| Ningde | |
|---|---|
| 寧德話 | |
| Native to | Ningde,Fujian |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-icb |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
TheNingde dialect (Eastern Min:寧德話) is a dialect ofEastern MinChinese spoken in urban areas ofNingde,China, which is aprefecture-level city in the northeastern coast ofFujian province.
The Ningde dialect has 15 initials, 78 rimes and 7 tones.
p,pʰ,m,t,tʰ,n,l,ts,tsʰ,s,k,kʰ,ŋ,x,ʔ
10monophthongs:a,ɛ,œ,ø,ɔ,o,i,u,y
18 compound vowels:ai,ei,ɔi,oi,øy,au,ɛu,eu,ou,ia,ie,iu,iɐu,ua,uo,ui,uai,uoi
15 nasal rimes:aŋ,ɛŋ,eŋ,œŋ,øŋ,ɔŋ,oŋ,iŋ,uŋ,yŋ,iaŋ,iɛŋ,uaŋ,uoŋ,yøŋ
26 checked rimes:aʔ,ɛʔ,œʔ,øʔ,ɔʔ,iʔ,iaʔ,iɛʔ,uaʔ,uoʔ,yøʔ,ak̚,ɛk̚,ek̚,œk̚,øk̚,ɔk̚,ok̚,ik̚,uk̚,yk̚,iak̚,iɛk̚,uak̚,uok̚,yøk̚
These 6 nasal rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda-ŋ, and will disappear in future:am,ɛm,em,im,iɛm,ɔn
These 5 checked rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda-k̚, and will disappear in future:ap̚,ɛp̚,ep̚,ip̚,iɛp̚
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone name | dark level 陰平 | light level 陽平 | rising 上聲 | dark departing 陰去 | light departing 陽去 | dark entering 陰入 | light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | ˦ (44) | ˨ (22) | ˦˨ (42) | ˧˥ (35) | ˧˧˨ (332) | ˨ (2) | ˥ (5) |
The two-syllable initialassimilation rules are shown in the table below:
| Coda of the Former Syllable | Initial Assimilation |
|---|---|
| Null coda | The initial of the latter syllable may change: |
| Nasal coda | The initial of the latter syllable may change:
|
| checked coda | The former syllable lost its checked coda at first; then, the initial assimilation of latter syllable follow the law above. |
| checked coda/-p̚/ | The Initial of latter syllable change to/p/ while the former syllable lost its checked coda/-p̚/ |
The Ningde dialect has extremely extensivetone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the columns give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the rows give the citation tone of the second syllable):
| dark level 44 | light level 22 | rising 42 | dark departing 35 | light departing 332 | dark entering 2 | light entering 5 | |
| dark level 44 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
| light level 22 | remain unchanged | ||||||
| rising 42 | 55 | ||||||
| dark departing 35 | 55 | ||||||
| light departing 332 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
| dark entering 2 | 55 | ||||||
| light entering 5 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
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