North Holland (Dutch:Noord-Holland,pronounced[ˌnoːrtˈɦɔlɑnt]ⓘ) is aprovince of theNetherlands in the northwestern part of the country. It is located on theNorth Sea, north ofSouth Holland andUtrecht, and west ofFriesland andFlevoland. As of January 2023, it had a population of about 2,952,000[3][6] and a total area of 4,092 km2 (1,580 sq mi), of which 1,429 km2 (552 sq mi) is water.
From the 9th to the 16th century, the area was an integral part of theCounty of Holland. During this periodWest Friesland was incorporated. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the area was part of the province ofHolland and commonly known as theNoorderkwartier (English: "Northern Quarter"). In 1840, the province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland. In 1855, theHaarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land.
The provincial capital isHaarlem (pop. 161,265).[7] The province's largest city and also the largest city in the Netherlands is the Dutch capitalAmsterdam, with a population of 862,965 as of November 2019. TheKing's Commissioner of North Holland isArthur van Dijk, who has been serving since 2019. There are 45municipalities and three (including parts of)water boards in the province. The busiest airport in the Netherlands and Europe's third-busiest airport,Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, is in North Holland.[8]
The province of North Holland as it is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813. This was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795, the old order was swept away and theBatavian Republic was established. In the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments (département) with roughly equal populations. Holland was split up into five departments named "Texel", "Amstel", "Delf", "Schelde enMaas", and "Rijn". The first three of these lay within the borders of the old Holland; the latter two were made up of parts of different provinces. In 1801 the old borders were restored when the department of Holland was created. This reorganisation had been short-lived, but it gave birth to the concept of breaking up Holland and making it a less powerful province.
In 1807, Holland was reorganised. This time the two departments were called "Amstelland" (corresponding to the modern province of North Holland) and "Maasland" (corresponding to the modern province ofSouth Holland). This also did not last long. In 1810, all the Dutch provinces were integrated into the French Empire. Amstelland and Utrecht were amalgamated as the department of "Zuiderzee" (Zuyderzée in French) and Maasland was renamed "Monden van de Maas" (Bouches-de-la-Meuse in French).
After the defeat of the French in 1813, this organisation remained unchanged for a year or so. When the 1814 Constitution was introduced, the country was reorganised as provinces and regions (landschappen). Zuiderzee and Monden van de Maas were reunited as the province of "Holland". One of the ministers on the constitutional committee (van Maanen) suggested that the old name "Holland and West Friesland" be reintroduced to respect the feelings of the people of that region. This proposal was rejected.
However, the division was not totally reversed. When the province of Holland was re-established in 1814, it was given two governors, one for the former department of Amstelland (area that is now North Holland) and one for the former department of Maasland (now South Holland). Even though the province had been reunited, the two areas were still being treated differently in some ways and the idea of dividing Holland remained alive. During this reorganisation the islands ofVlieland andTerschelling were returned to Holland and parts of "Hollands Brabant" (including "Land of Altena") went toNorth Brabant. The borders with Utrecht andGelderland were definitively set in 1820.
When the constitutional amendments were introduced in 1840, it was decided to split Holland once again, this time into two provinces called "North Holland" and "South Holland". The need for this was not felt in South Holland or in West Friesland (which feared the dominance ofAmsterdam). The impetus came largely from Amsterdam, which still resented the 1838 relocation of the court of appeal toThe Hague in South Holland.
After theHaarlemmermeer was drained in 1855 and turned into arable land, it was made part of North Holland. In exchange, South Holland received the greater part of the municipality ofLeimuiden in 1864. In 1942, the islandsVlieland andTerschelling went back to the province ofFriesland. In 1950, the former islandUrk was ceded to the province ofOverijssel.
In February 2011, North Holland, together with the provinces ofUtrecht andFlevoland, showed a desire to investigate the feasibility of a merger between the three provinces.[9] This has been positively received by theFirst Rutte cabinet, for the desire to create oneRandstad province has already been mentioned in thecoalition agreement.[10] The province of South Holland, part of the Randstad urban area, visioned to be part of the Randstad province,[11] and very much supportive of the idea of a merger into one province.[12] With or without South Holland, if created, the new province would be the largest in the Netherlands in botharea and population.
More information about nature reserves in North Holland is available (in Dutch) on the relevant site pages of national nature conservation organisationsNatuurmonumenten[13] andStaatsbosbeheer,[14] as well as provincial organisation "Landschap Noord-Holland".[15]
North Holland has various regions that, for historical or other reasons, have their own identities. Some of these regions are unofficial, ill-defined and sometimes overlapping. Others are official and are part of regional groupings artificially created for various administrative purposes. These regions are not the same as the municipalities.
List of some of these unofficial and official regions in North Holland:
In 2015 official statistics have showed that most inhabitants are religiously unaffiliated. 62.9% are not religious, 16.3% areRoman Catholic, 7.9% areProtestant, 6.6% areMuslim, and 6.2% of other faiths.[21] Almost half of allDutch Jews live in this province, mainly in and around Amsterdam andAmstelveen which has the highest Jewish population in the Netherlands.[22][23] Dutch Muslims in North Holland are also concentrated in Amsterdam and some surroundings likeZaanstad. AlthoughCatholicism in the Netherlands in mainly concentrated in the south of the country, there exist several highly Catholic exclaves within North Holland especially in the north of the province such as inEdam-Volendam andOpmeer where more than half are adherents.[21] North Holland has the lowest rate of Protestantism and orthodox Calvinism outside the south of the country,[24] however it does have one strongly Protestant village calledMarken.[25]
Several national nature friendly organisations likeMilieudefensie, the national "Union of vegetarians",[31] the "Vissenbescherming" (Fish protection foundation)[32] and theParty for the Animals as well have their head office in North Holland.
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