, using apolice notebook.Land surveyors commonly record field notes in durable, hard-bound notebooks called "field books."
Coloring enthusiasts use coloring notebooks for stress relief. The pages in coloring notebooks contain different adultcoloring pages.[18] Students take notes in notebooks, and studies suggest that the act of writing (as opposed to typing) improves learning.[19]
Notebook pages can be recycled via standardpaper recycling. Recycled notebooks are available, differing in recycled percentage and paper quality.
Since the late 20th century, many attempts have been made to integrate the simplicity of a notebook with the editing, searching, and communication capacities of computers through the development ofnote taking software.
Digital paper combines the simplicity of a traditional pen and notebook with digital storage and interactivity. By printing an invisible dot pattern on the notebook paper and using a pen with a built in infrared camera the written text can be transferred to a laptop, mobile phone or back office for storage and processing.
^abcdefghijStallybrass, P.; Chartier, R.; Mowery, J. F.; Wolfe, H. (Winter 2004). "Hamlet's Tables and the Technologies of Writing in Renaissance England".Shakespeare Quarterly.55 (4):379–419.doi:10.1353/shq.2005.0035.JSTOR3844198.S2CID191617655.
^Bower, Jacqueline (2000)."Kent Towns, 1540–1640". In Zell, Michael (ed.).Early Modern Kent 1540–1640. Boydell Press. p. 170.ISBN0-85115-585-5.Archived from the original on 2024-03-11. Retrieved2023-07-10.
^Yeo, Richard (2014).Notebooks, English Virtuosi, and Early Modern Science. University of Chicago Press. p. 104.ISBN978-0-226-10656-4.
^Stewart, Alan (2008).Shakespeare's Letters. Oxford University Press. pp. 283–284.ISBN978-0-19-954927-6.
^Bullen, A. H., ed. (1887)."Antonio's Revenge (Act 1, Scene 2)".The Works of John Marston. Vol. 1.Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved2023-05-03 – via Project Gutenberg.
^Hall, Joseph (1608). "Book II: Characteristics of Vices".Characters of Virtues and Vices. Renascence Editions.Archived from the original on 2023-05-03. Retrieved2023-05-03.
^Mueller, Pam A.; Oppenheimer, Daniel M (23 April 2014). "The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking".Psychological Science.25 (6):1159–1168.doi:10.1177/0956797614524581.PMID24760141.S2CID2321596.
