TheKremlin – thehistoric centre of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. Thedemonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident isнижегородец (nizhegorodets) for men orнижегородка (nizhegorodka) for women, rendered in English asNizhegorodian.Novgorodian is improper, as it refers to a resident ofVeliky Novgorod. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the2018 FIFA World Cup.[18]
Originally, the name was justNovgorod ('Newtown'), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-knownNovgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly calledNovgorod of the Lower Lands, orLower Newtown. The city and surrounding land is calledlower (nizhniy;нижний), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situateddownstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow,Vladimir andMurom.
From 1932 to 1990, the city was known asGorky (Горький,[ˈɡorʲkʲɪj]).
The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by grand princeYuri II of Vladimir in 1221 at theconfluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, theVolga andOka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme ofEast Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until thecapture of Kazan in 1552.[citation needed]
The independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuousMordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces underPurgaz in April 1229 was repulsed. After the death of Yuri II on 4 March 1238 at theBattle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, the fortress of Nizhny Novgorod took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.[citation needed]
Along withMoscow andTver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped devastation during theMongol invasion of Kievan Rus' on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centres in Russian political life during the hegemony of theGolden Horde. With the agreement of the Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into theVladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerfulSuzdal Principality was moved there fromGorodets in 1350. Grand DukeDmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extantmanuscript of thePrimary Chronicle, theLaurentian Codex, was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.[citation needed]
After the city's incorporation into theGrand Principality of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the nameShuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person ofVasily I of Moscow. After being burnt by the powerfulCrimean Tatar chiefEdigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold intheir wars against theTatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brickKremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.[citation needed]
In 1612, the so-called "national militia", gathered by a local merchant,Kuzma Minin, and commanded byKnyazDmitry Pozharsky expelled thePolish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to theTime of Troubles and establishing the rule of theRomanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin andPozharsky, although it is locally known simply asMinin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. In commemoration of these events, on 21 October 2005, an exact copy of theRed Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.[citation needed]
In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by theStroganovs, the wealthiest merchant family of Russia, as a base for their operations. A particular style ofarchitecture and icon painting, known as theStroganov school, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.[citation needed]
In 1817, theMakaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as thetrade capital of theRussian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineerAlexander Popov and the world's firsthyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineerVladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at theAll-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics, the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.[citation needed]
The largest industrial enterprise was theSormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway toMoskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century, the city was also a first-rank industrial hub.Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leaderWalter Reuther.[citation needed]
There are four monuments to those executed in the city between 1918 and 1945: two mark sites where victims were killed and buried during theRussian Civil War, at the Pochainsky[19] and Gendarmes Ravines.[20] The others mark sites in the city at the Bugrovskoe and the Marina Roshcha cemeteries, where those executed or who died in prison were buried.[21][22]
There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before theOctober Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in theSoviet Era when the railway toKotelnich was opened for service in 1927.
TheMarxist activist and Tsarist dissidentMaxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the cityproletariat. When he returned to theSoviet Union in 1932 on the invitation ofJoseph Stalin, the city was renamedGorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.
DuringWorld War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected toair raids and bombardments byGermany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was a major supplier of military equipment to the front. Of the attacks made in the rear of theSoviet Union, these became the most powerful in the entire duration of the war.[citation needed]
During much of the Soviet era, the city wasclosed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists travelling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of thePresidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded theOrder of Lenin.Mátyás Rákosi, the former Stalinist General Secretary ofHungary'scommunist party, died in exile there in 1971. On20 November 1985, in the city the first section of themetro was launched. Thephysicist andNobel Peace Prize laureateAndrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.[23]
The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod was celebrated on 21 August 2021. It celebrated the history and the great people who came from the city. The climax of the celebration was the city's 800th Anniversary Gala Show.Natalia Vodianova gave a speech andVladimir Putin was in attendance.[24] TheCentral Bank of Russia issued commemorative coins to honor the 800th anniversary.[25]
Nizhny Novgorod is divided by theOka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (Russian:Нагорная часть,Nagornaya chast,Mountainous part) is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:
Nizhegorodsky (theKremlin, the historical and administrative centre of the city);
In 1834, the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service; since 1978, it has been known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.
Theclimate in the region is continental, specificallyhumid continental (Dfb), and it is similar to theclimate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from +19 °C (66 °F) in July to −9 °C (16 °F) in January. Average annual temperature is +4.8 °C (40.6 °F), wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%. Being far enough away from theBaltic Sea for maritime effects to lower, Nizhny Novgorod has similar winters toBothnian Bay climates near theArctic Circle, but instead has very warm summers for its latitude.
Nizhny receives on average 1,775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), and the minimum in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75% to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter, the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('cumulus cloud'), and disappear towards the evening.
