 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "North–South express railway" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| North–South express railway (Vietnam) | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Status | Planned |
| Owner | Vietnam Railway Corporation |
| Locale | Vietnam |
| Termini | |
| Stations | 30 stations (25 passenger stations, 5 cargo stations)[1] |
| Service | |
| System | High Speed Railway (HSR) |
| Route number | ĐSCTBN |
| Operator(s) | Vietnam Railways |
| Depot(s) | 10 depots (5 large depots: Huu Nghi, Ngoc Hoi, Da Nang, Long Thanh, Trung Luong – 5 small depots: Bắc Giang, Hà Tĩnh, Nha Trang, My Thuan, Hậu Giang) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 2,070 km (1,290 mi) |
| Number of tracks | Double-track |
| Character | Elevated |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standard gauge |
| Electrification | 25 kV 60 Hzoverhead lines (AC) |
| Operating speed | 350 km/h (220 mph) |
| Signalling | ETCS Level 2 |
TheNorth–South express railway (Vietnamese:Đường sắt cao tốc Bắc-Nam) is a plannedhigh speed railway inVietnam.[2][3] The line would begin inThanh Trì and end inThủ Đức, connecting the two most urbanised areas in the country:Hanoi in the North, andHo Chi Minh City in the South.[4] This project is part of the country's railway transport development strategy by 2020 with a vision to 2050. The project is also part of theTrans-Asian Railway network.Vietnam's National Assembly approved the $67 billion railway in November 2024.[5]
Vietnam is a country with a relatively complete and early railway system in the Southeast Asia region. With motorization in the last few decades, the railway network has stagnated, with minimal expansion and even some trackage dismantled.[6]
The north–south topography of the country would lend itself well for a north–south railway backbone.[7] Currently, there is a lack of transport infrastructure along this north–south corridor – traveling the 1700 km from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City takes over 30 hours by conventional rail and by intercity bus, and around 2 hours by air.Hanoi–Ho Chi Minh City isone of the world's busiest flight routes, used by 11 million passengers in 2023 with over 60 daily flights.[8]
With the ever-increasing demands placed on existing transportation networks, traffic congestion occurs throughout the system, decreasing the system's safety and having negative impacts on regional economic development, national productivity, and environmental quality.[9]
With ahigh-speed railway, the North–South express railway project is expected to:
The project has been criticized for its enormous cost, which some have argued could be better spent on agriculture, education, electricity, and other transportation projects.[7] In 2010, National Assembly deputyNguyễn Minh Thuyết reportedly stated that the proposed cost, at the time, was equal to about 50 per cent of the country'sgross domestic product, and that ordinary Vietnamese citizens would not be able to afford the high fares.[10] Senior economist Pham Chi Lan, who described the proposal as "economically unsound", noted that it would not serve the 70% of Vietnamese citizens living in rural areas.[10]
The Japanese government, following the visit of Prime MinisterNguyễn Tấn Dũng to Japan in 2006, pledged to offerofficial development assistance for the project. Thememorandum of understanding for the project (along with a related project, theNorth–South Expressway) was mutually signed by the two governments at that time.[11] Construction was planned to start in 2010, and the high-speed railway will begin operation in 2020, according to the chairman of the Vietnam Railway Administration, Vu Xuan Hong.[12] The initial cost was estimated at US$33 billion.[13]
The total proposed length would be 1,570 km long, compared with the 1,726-kilometre (1,072 mi) of the existing conventional speedNorth–South railway, passing through 20 provinces and cities. The entire route has 27 stations and assuming 300 km/h (190 mph) top speeds an express stopping pattern will make the journey from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City in 5 hours and 38 minutes, stopping only at Vinh, Da Nang, Nha Trang stations. An all stop high speed service pattern will take 6 hours and 51 minutes from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City.[14] Currently a trip by train between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City takes 32 hours.[15]
With preliminarytopographical andgeological surveillance already carried out by a joint Japanese-Vietnamese team, two sections of the railway—the 295-kilometre (183 mi)Hanoi–Vinh section and the 362-kilometre (225 mi)Ho Chi Minh City–Nha Trang section—were initially slated for implementation in stages between 2011 and 2015, with the implementation of the remaining Vinh–Nha Trang section starting in 2020. The whole line was scheduled to open by 2035.[14]
The express line would be built as a double-trackstandard gauge (1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)) line, with a design speed of 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph) compared with the existingNorth–South Railway line which wasmetre gauge (1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)) sometimes single track with an average speed of 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph). JapaneseShinkansen bullet train technology was proposed for use on this line; its technology—and its actual geographical track—would be completely independent of the existingNorth–South railway line. In April 2010,Kawasaki Heavy IndustriesMitsubishi Heavy Industries,Mitsubishi Corp.,Sumitomo Corp., and other Japanese companies had asked theMinistry of Transport (MOT) to formally adopt their bullet train technology for the development of the project, which the Vietnam government agreed to, if the project were approved.
