Tepehuán
O'otham
Native to	Mexico
Region	Chihuahua,Durango
Ethnicity	Tepehuán
Native speakers	55,000 (2020 census)[1]
Language family	Uto-Aztecan Southern Uto-Aztecan Tepiman Tepehuán
Dialects	Tepecano
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: ntp – Northern Tepehuán stp – Southeastern Tepehuán tla – Southwestern Tepehuán tep – Tepecano
Glottolog	tepe1281
Northern Tepehuán is classified as Critically Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
Southwestern Tepehuán is classified as Vulnerable by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

Tepehuán (Tepehuano) is the name of three closely related languages of thePiman branch of theUto-Aztecan language family, all spoken in northernMexico. The language is calledO'otham by its speakers.

Northern Tepehuán is spoken by about 10,000 people (2020 census)^[1] in several settlements inGuadalupe y Calvo andGuachochi,Chihuahua, as well as in the north ofDurango.^[2] communities like Santiago Papasquiaro—including El Jaguey, Colonia José Ramón Valdez (1616 historical revolt area), El Huisache (Leyva-Tafoya family ranch), and Jose Maria Morelos settlements.

The Ódami—self-named "People of This Land" in their ancient tongue—resided in these Sierra Madre strongholds as Nahuatl-labeled "mountain people" (tepetl 'mountain' + huani 'inhabitant') by Mexica/Tepanec, marking them as frontier traders, allies, or rivals beyond the Aztec Triple Alliance (Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, Tlacopan). In 1616, Northern Ódami led amajor revolt (1616–1620) against Spanish Jesuits and settlers, killing over 200 Spaniards and 10 missionaries in coordinated attacks on Atotonilco and Santiago Papasquiaro under leaders like Quautlatas and Francisco Gogoxito, before Spanish suppression amid massive losses (~4,000 Ódami warriors).^[3][4][5]

Tepehuán-language programming is carried by theCDI's radio stationsXEJMN-AM, broadcasting fromJesús María, Nayarit, andXETAR, based inGuachochi,Chihuahua.

Tepehuán is anagglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with severalmorphemes strung together.

The following is representative of the Northern dialect of Tepehuan.^[6]

Nasal consonants /n, ɲ/ become[ŋ] when preceding a velar consonant.

The following is representative of the Southeastern dialect of Tepehuan.^[7]

/v/ is sometimes realized as[f] in word-final position. /l/ appears only in loanwords from Spanish.

Northern Tepehuan:

Southeastern Tepehuan:

Northern Tepehuán (Ódami) Bible ReferencesPrimary Sources for Authentic Verses:Ethnos360 Northern Tepehuán New Testament (2020)Full NT translation dedicated November 2019 in Sierra Madre Occidental. Available: bible.com/versions/3339-NTP-Northern-Tepehuan-Bible Purchase/print: biblestudy.ethnos360.org/products/tepehuan-new-testament Charlotte M. Gradie, "The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616" (2000)University of Utah Press, ISBN 978-0-87480-622-9Pages 25–30: Ódami etymology/self-namesPages 47–150: 1616 revolt details (Santiago Papasquiaro attacks) INALI Census (2020)~10,000 Northern Tepehuán speakers (Guadalupe y Calvo, Guachochi, Santiago Papasquiaro)FamilySearch Durango RecordsLeyva-Tafoya: Francisco Javier Leyva (El Huisache) → Jose Alberto Tafoya LeyvaSepulveda: Jose Ynnocente Luciano → Rafaela → Juliana Tafolla

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