In spring, temperatures set above zero around 5 April and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation.Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from −10 °C (14 °F) to −20 °C (−4 °F). A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). Inspring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April.Summer comes at the beginning of June, when the temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from +15 °C (59 °F) to +20 °C (68 °F). A maximum temperature of +38.2 °C (100.8 °F) was recorded during the2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summerrain is short but intense, with strongwind. In September, temperature starts to drop and gets below +10 °C (50 °F) in the mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily inautumn, and the sky is overcast.
Climate data for Nizhny Novgorod (1991–2020, extremes 1835–present)
The city of Nizhny Novgorod is governed by the city administration and the City Duma. The mayor of the city may be the chairman of the City Duma; however, it may be another person.
The mayor is at the head of the city. The city administration and the city duma are subordinate to him. There are no direct elections of the mayor for city residents. The mayor is appointed by the decision of theCity Duma.[33] Since 28 October 2020, Yuri Shalabaev has been the mayor of Nizhny Novgorod.[34]
The current mayor of Nizhny Novgorod is Yuri Shalabaev
From 1991 to 2009, the mayor of the city was elected by the townspeople for a term of 5 years. During this time, four people have been in this post: Dmitry Bednyakov,Ivan Sklyarov, Yuri Lebedev,Vadim Bulavinov (twice).
In recent years, the role of the regional government headed by thegovernor in city affairs has significantly increased.
On 25 October 2010, the position of mayor was abolished and instead two formal positions appeared—the head of the city and the head of the administration. Oleg Sorokin was elected mayor of the city. At an extraordinary meeting of the City Duma on 3 December 2010, Oleg Kondrashov was approved as the head of the administration of Nizhny Novgorod.
On 22 July 2015, by the decision of the City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod, Kondrashov was removed from his post. Since then, he has been wanted by thepolice.[35] On 19 December 2017, the mayor of the city, Oleg Sorokin, was arrested.[36] On 7 March 2019, the Nizhny Novgorod District Court sentenced him to 10 years in a strict regime colony with a fine of 460.8 million rubles.[37]
On 7 October 2015,Ivan Karnilin became the head of the city. In December 2016, opposition bloggerAlexei Navalny published a video of his investigation, featuring Karnilin as the hero. As it turned out, it is possible that his ex-wife bought two apartments inMiami in 2013 and 2014 for a total of almost $2 million.[38] On 23 May 2017, Karnilin wrote a letter of resignation, which was adopted by the City Duma.[39] All this time, an anti-corruption check was going on, which began long before the "investigation" of Alexei Navalny.[40]
After Ivan Karnilin, the last position of the head of the city was held byElizaveta Solonchenko, who held it from 21 June to 20 December 2017. After that, the post of mayor of the city returned, which was taken byVladimir Panov. He held this position from 17 January 2018 to 6 May 2020. Panov resigned ahead of schedule in connection with the transfer to a new position of Deputy Chairman of the State Commission for the Development of the Arctic.[41]
Since 6 May 2020, Yury Shalabaev has taken the post of mayor.[42] He introduced the practice of weekly online meetings with city residents in hisTelegram channel.[43] This significantly affected the speed of execution of various instructions and control. Shalabaev works closely withGovernorGleb Nikitin. Under his mayorship, a large-scale modernization of public transport continues: the purchase of new transport, the introduction of contactless payment,[44] the construction of newmetro stations.[45] The quality of roads has also improved. The system of Nizhny Novgorod central diameters was launched.[46]
The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod was approved on 16 August 1781.[47]
The coat of arms and flag of the city depicts a red deer, which is a symbol of nobility, purity and greatness, life, wisdom and justice. The current city coat of arms and flag were adopted on 20 December 2006.[48][49]
The coat of arms of the city of Nizhny Novgorod is an image of a deer on aFrench heraldic shield, framed on the sides and bottom with a ribbon of the Order of Lenin. Above the upper part of the coat of arms there is a five-toothed crown, showing that Nizhny Novgorod is an urban district—the capital of theNizhny Novgorod Oblast.
Since the reign ofEmperorAlexander III, Nizhny Novgorod has become the centre of all-Russian merchants. On 15 July 1822 the largestNizhny Novgorod fair was solemnly opened on the left bank of theOka. Then Nizhny Novgorod became the main city of all-Russian and international trade.[50] In 1929, the Fair was closed, and the city's economy began to develop in a completely different direction.
The Soviet city of Gorky became one of the largest industrial centres in Russia, the leading role in which belonged to the enterprises of mechanical engineering, metalworking and information technology. At the same time, the first auto giant, theGorky Automobile Plant, was built.[51]
The very foundation of the city at the confluence of two navigable rivers predetermined both its military-strategic and commercial significance. Local merchants traded not only with Moscow, Kazan, Yaroslavl, Astrakhan, but also with the cities of Europe and Central Asia.[52] In May 1767, during the royal visit ofEmpressCatherine II, she ordered the creation of a new enterprise, the Nizhny Novgorod Trading Company.
