Movatterモバイル変換

North Vanuatu languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Subgroup of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family

North Vanuatu
Northern Vanuatu
Geographic distribution	NorthernVanuatu
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Southern Oceanic North-Central Vanuatu North Vanuatu
Language codes
Glottolog	`nort3205`

TheNorth Vanuatu languages form alinkage ofSouthern Oceanic languages spoken in northernVanuatu.

Languages

[edit]

Clark (2009)

[edit]

Clark (2009)^[1] provides the following classification of the North Vanuatu languages, divided into two main geographic areas (Torres–Banks–Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost andSanto). Outlier (aberrant) languages identified by Clark (2009) are initalics.^[2]

The South Pentecost languages,Ske,Apma, andSaa, are also often classified asCentral Vanuatu languages.

North Vanuatu
- Northern (Torres–Banks–Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost)
  - Torres–Banks languages
    - Torres Islands:Hiw,Lo-Toga(“Loh”)
    - Banks Islands:Lehali–Löyöp(“Ureparapara”),Mwotlap–Volow(“Mwotlav”),Lemerig–Vera’a(“Vera'a”),Vurës–Mwesen(“Vurës”),Mota,Nume,Dorig–Koro–Olrat(“South Gaua”),Lakon (“Lakona”),Mwerlap(“Merlav”)
  - Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost
    - Maewo:Sun̄wadia,Sun̄wadaga,Baetora
    - Ambae:Duidui,Northeast Ambae
    - NorthPentecost:Raga
    - SouthPentecost:Ske(“Seke”);Apma,Sa
- Espiritu Santo languages
  - Cape Cumberland (Nokuku);Tolomako
  - Wusi,Akei–Tasiriki–Tangoa–Araki(“SW Santo”),Tiale–Merei(“Central Santo”),Kiai, “South-central Santo”,M̈av̈ea(“Mafea”),Tutuba,Aore,Tamambo(“Tamabo”);Mores
  - Southeast Santo,Shark Bay;Sakao

François (2015)

[edit]

The following list of 9 "Penama" North Vanuatu languages (Clark's Maewo-Ambae-Pentecost) is from François (2015:18–21). He also lists17 Torres–Banks languages (2011:181) and38 Espiritu Santo languages (2015:18–21).

No.	Language	Other names	Speakers	ISO 639-3	Region
18	Sungwadia	Marino,North Maewo	500	mrb	Maewo
19	Sungwadaga	Central Maewo	1400	mwo	Maewo
20	Baetora	South Maewo,Sungaloge	1330	btr	Maewo
21	East Ambae	Lolovoli,Aoba	5000	omb	Ambae
22	West Ambae	Duidui	8700	nnd	Ambae
23	Raga	Hano	6500	lml	Pentecost
24	Apma		7800	app	Pentecost
25	Ske	Seke	300	ske	Pentecost
26	Sa	Saa	3900}	sax	Pentecost

Notes

[edit]

^Clark, Ross (2009).Leo Tuai: A comparative lexical study of North and Central Vanuatu languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.doi:10.15144/PL-603 (inactive 1 July 2025).hdl:1885/146751.ISBN 978-0-85883-600-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
^The language names used by Clark have often been superseded by other names; in that case, theglottonym used by Clark is indicated in brackets.

References

[edit]

François, Alexandre (2011),"Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence"(PDF),Journal of Historical Linguistics,1 (2):175–246,doi:10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra,hdl:1885/29283.
——; Franjieh, Michael; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Schnell, Stefan (2015),"The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu"(PDF), in François, Alexandre; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Franjieh, Michael; Schnell, Stefan (eds.),The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity, Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp. 1–21,ISBN 9781922185235.

Southern Oceanic languages

North
Vanuatu

Torres–Banks	Hiw Lo-Toga Lehali Löyöp Mwotlap Volow Lemerig Vera’a Vurës Mwesen Mota Nume Dorig Koro Olrat Lakon Mwerlap
Maewo–Ambae– North Pentecost	Sun̄wadia Sun̄wadaga Baetora Duidui Northeast Ambae Raga
South Pentecost	Ske Apma Sa
Espiritu Santo	Cape Cumberland Nokuku Tolomako Wusi Akei Tasiriki Tangoa Araki Tiale Merei Kiai M̈av̈ea Tutuba Aore Tamambo Mores Shark Bay Sakao

Nuclear
Southern
Oceanic

Central Vanuatu

South Vanuatu

Erromango	Sie / Erromangan Sorung † Ifo (Utaha) † Ura
Tanna	Kwamera (South Tanna) Southwest Tanna Lenakel (West Tanna) Whitesands (East Tanna) North Tanna
Aneityum

Loyalties–
New Caledonia

Loyalty Islands

New Caledonian

Southern	Ndrumbea Numèè Xârâcùù Xârâgurè Tîrî Zire † Ajië Arhö Arhâ Neku Orowe
Northern	Vamale Haveke Haeke Cèmuhî Paicî Pwaamei Pwapwa Bwatoo Hmwaveke Waamwang Fwâi Jawe Nemi Pije Caac Kumak Yuanga Nyâlayu

* indicates proposed status
? indicates classification dispute
† indicatesextinct status

Austronesian languages

Formosan

Malayo-Polynesian

Western

Philippine

Greater Barito*

Barito
Basap*

Greater North Borneo*

North Borneo *
- Sabahan
- North Sarawakan
Melanau–Kajang
Kayan–Murik
Land Dayak
Malayo–Chamic *
Sundanese
Rejang?
Moklenic?

Admiralty St. Matthias Temotu Southeast Solomonic Micronesian Central Pacific
Western	Meso-Melanesian North New Guinea Papuan Tip
Southern	Vanuatu North Central South Loyalties–New Caledonia

* indicates proposed status
? indicates classification dispute
† indicatesextinct status

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Vanuatu_languages&oldid=1319771345"

Categories:

Hidden categories:

[8]ページ先頭