Nizhny Novgorod Oblast is not rich in natural resources, which are limited to commercial deposits of sand (including titanium-zirconium sands),clay,gypsum,peat, mineralsalt, andtimber.
The sites of Pustyn I and the settlement of Naumovka I, Krasny Bor 5 and others belong to the Mesolithic era in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Burial grounds of the Fatyanovo culture of the Bronze Age were found in the Chkalovsky, Vetluzhsky and Krasnobakovsky districts.[9]
On January 14, 1929, the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast was formed.[10] On July 15 of the same year, it was transformed into the Nizhny Novgorod Territory.
On October 7, 1932, the Nizhny Novgorod Territory was renamed the Gorky Territory (in honor of the writer Maxim Gorky). On December 5, 1936, the Gorky Territory was transformed into the Gorky Oblast (the Mari and Chuvash Republics were taken from the former territory).[11]
On January 7, 1954, the Arzamas Oblast was separated from the Gorky Oblast. On April 23, 1957, the Arzamas Oblast was abolished, and its territory was returned to the Gorky Oblast.
On October 22, 1990, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the Gorky Oblast was renamed the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.[12][13] On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the decision of the presidium of the parliament to rename the region, amending Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978,[14] which entered into force on May 16, 1992.[15]
During theSoviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: the first secretary of the Nizhny Novgorod (then Gorki)CPSU Committee (who in reality had the greatest authority); the chairman of the oblastSoviet (legislative power); and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR in March 1990, the CPSU lost its monopoly on power. The head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor, was appointed/elected alongside the electedregional parliament.
The Charter of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with theConstitution of Russia.
Life expectancy at birth in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
According to the 2010 Census,[17] ethnicRussians at 3,109,661 made up 95.1% of the oblast's population. Other ethnic groups includedTatars (44,103, or 1.4%),Mordva (19,138, or 0.6%),Ukrainians (17,657, or 0.5%), and various smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total. Additionally, 42,349 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[18]
Total fertility rate (2024):[20] 1.28 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[21] Total — 68.93 years (male — 63.81, female — 73.97)
According to the Federal Migration Service, 20,450 foreign citizens were registered in the oblast in 2006. The actual number of foreigners residing in the oblast as of June 1, 2006 was estimated to be over 22,000.[22]
Religion
Religion in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[23][24]
According to a 2012 survey[25] 69.2% of the population of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast adheres to theRussian Orthodox Church, 2% areunaffiliated genericChristians, 2% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of otherOrthodox churches, and 1% are adherents of theSlavic native faith (Rodnovery). In addition, 15% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 10% isatheist, and 0.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[25]
AnIKEA shopping center inFedyakovo.Shukhov towers built in Nizhny Novgorod suburbs near Dzerzhinsk in 1927–1929
The oblast ranks seventh in Russia in industrial output. Processing industries predominate in the local economy. More than 650 industrial companies employ nearly 700,000 people, or 62% of the workforce involved in material production. Industry generates 83% of the regionalGDP and accounts for 89% of all material expenditures. The leading sectors are engineering and metalworking, followed by chemical and petrochemical industries and forestry, woodworking, and paper industries. The first three sectors account for about 75% of all industrial production.
The oblast has traditionally been attractive to investors. In 2002, Moody's rating agency confirmed a Caa1rating based on the region's long-term foreign currency liabilities.[26]
The stock market infrastructure is quite well developed in Nizhny Novgorod, and the exchange business is expanding. Companies and organizations registered in the region include 1153 joint-stock companies, 63 investment institutions, 34 commercial banks, 35 insurance companies, 1 voucher investment fund, 1 investment fund, 17 nongovernmental pension funds, 2 associations of professional stock market dealers, and 3 exchanges (stock, currency, and agricultural). The oblast is noted for having relatively highly developed market relations.Today, the region needs serious partners interested in equitable, long-term, mutually beneficial partnerships.
There are 650+ industrial companies in the region,[27] most of them engaged in the following sectors:
Machine-building and engineering
Chemical & petrochemical
Fuel & energy
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy
Construction materials
Glass
Wood and paper
Cloth-making
Food & food processing
Medical & pharmaceuticals
Printing & publishing.
Peat extraction.
These key industries are supplemented by other sectors of the economy such as agriculture, trade, services, communications and transport.
Законодательное Собрание Нижегородской области. №219-З 30 декабря 2005 г. «Нижегородская область. Устав», в ред. Закона №91-З от 21 июня 2016 г «О поправке к статье 6 Устава Нижегородской области». Вступил в силу 28 января 2006 г. Опубликован: "Правовая среда" (приложение к газете "Нижегородские новости"), №3(676), 18 января 2006 г. (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. #219-Z December 30, 2005Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Charter, as amended by the Law #91-Z of June 21, 2016On the Amendment to Article 6 of the Charter of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Effective as of January 28, 2006.).
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