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The city is situated by the mouth of the riverMotala ström, atBråviken, an inlet of theBaltic Sea. Water power from the Motala ström and the goodharbour were factors that facilitated the rapid growth of this once industrial city, known for itstextile industry.
In 1993–1994, archaeological excavations at Borg in Norrköping revealed a farmstead established in the 7th century and continuously used through the Middle Ages, later becoming a royal manor under King Magnus Eriksson in the 14th century. Structures dating from the late 7th century to around 1000 AD were uncovered, along with evidence of ritual activities beginning in the 8th century and a possible cult building. It has been theorized that the farmstead's location, near but not at the highest point in the landscape, may indicate an earlier burial ground adjacent to which the farm was constructed.[4]
The city hasmedieval foundations bysettlers around the Motala stream estuary, who used the falls and rapids to power their mills. The stream was also full of fish such assalmon. Exact dates are uncertain, but there are mentions of achurch in the 12th century. It was dedicated toSaint Olaf, Norway'spatron.
The first trace of the city's name is from 1283, whenSophia of Denmark donated her rights of salmon fishing to theSkänninge monastery. The town is estimated to have receivedcity status in the early 14th century, although no written documents exist prior to a document from 1384. This document, signed byAlbrekt of Sweden is stored in the city archive today.Köping means there was a market there, while Nörr or Norr means "north". There is a smaller town nearby namedSöderköping, or "South market".
The city was the location of several battles in the ensuing centuries. As a consequence, nothing of the medieval Norrköping remains today. During theNorthern Seven Years' War (1563–1570), the entire southern part of Norrköping was burnt. It was rebuilt byJohn III of Sweden, who designed the current street pattern.
In 1618, a weapon industry was established by supervision ofGustavus Adolphus. The harbour also attracted ships due to its proximity to the industries ofFinspång. In addition to the weapon industry, a large scale industry oftextile was also initiated. An important benefactor was the industrial manLouis De Geer (1587–1652).[5] At De Geer's death, Norrköping had 6,000 inhabitants and was Sweden's second largest city.
The city again burnt in 1655, and again in 1719 during theRussian Pillage of 1719-21 when the Russians burnt it to the ground. Stones from the Johannisborg castle were used to build new houses, and today only a few stones remain.
During the 18th century it was rebuilt and several industries soon got a stronghold: In the 1740s, Norrköping boasted threesugar refineries; in the 1750s the large scale influentialsnus industry was established. From this time stems the city churches of Saint Olof and Saint Hedvig, and several other old houses. In 1762, the first theater in Sweden outside of Stockholm was established in the city, theEgges Teater.
Norrköping in 1876.
Norrköping's importance again flourished. In 1769 the SwedishRiksdag assembled there.[6] In 1800 KingGustav IV of Sweden was crowned in the Church of Saint Olof.
In the later 18th and early 19th Centuries, Norrköping was one of the three Swedish cities whereJews were allowed to live (seeHistory of the Jews in Sweden).
The city again suffered fires in 1822 and 1826. Thereafter wooden houses were banned. In 1841 a ship industry was initiated as a branch ofMotala Verkstad inMotala. In 1850 the industry had over 600 employees making it Sweden's largest ship industry at the time. During the remaining 19th century, the industries kept expanding. The area by the Motala Stream was developed further with the construction of acotton refinery, and apaper mill was constructed in 1854, specializing in newspaper, and is still today exporting to customers around the world.
The industry, including textile manufacturers, also expanded into the 20th century. In 1950 a total of 54 factories had 6,600 employees in town. By 1956, however, 18 of them had been closed due to competition from countries abroad with lower wages, such asItaly andJapan. In 1970 only 10 factories and 1,200 employees remained. In that year, the renownedHolmen paper mill, with its 350 years long history, announced closure, and another 900 people were let go.[7] To counter the effects, several governmental authorities were relocated to Norrköping fromStockholm. See alsoBraviken Paper Mill.