The main factor in the formation of Nizhny Novgorod as the main trading centre ofRussia at the beginning of the 19th century was the transfer here in 1817 of theMakariev Fair.[50]
At the expense of the treasury, under the general project and under the leadership ofAugustine de Betancourt, the largest guest complex in Europe was created.[53] At the stage before 1822, the Cathedral of the Savior was built according to the project ofAuguste de Montferrand, 3 administrative, 4 "Chinese" wooden and 56 brick buildings with thousands of shops, hotels, taverns and a summer theatre.[54] For the first time inEurope, sewerage was provided here. At the second stage, the complex of the Cathedral of the Savior was completed, a mosque and anArmenian-Gregorian church were built. The third stage marked a strict rectangular redevelopment of the fair with the paving of all streets, the creation of a number of new places of worship, including theAlexander Nevsky Cathedral, a three-story commercial building, called the Persian Caravanserai, was erected near the mosque. The fourth stage was the last in a series of reconstructions and included: the construction of the stone circus of the Nikitin brothers, the Brazilian passage on theatre Square, the new Main Fair House in the Russian style, which became one of the largest passages of the Russian Empire.[50]
The current Nizhny Novgorod fair is an interactive museum. The inauguration of the governor and various official events are held in the armorial hall.
World Trade centre Nizhny Novgorod
Currently, trade in Nizhny Novgorod is represented mainly by its retail sector. In the 1990s, Belinsky Street was actively built up with shopping centres. In the mid-2000s, three shopping centres were built on the territory of Old Kanavino near the Railway Station, on Revolution Square. In 2008, in the very centre of Nizhny Novgorod, near the historical quarter known as the Black Pond, the Lobachevsky Plaza business centre was built, which was recognized as one of the best architectural projects of 2009.
In January 2019, Nizhny Novgorod was recognized as the best city in Russia in terms of quality of life.[55] It took first place among Russian cities and 109th in the world in terms of quality of life. The rating was compiled by the website numbeo.com, which specializes in statistics on the cost of living and consumer prices in different countries of the world.[56] When compiling the rating, the purchasing power of the population, safety, health care, the cost of living, the ratio of real estate prices and incomes of the population, traffic congestion, the level of environmental pollution, and climate were taken into account.
Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centres of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of softwareR&D providers.[citation needed]Intel has a big software research and development centre with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major data centre. In 2022 Intel suspended business operations in Nizhny Novgorod.[58]
In Nizhny Novgorod, there are also a number ofoffshore outsourcingsoftware developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd, MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom and Teleca, as well as many other smaller companies specialising in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.
There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them areNizhny Novgorod State University,Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University,Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.
Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favourable tax and customs policy.
Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture, and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).
Public transportation within the city is provided by atrams,marshrutkas (routed taxis), buses, andtrolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.
Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting withrailway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.[59]
Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with themetro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines:Sormovskaya andPriokskaya. It was founded on 24 June 2013, on the basis of theGorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.
TheGorky Railway, aRussian Railways department which operates some 5,700 km (3,500 mi) of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and 1,200 km (750 mi) in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow.[60] Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod fromMoscow,Saint Petersburg,Kazan,Yaroslavl and others. А fasttrain transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. Passengers can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along theTrans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in theUrals andSiberia, as well as toBeijing,Pyongyang andUlaanbaatar.
Nizhny Novgorod is an important centre ofVolga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod,Moscow,Saint Petersburg, andAstrakhan. In 2006 a small number ofMeteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod – Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod – Makaryevo.
The city is served by theRussian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod –Kazan –Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod –Saransk –Penza –Saratov).
The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of the city centre) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south.[62][63] Currently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:
Kanavino Bus Station, near the Moscow Railway Station. Mostly serves directions west and northwest (e.g. toward Moscow)
Scherbinki Bus Station, a few miles south of the city centre. Mostly serves directions east and south.
Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.
In 2012, thecableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod andBor was launched.[64] The length of the cableway is 3.5 km (2.2 miles). It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface, which is 861 metres (2,825 feet). The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins.
Around 100 metres (330 feet) from the Borskaya station is the park of historical reconstruction ofPax Romana, which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st–2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. On 31 July 2014, there was an incident when lightning struck a metal support near the booth during a heavy thunderstorm, and the cable car was stopped with people in the cabins.[65]
It is unknown when the firstaerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was 0.5 km (0.31 mi) north of where the "Moscow" cinema stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility while the new one is being built.
A new terminal was opened on 29 December 2015, able to handle around 300 passengers per hour.
Much of thecentral city is built in theRussian Revival andStalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grandKremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.
There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions, there are eight theatres, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 cinemas (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.