On June 19, 2010, after a month of deliberations,National Assembly of Vietnam (NAV) rejected the currenthigh-speed rail proposal, reportedly due to the US$56 billion cost involved.[10] National Assembly members are said to have asked for further study of the project.[16] Shuji Eguchi, a director at the Japanese Transport Ministry's railway bureau, noted in an August 2010 interview that the proposed railway needed a "step-by-step approach", that Vietnam's conventional rail network was "single track and not electrified yet" and that the government needed to "train personnel and enact necessary legislation".[15]
August 2010, the MOT confirmed that plans for the express railway were on hold pending further research.[17] At that time, Nguyen Huu Bang, the chairman and CEO of national railway companyVietnam Railways, stated that the government was expected to resubmit the project after new leaders of the Communist Party are selected in 2011, and that theJapan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) would likely be asked to examine the feasibility of two priority sections from Hanoi to Vinh and from Ho Chi Minh City to Nha Trang.[15] In September 2010, the proposal was again reviewed and a detailed study was started by theJICA. The project would be funded from the State budget andJICA to conduct a study from May 2011 to March 2013. After a meeting with the MOT in October 2010, Deputy Prime MinisterHoàng Trung Hải was reported to have authorized the reception of Japanese technical assistance for those two sections.[17]
In March 2013, theJapan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) submitted a report to concerned authorities for the development of the project creating a second plan for the North–South express railway. In October 2013, JICA suggested a proposed route for this initial Hanoi – Vinh section with an investment of US$10.2 billion. On the evaluation of JICA studies, theVietnam Railways Corporation advised MOT and the government of Vietnam to approve JICA's scheme and build the proposed rail line. The project is planned to be implemented throughpublic-private partnership (PPP) mode. However, the model is yet to be finalized.Siemens is appointed as the technology consultant for the project.
In June 2014, the MOT submitted a proposal to the federal government. In 2015 the government approved the development strategy for Vietnam's railway transport to 2020 and vision to 2050, targeting the development of railway infrastructure and the high-level management of transport and services.
In September 2016, the Ministry of Transport started updating three feasibility studies, which were submitted by the Japan Consultancy Joint Venture (JCJV),Korea International Cooperation Agency and the JICA in the year 2013. During October 2016,Hanoi General Export-Import JSC (Geleximco) andHong Kong United Investors Holding (HUI) have expressed interest in co-developing the project and are waiting for the approval from the Ministry of Transport.