As of 2002, Norrköping is now seeing a revival, as a center of culture and education. The Norrköping symbol represents the "new" Norrköping.
Drottninggatan (Queen's Street) in NorrköpingThe City Hall
The Motala ström river flows through the city has a parade annexed. In connection to the latter is the industrial landscape where the old textile industries once were situated.[8]
In the summer, there is a cactus plantation inCarl Johans Park. 25,000 cacti are planted there every summer.[9]
Kolmårdens Djurpark is a zoo located 30 km (19 mi) north of Norrköping. In connection to the large outdoor zoo, there is alsoTropicariet, an aquarium, where for example snakes, crocodiles and sharks can be seen.[10]
The archipelagos 50 km (31 mi) away from Norrköping are called St Anna and Gryt.[11]
Norrköping had ahumid continental climate[13] (Dfb) for the reference period of 1961–1990, but it was borderline four-seasonoceanic (Cfb) during that period and has since more resembled the latter, with somewhat warmer temperatures year-round. In spite of it being located near theBaltic Sea, Norrköping has a relatively dry climate with precipitation levels averaging 508.2 millimetres (20.01 in) between 1961 and 1990.[14] That would in turn be very low for a marine climate, but some way above more arid climates. The humidity for most of the year combined with there being no pronounced dry season keeps the surroundings green in spite of the rain shadow effect. Winter precipitation is quite low, but often falls as snow. On August 26, 2016, Norrköping set a nationwide record for the hottest temperature in the latter parts of August with 32.7 °C (90.9 °F) during a sudden and brief burst of extreme heat.[15] The warmest temperature on record was set in July 2022 with 35.6 °C (96.1 °F).[16]
Climate data for Norrköping (2002–2022 averages; extremes since 1944)
As part of the Swedish government decentralisation policies of the 1960s and 1970s, a number of government agencies saw their national headquarters relocated from Stockholm to other parts of the country. A government inquiry suggested in 1970 that six such agencies should be relocated to Norrköping, with a particular focus on maritime and aviation transport and related services.[22][23]
After parliamentary debate, five agencies were established in Norrköping over a period of years in the early 1970s. While reorganized, restructured and renamed, in general, the same agencies are still headquartered in Norrköping, namely:
The establishment of government agencies in Norrköping was partly understood as a response to the decline in the textile industry, which had struck Norrköping hard in the 1960s. The city needed new jobs. The relocation of government jobs, however, also meant a major shift in the structure of the city labour market. Unqualified or highly structured industrial work in the private sector was replaced by more than 1 400 qualified and independent work positions in the public sector.[22][23]
At a later point, the Norrköping cluster of transport authorities was augmented by one more:
In 1997, a state university also opened a subsidiary campus in Norrköping, again, relating to the industry changes and being an important part of the government response to unemployment and labour market policy. Although not a headquarter, it is the seventh government agency stationed in Norrköping, and with more than 5 000 students on campus it is a major hub of activities in the city.[30][31]
With a deep sea harbour, a position on theSouthern Main Line railway,Norrköping Airport and being the intersection ofEuropean route E4 andEuropean route E22, Norrköping is particularly well situated for logistics related business. This is further underlined by the presence of three transport related government agencies, the national weather services and Linköping University transports and logistics research and education programmes in place.
Norrköping is highly involved in theEast Link,Ostlänken, which will increase travel speed and freight capacity on the Southern Main Line. As preparation, theKardonbanan freight feeder line from Norrköping Harbour to the Southern Main Line was inaugurated in February 2021.[32] A new freight railway terminal and a relocation ofNorrköping Central Station is currently being studied.
Norrköping is one of two Swedish cities (the other beingGothenburg) that retained its tram system after the 1967 conversion to right-hand drive, seeNorrköping Tramway.