The centre of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a 3.5 m (11 ft) high dam was built. On 4 November 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called "Russia is My History" was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is thehistory of Nizhny Novgorod, starting fromFinnic peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in theTime of Troubles and thebombing of the city during theWorld War II.
This is the main street of Nizhny Novgorod, located in the city centre. Most of it is pedestrianised. There are many architectural monuments and various street sculptures.
Other notable landmarks are the two great medievalabbeys. ThePechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.
There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by theStroganovs in the nascentBaroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church[67] (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk[68] (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.
theAlexander Nevsky Cathedral,[70] designed in the Russian Revival style and constructed between 1856 and 1880 at theSpit of Nizhny Novgorod (the confluence of the Oka and the Volga). It is the third-tallest Cathedral in Russia;
TheChkalov Staircase connectsMinin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga, and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev, and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s byGerman prisoners of war forced to labour around Gorky. It is the longest staircase inRussia. The staircase starts from the monument toChkalov, near St. George's Tower of theKremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps if you count it on both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the Hero boat, which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.
Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city centre is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the2018 FIFA World Cup.[18] After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.
Russia hosted the2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the newNizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of theVolga andOka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.[79]The stadium hosted six matches of the FIFA World Cup:
18 June 2018 15:00 Sweden – South Korea, Group F
21 June 2018 21:00 Argentina – Croatia, Group D
24 June 2018 15:00 England – Panama, Group G
27 June 2018 21:00 Switzerland – Costa Rica, Group E
1 July 2018 21:00 Croatia – Denmark Round of 16
6 July 17:00, Uruguay – France Quarter-finals
During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop, and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.
Nizhpoligraf - Polygraphic industrial and Publishing centre
Nizhny Novgorod is the centre of television and radio broadcasting in the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet, and print media.
In the city, there are some popular urban newspapers.Nizhegorodskaya Pravda,Stolitsa Nizhny andNizhegorodsky rabochiy are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod.Nizhegorodskaya pravda is the oldest newspaper of the city.
One of the first TV channels in the city was NNTV. It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also, there is the TV channelVolga. The earlier existing most popular TV channel, Seti-NN, stopped broadcasting in December 2015.
^Vladimir Kuchin (2018).Десять веков Нижегородского края. 1152—2018 [Ten centuries of the Nizhny Novgorod region. 1152 - 2018]. Vol. 3. Издательские решения ('Publishing Solutions').ISBN978-5-4490-6270-3.
^"Символика города".Администрация Нижнего Новгорода (in Russian). 12 February 2023.Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved12 February 2023.
Munro-Butler-Johnstone, Henry Alexander,A trip up the Volga to the fair of Nijni-Novgorod, Oxford: J. Parker and co., 1876.
Fitzpatrick, Anne Lincoln,The Great Russian Fair: Nizhnii Novgorod, 1840-90, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, in association with St. Antony's College, Oxford, 1990.ISBN0-333-42437-9
Городская Дума города Нижнего Новгорода. №91 23 ноября 2005 г. «Устав города Нижнего Новгорода». Вступил в силу с 1 января 2006 г., но не ранее официального опубликования после государственной регистрации, за исключением подпункта 13 пункта 10 статьи 43, вступающего в силу в сроки, установленные федеральным законом, определяющим порядок организации и деятельности муниципальной милиции. Опубликован: "Нижегородский рабочий", No.234/15894, 30 декабря 2005 г. (City Duma of the City of Nizhny Novgorod. #91 23 November 2005Charter of the City of Nizhny Novgorod. Effective as of 1 January 2006, but not earlier than the official publication date following the state registration, and with the exception of subitem 13 of item 10 of Article 43, which takes effect during the timeframe to be set by a federal law legislating the organization and functioning of the municipalmilitsiya.).
Законодательное собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №184-З от 16 ноября 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области», в ред. Закона №58-З от 5 мая 2016 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Нижегородской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области"». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №218(3390), 23 ноября 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #184-Z of November 16, 2005On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, as amended by the Law #58-Z of May 5, 2016On Amending the Law of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast". Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
Законодательное Собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №205-З от 22 декабря 2005 г. «О утверждении границ, состава территории городского округа город Нижний Новгород», в ред. Закона №16-З от 7 февраля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Нижегородской области». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №2(3414), 11 января 2006 г. (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #205-Z of December 22, 2005On Establishing the Borders, Territorial Composition of the Urban Okrug of the City of Nizhny Novgorod, as amended by the Law #16-Z of February 7, 2011On Amending Various Laws of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
Президиум Верховного Совета РСФСР. Указ от 22 октября 1990 г. «О переименовании города Горького в город Нижний Новгород и Горьковской области в Нижегородскую области». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Decree of 22 October 1990On Changing the Name of the City of Gorky to the City of Nizhny Novgorod and the Name of Gorky Oblast to Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. ).
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