| North American least shrew[1] | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Eulipotyphla |
| Family: | Soricidae |
| Genus: | Cryptotis |
| Species: | C. parva |
| Binomial name | |
| Cryptotis parva (Say, 1823) | |
 | |
| North American least shrew range | |
TheNorth American least shrew (Cryptotis parva) is one of the smallestmammals, growing to be only up to 3 inches long. It has a long pointed snout and a tail never more than twice the length of its hind foot. The dense fur coat is either grayish-brown or reddish-brown with a white belly. Its fur becomes lighter in the summer and darker in the winter. Although similar in appearance to several species ofrodents, all shrews are members of theorderEulipotyphla and should not be mistaken for a member of the orderRodentia. The North American least shrew's eyes are small and its ears are completely concealed within its short fur, giving it very poor eyesight and hearing.
It is found from the grasslands of southernCanada through the eastern and centralUnited States andMexico.[3] In Canada, only a small population of this animal has been found atLong Point inOntario.[4]
The North American least shrew mostly dwells in mesic grasslands, marshes, and meadows.[5] Mostshrews prefer these wet habitats, but the least shrew will also inhabit dry upland regions.[4] This species can be found in meadows, fields, and weedy areas, where the vegetation attracts itsinsect diet.[4][6]
This tiny shrew is active at all hours of the day, but mostly at night. Hunting by smell and touch, the North American least shrew digs through loose soil and leaf litter for its prey along the surface of the ground. The behavior of captive individuals suggests it can also tunnel through moist soil in search of food much likemoles do. However, it mostly occupies burrows built by other mammals.[4]
Its diet consists of mostly small invertebrates, such as caterpillars, beetle larvae, earthworms, centipedes, slugs, and sow bugs.[4] It will also eat from the corpses of dead animals, and small amounts of seeds or fruits. This shrew will eat its prey whole, but when eatingcrickets andgrasshoppers, the North American least shrew will bite off the head of its prey and eat only the internal organs.[4] When fighting a larger creature, it will aim for the legs and try to cripple its adversary, and will bitelizards, which are often too large for it to kill, on the tail, which then falls off and provides it with a meal while the lizard escapes. The North American least shrew will also sometimes live insidebeehives and eat all the larvae. It will often share its food with other shrews. It eats more than its body weight each day and is known to store food.[4][7]
The North American least shrew makes its home in burrows or shallow runways under flat stones or fallen logs. Its burrows are about 2.5 cm in diameter, from 25 cm to 1.5 m long, and seldom more than 20 cm below the ground. Most shrews are aggressive towards each other, but this species is a social creature and often cooperates in digging its burrows and often sleeps with other shrews. From 2 to 31 of these shrews will live together at a time, although it is more common to find them together in the winter months to keep warm.[4] It will line its burrows with leaves and grass in nests for the purpose of rearing offspring. The breeding season extends from early March to late November. Females produce two or more litters each season. Each litter will consist of about three to six young, each one weighing about 0.3 g, which grow quickly and will be adult size in about one month. Litters are born 21–23 days after copulation.[4] When first born, young are deaf, blind, and hairless.[4] At 14 days old, they will open their eyes and have fur. By day 21, they will weigh 4-5 g and weaning will begin.[4] The North American least shrew rarely lives more than a year. Its natural predators areowls,hawks, thered fox, theraccoon,skunks, andsnakes.[4] The North American least shrew will try to defend itself with itsvenomous saliva.
Evolutionary analysis seems to show the shrews evolved from the ancestorCrocidosorex in Europe and crossed over into theNearctic, consisting of North and Central America, via the Bering Strait (above sea level at the time). The earliest fossils of shrews,Crocidosorex piveteaui, are from the familySoricidae and date back to theOligocene epoch, but shrews are thought to have originated in the lateEocene (30-40 million years ago). It is debated whether four or five ancient subfamilies occurred, but only two are left today:Soricinae andCrocidurinae. Once the descendants of theCrocidosorex crossed into North America, this subfamily of Soricidae gave rise to the genusAntesorex during theMiocene. In the late Miocene, they split intoAdeloblarina andAlluvisorex. FromAdeloblarina, two genera,Blarina andCryptotis, diverged during the Pliocene. The North American least shrew species,Cryptotis parva, then arose from the genusCryptotis.[6]
The primitive features ofCryptotis parva suggest its ancient origins. Thezygomatic arches are missing in the skull, which are present in most mammals even of that size, such as rodents. Themandible also has a more primitive structure with a double articulating surface. Thecerebral hemisphere is relatively small, which is necessary in manipulative abilities. However, theolfactory lobes are well developed, revealing the significance of the ability to smell in the shrew's survival. Thereproductive andurinary systems are joined in one external opening, called thecloaca, which is a primitive character not found in higher mammals. Another trait uncommon in mammals is thetestes are found inside theabdominal cavity.[6]
Least shrews are being used in research asemesis models, to see how delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol prevents emesis in thecannabinoid receptors. This research is especially useful for cancer patients becausechemotherapy drugs, such ascisplatin, cause nausea and vomiting.[8]
The North American least shrew is listed as endangered inConnecticut and inPennsylvania. The greatest threat to it is the development of coastal habitat, particularly dunes and marshes.[9]
