The Northrop Gamma 2F was an attack bomber derivative of theNorthrop Gamma transport aircraft, developed in parallel with the Northrop Gamma 2C,[a] designated theYA-13 and XA-16. The Gamma 2F had a revised tail, cockpit canopy and wing flaps compared with the Gamma 2C, and was fitted with new semi-retractable landing gear. It was delivered to theUnited States Army Air Corps for tests on 6 October 1934, and after modifications which included fitting with a conventional fixed landing gear, was accepted by the Air Corps.[1] A total of 110 aircraft were ordered as the A-17 in 1935.[2]
The resulting A-17 was equipped with perforated flaps, and had a fixed landing gear with partial fairings. It was fitted with an internal fuselage bomb bay, that carried fragmentation bombs, and external bomb racks.
Northrop developed a new landing gear, this time completely retractable, producing the A-17A variant. This version was again purchased by the Army Air Corps, who placed orders for 129 aircraft.[3] By the time these were delivered, the Northrop Corporation had been taken over byDouglas Aircraft Company, with export models being known as the Douglas Model 8.[4]
The A-17 entered service in February 1936, and proved to be a reliable and popular aircraft.[5] However, in 1938, the Air Corps decided that attack aircraft should be multi-engined, rendering the A-17 surplus to requirements.[6]
Argentina purchased 30 Model 8A-2s in 1937 and received them between February and March 1938; their serial numbers were between 348 and 377. These remained in frontline service until replaced by theI.Ae. 24 Calquin, continuing in service as trainers and reconnaissance aircraft until their last flight in 1954.[9][10]
Peru ordered ten Model 8A-3Ps, these being delivered from 1938 onwards. These aircraft were used in combat by Peru in theEcuadorian–Peruvian War of July 1941.[11] The survivors of these aircraft were supplemented by 13Model 8A-5s from Norway (see below), delivered via the United States in 1943 (designatedA-33). These remained in service until 1958.[11]
The Swedish government purchased a licence for production of a Mercury-powered version, building 63 B 5Bs and 31 B 5Cs, production taking place from 1938 to 1941. They were replaced in service with theSwedish Air Force bySAAB 17s from 1944.[12] The Swedish version was used as adive bomber and as such, it featured prominently in the 1941 filmFörsta divisionen.
The Netherlands, in urgent need of modern combat aircraft, placed an order for 18 Model 8A-3Ns in 1939, with all being delivered by the end of the year. Used in afighter role for which they were unsuited, the majority were destroyed byLuftwaffe attacks on 10 May 1940, the first day of theGerman invasion.[13]
Iraq purchased 15 Model 8A-4s in 1939.[14] They arrived in Iraq in September 1940.[15] Twelve of them were destroyed in theAnglo-Iraqi War in 1941, and one of the three remaining aircraft crashed in early 1944.[16]
Norway ordered 36Model 8A-5Ns in 1940. These were not ready by the time of theGerman Invasion of Norway and were diverted to the Norwegian training camp in Canada, which became known asLittle Norway.[17] Norway decided to sell 18 of these aircraft as surplus to Peru, but these were embargoed by the United States, who requisitioned the aircraft, using them as trainers, designating them theA-33. Norway sold their surviving aircraft to Peru in 1943.[18]
In June 1940, 93 ex-USAAC aircraft were purchased by France, and refurbished by Douglas, including being given new engines.[19] These were not delivered before thefall of France and 61 were taken over by theBritish Purchasing Commission for British Commonwealth use under the nameNorthrop Nomad Mk I.[19]
After the RAF assessed the Northrop Nomad Mk Is as "obsolete", most of the Nomads were sent toSouth Africa for use as trainers and target tugs.[6][20][21] The Nomads suffered shortages of spare parts (particularly engines) and from 1942 onwards were gradually replaced byFairey Battles. The last Nomads were retired in 1944.[21]
Initial production for USAAC. Fixed gear, powered by 750 hp (560 kW)Pratt & Whitney R-1535-11 Twin Wasp Jr engine; 110 built.[5][24]
A-17A
Revised version for USAAC with retractable gear and 825 hp (615 kW) R-1535-13 engine; 129 built.[3][25]
A-17AS
Three seat staff transport version for USAAC. Powered by 600 hp (450 kW)Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp engine; two built.[4][26]
Model 8A-1
Export version for Sweden. Fixed gear. Two Douglas built prototypes (Swedish designationB 5A), followed by 63 licensed built (byASJA)B 5B aircraft powered by 920 hp (690 kW)Bristol Mercury XXIV engine; 31 similarB 5C built bySAAB.[12]
Model 8A-2
Version for Argentina. Fitted with fixed gear, ventral gun position and powered by 840 kW (1,130 hp)Wright R-1820-G3 Cyclone; 30 built.[9][27]
Model 8A-3N
Version of A-17A for Netherlands. Powered by 1,100 hp (820 kW)Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp S3C-G engine; 18 built.[13][28]
Model 8A-3P
Version of A-17A for Peru. Powered by 1,000 hp (750 kW) GR-1820-G103 engine; ten built (c/n 412 to 421).[11][29]
Model 8A-4
Version for Iraq, powered by a 1,000 hp (750 kW) GR-1820-G103 engine; 15 built.[19][30]
Model 8A-5N
Version for Norway, powered by 1,200 hp (890 kW) GR-1830-G205A engine; 36 built. Later impressed into USAAF service asDouglas A-33.[18][30]
Nomad Mk.I
RAF and RCAF designation for A-17As refurbished for French use but delivered to the UK and Canada.
8A-3P c/n 415, registration FAP-277. This aircraft crash landed on 12 January 1957 at San Sebastián de Sacraca, Ayacucho,Peru. The remains are preserved as monument at the town's main square.[31]
8A-3P c/n 417, registration FAP-279, ex-31o Escuadrón de Ataque y Reconocimiento. On display next to Armando Revoredo's mausoleum, Grupo Aéreo N°8, Callao,Peru, painted as "XXXI-1" to resemble the aircraft flown by Revoredo in 1940 during the "Los Zorros" raid over South America.[32][33]
RCAF Nomad 3521, crashed inLake Muskoka, Ontario on 13 December 1940, after a mid-air collision with another Nomad during a search for a missing aircraft. The wreck was found in July 2010 and both the aircraft and the crew's remains were recovered by the RCAF.[34] The crew's remains, composed of RAF Lieutenant Peter Campbell and RCAF Leading Aircraftsman Theodore "Ted" Bates, were recovered in October 2012 and interred with full military honours in a cemetery in Guelph, ON in September 2013.[34] The recovered aircraft will be put on display at theNational Air Force Museum of Canada,Trenton, Ontario.[35]
Donald, David, ed.American Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace, 1995.ISBN1-874023-72-7.
Francillon, René J.McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam, 1979.ISBN0-370-00050-1.
Pelletier, Alain J. "Northrop's Connection: The Unsung A-17 Attack Aircraft and its Legacy – Part 1".Air Enthusiast, No. 75, May–June 1998, pp. 62–67.ISSN0143-5450.
Pelletier, Alain J. "Northrop's Connection: The Unsung A-17 Attack Aircraft and its Legacy – Part 2".Air Enthusiast, No. 77, September/October 1998, pp. 2–15.ISSN0143-5450.
Sipos, Milos; Cooper, Tom (2020).Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing.ISBN978-1-913118-74-7.