On June 16, 2017, theNational Assembly officially approved the Revised Railway Laws which supplements many preferential and breakthrough mechanisms and policies.[6]
In November 2017, Prime MinisterNguyễn Xuân Phúc announced that theMinistry of Transport's final plan for the express railway system will be completed and submitted to the National Assembly's consideration in 2019. The Assembly will then hold a final vote on whether to approve or reject funding for the project.[18]
The consortium at a conference on November 12, 2018, chaired by the MOT, said that the ratio of private investment is reasonable after they referred to investment models in Japan, France, China, and Taiwan. Speaking at the meeting, some experts said that the cost of US$38 million for a kilometer of express railway is too high in comparison with US$27 million in China and US$26 million in Spain. Deputy Minister of Transport Nguyen Ngoc Dong said that the rate in Vietnam is high due to site clearance and a lack of expertise and technologies. The MOT's representatives said that the express railway, which is designed to operate at the speed of 200-320 kilometers/hour, is able to compete with aviation but safer. But the experts cared for the internal rate of return (IRR) of the costly project. Reports at the event showed that the IRR would range from 8.9% to 10.6% if the fare is equal to 50% and 100% of air tickets of economy class, respectively. But no data of transport capacity and demand for the express railway has mentioned.[19] Construction activities on the first phase were expected to commence in 2020 and the whole project is scheduled for completion in 2050.[20]
By 2022, the MOT is still in the process of reviewing studies in order to complete the pre-feasibility study for the project and was planning to submit the pre-feasibility study report to the Government so that it could be passed to theNational Assembly for approval. The ministry's plan suggests the first two sections of the railway, which would have a combined length of 665 kilometers and require an investment of US$24.72 billion to be scheduled to open by 2032.[7] The Ministry previously said it hopes to begin construction of the first sections by 2028.[21] The entire project is slated to be completed by 2045–2050.[7]
By 2023, the government is still seeking to make a decision on either a passenger-only high-speed railway (350 km/h), a mixed-usehigher-speed rail (200–250 km/h) or a mixed-use high-speed railway. This would include upgrades to the existing railway. All options would have a cost around US$70 billion.[22]
In April 2024, in a pivot to China, Vietnam is seeking to learn from China to develop the North–South high-speed railway. Vietnam's Minister of Planning and Investment Nguyen Chi Dung visited to China to meet Chinese trade and transport officials as well as railway executives.[23][24] Meetings with Japan on the possibility of funding and technical assistance continued in 2024.[25]
In June 2024, Vietnam's Minister of Transport, Nguyen Van Thang announced a goal to start construction on the North–South High-Speed Railway, now with a design speed of 350 kilometres per hour (220 mph) before 2030 with a target completion date of 2035.[26] Prime MinisterPhạm Minh Chính, asked Chinese businesses to invest in developing the Vietnam's rail sector and sought China's assistance in railway construction of the North–South high-speed railway as well as two additional high-speed railways connecting Hanoi and the North–South High-Speed Rail to theChinese high-speed rail system,[27] possibly starting construction in 2026 or 2027.[28] The two new lines to China will form part of the North–South High-Speed Rail route.[29][30] Vietnam's National Assembly chairman Vuong Dinh Hue met executives of Chinese railway companies and sought to learn from China to develop Vietnam's first high-speed railway network.[31] In August 2024, the newly appointed President of VietnamTô Lâm met with the Chinese President and signed an agreement to enhance railway connectivity between China and Vietnam including the North–South High-Speed Rail.[32][33] Vietnam has estimated the cost of building a new railway linking it with China'sYunnan province at US$7.2 billion (179 trillion dong), with construction starting in 2030.[34]
According to a report by theAsia Development Bank (ADB),Southeast Asia needs US$1.7 trillion annually from 2016 to 2030 on infrastructure to maintain its growth momentum. In this context, Japan and China have increasingly emerged as regional technical and economic competitors, as evidenced by their rivalry for infrastructure projects through funding entities and large-scale technological systems across Southeast Asia as seen in Sino-Japanese competition for developinghigh-speed rail in Thailand and the recent completion of theJakarta-Bandung High-speed Railway, Indonesia's first ever high speed railway, built using Chinese technical assistance.
In Vietnam, the firstHo Chi Minh City Metro is largely backed by funding and expertise from theJICA, as well asSumitomo Corp. and Shimizu-Maeda, two huge Japanese conglomerates. The inaugural line of theHanoi Metro, on the other hand, relies on support and technical expertise from a consortium of Chinese companies headed by theChina Railways Sixth Group.[35]
Le Hong Hiep, a research fellow at theISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute (Singapore) emphasized that while working with Vietnamese partners to make the project more sellable to the Vietnamese public and lawmakers, Japanese companies may also need to keep an eye on their Chinese competitors who benefit from China's large funds available for overseas high-speed rail projects under theBelt and Road Initiative (BRI). Although Chinese contractors and China-funded projects have a poor track record in Vietnam and are perceived negatively by the Vietnamese public, if China can provide the desired technology and offer favorable financing conditions for the project, this may tip the balance in their favor, especially given that China's high-speed train technologies have witnessed major advances in recent years.[36]
The following is a list of railway stations projected to be served by the railway.[37]
| Government | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Road |
| ||||||
| Rail | |||||||
| Water |
| ||||||
| Aviation |
| ||||||
| Other topics | |||||||
| Annual Riderships by cities |
| ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Note: Under construction & planned lines are inItalics | |||||||||||||||
