Drug that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine
Anorepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI ) is a type ofdrug thatinhibits thereuptake of themonoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine anddopamine and thereby increasesextracellular levels of these neurotransmitters andnoradrenergic anddopaminergic neurotransmission .[ 1] competitively and/ornoncompetitively inhibiting thenorepinephrine transporter (NET) anddopamine transporter (DAT).[ 1]
NDRIs are used clinically in the treatment of conditions includingattention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),narcolepsy , anddepression . Examples of well-known NDRIs includemethylphenidate andbupropion .
A closely related type of drug is anorepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA).
Many NDRIs exist, including the following:
Amineptine (Survector, Maneon, Directim)Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban)[ 2] Desoxypipradrol (2-DPMP)Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)Difemetorex (Cleofil)Diphenylprolinol (D2PM)Ethylphenidate Fencamfamine (Glucoenergan, Reactivan)Fencamine (Altimina, Sicoclor)Lefetamine (Santenol)Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, Metadate, Methylin, Foquest)Nomifensine (Merital)O-2172 Phenylpiracetam (Phenotropil, Carphedon)Pipradrol (Meretran)Prolintane (Promotil, Katovit)Pyrovalerone (Centroton, Thymergix)Solriamfetol (Sunosi)Tametraline (CP-24,411)WY-46824 Some NDRIs, such asmethylphenidate , may not act as simple NDRIs but rather asDAT "inverse agonists" (and possibly also analogously at the NET as well).[ 3] cocaine may not be acting primarily asmonoamine reuptake inhibitors but instead as robustmonoamine releasing agent -esque drugs, albeit via a differentmechanism of action that conventionalsubstrate -type monoamine releasing agents.[ 3]
Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agents (NDRAs) likeamphetamine andmethamphetamine not only induce monoamine release but also act as monoamine reuptake inhibitors to a lesser extent and hence are additionally NDRIs.[ 4] [ 5]
^a b Stephen M. Stahl (2 March 2009).Antidepressants ISBN 978-0-521-75852-9 . Retrieved10 May 2012 . ^ Stahl, SM; Pradko, JF; Haight, BR; Modell, JG; Rockett, CB; Learned-Coughlin, S (2004)."A Review of the Neuropharmacology of Bupropion, a Dual Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor" .Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry .6 (4):159– 166.doi :10.4088/PCC.v06n0403 .ISSN 1523-5998 .PMC 514842 PMID 15361919 . ^a b Heal DJ, Gosden J, Smith SL (December 2014). "Dopamine reuptake transporter (DAT) "inverse agonism"--a novel hypothesis to explain the enigmatic pharmacology of cocaine".Neuropharmacology .87 :19– 40.doi :10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.012 .PMID 24953830 . ^ Rothman RB, Baumann MH (October 2003). "Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant drugs".Eur J Pharmacol .479 (1– 3):23– 40.doi :10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.054 .PMID 14612135 . ^ Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI, Partilla JS (January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin".Synapse .39 (1):32– 41.doi :10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3 .PMID 11071707 .
SSRIs Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SNRIs Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors NRIs Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors NDRIs Tooltip Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors NaSSAs Tooltip Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants SARIs Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors SMS Tooltip Serotonin modulator and stimulators Others
TCAs Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants TeCAs Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants Others
Non-selective MAOA Tooltip Monoamine oxidase A -selectiveMAOB Tooltip Monoamine oxidase B -selective
DAT Tooltip Dopamine transporter (DRIs Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors )
NET Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter (NRIs Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors )
Others: Antihistamines (e.g.,brompheniramine ,chlorphenamine ,pheniramine ,tripelennamine )Antipsychotics (e.g.,loxapine ,ziprasidone )Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g.,ketamine ,phencyclidine )Dopexamine Ephenidine Ginkgo biloba Indeloxazine Nefazodone Opioids (e.g.,desmetramadol ,methadone ,pethidine (meperidine) ,tapentadol ,tramadol ,levorphanol )
SERT Tooltip Serotonin transporter (SRIs Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors )
Others: A-80426 Amoxapine Antihistamines (e.g.,brompheniramine ,chlorphenamine ,dimenhydrinate ,diphenhydramine ,mepyramine (pyrilamine) ,pheniramine ,tripelennamine )Antipsychotics (e.g.,loxapine ,ziprasidone )Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g.,3-MeO-PCP ,esketamine ,ketamine ,methoxetamine ,phencyclidine )Cyclobenzaprine Delucemine Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Efavirenz Hypidone Medifoxamine Mesembrine Mifepristone MIN-117 (WF-516) N-Me-5-HT Opioids (e.g.,dextropropoxyphene ,methadone ,pethidine (meperidine) ,levorphanol ,tapentadol ,tramadol )Roxindole
VMATs Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters Others