From the 1960s, the municipality film clubHarlekin is hosted at the Norrköping Museum of Arts, before being established as Cnema in 2010, neighbouringVisualization Center C andLinköping University. The latter provide research in visualization and 3D technique as well as interactive experiences in an 8K 3D dome cinema.
AuthorEmelie Schepp sets her crime novels in and around Norrköping, with Jana Berzelius of the Norrköping Public Prosecution Area Office as the main character. The 2024 crime dramaJana: Marked for Life based on Schepp's novel with the same name, was filmed in Norrköping.[35]
Norrköpings konstmuseum (Norrköping Museum of Art) focusing on Swedish modernism and contemporary art. The museum building is designed by city architectKurt von Schmalensee, situated at Kristinaplatsen next to the City Library. It was founded by a private donation in 1901, and is operated by Norrköping municipality.
Norrköpings stadsmuseum, founded in 1981, tells the history of the city with a focus on its industrial history. Situated in the old industrial quarter on the riverStrömmen, the permanent expositions describes the development of Norrköping fromBronze Age to the early 17th century industrial era. The museum is also curator of numerous Bronze Agepetroglyphs andancient monuments situated in and around the city.
Next to Norrköpings stadsmuseum, theMuseum of Work (Arbetets museum) is located in iconic buildingStrykjärnet, a former weaving mill operated by Holmens Bruk until 1962. The museum documents work and everyday life by collecting personal stories about people's professional lives. Since 2009, the museum also houses the EWK – Center for Political Illustration Art, based on the work of satiristEwert Karlsson. The museum is operated by a charity established by national trade union centersLO andTCO, twopopular education organizations and theconsumer cooperative KF.
Ståhl Collection opened in October 2020, and hosts the private collection of local housing magnateMikael Ståhl. The museum is located in the old industrial area of Norrköping city centre, and mainly features paintings and sculptures, from the 1950s to contemporary works. Ståhl commenced his collection in 1981. The museum is privately held and operated.[36]
The Norrköping Symphony Orchestra (Norrköpings symfoniorkester, SON) is a professionalsymphony orchestra, consisting of 85 musicians and based at the concert hallDe Geerhallen, in the city center.
Arbisteatern, dating from 1865, takes its name fromNorrköpings Arbetareförenings teater, meaningThe theatre of Norrköping's worker society. A 2016 Swedish drama/documentary,Sextemplet (Sex Temple),[37][full citation needed] tells the story of Arbisteatern as aburlesque stage in the 2010s.
^Grell, Ole Peter (the Open University, Milton Keynes) (7 April 2016).Brethren in christ - a calvinist network in reformation europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 276–278.ISBN9781107565180.OCLC1023394037.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Ihalainen, Pasi (2010).Agents of the people : democracy and popular sovereignty in British and Swedish parliamentary and public debates, 1734-1800. Brill. p. 175.ISBN9789004183360.OCLC760029415.
^Sjöstrand, Sven-Erik, 1945- (2016). "From MoDo to Holmen: a consolidation period".Rethinking corporate governance : the forming of operative and financial strategies in global corporations. Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.ISBN9781781951439.OCLC951159398.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^abDecentralisering av statlig verksamhet — ett led i regionalpolitiken [Decentralisation of Government Activity — An Installment in Regionalisation Policy](PDF). Statens offentliga utredningar (SOU) (in Swedish). Vol. SOU 1970:29. Finansdepartementet. 25 May 1970. p. 83. Retrieved24 March 2021.
^abPetersson, Gunilla (2000). "Arbete och utbildning" [Work and Education]. In Nilsson, Hans (ed.).Norrköpings historia : 1900-talet [The History of Norrköping, 20th Century] (in Swedish).Linköping,Sweden: Centre for Local History,Linköping University. pp. 141–142, 159,167–168.ISBN91-7219-848-6.
^"Contact". Swedish Civil Aviation Administration. Retrieved24 March 2021.
^"Organization". Swedish Maritime Administration. Retrieved24 March 2021.
^"Who We Are". Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Retrieved24 March 2021.
