Ningbo is one of the 15sub-provincial cities in China, and is one of the fiveseparate state-planning cities[7] in China (the other four beingDalian,Qingdao,Xiamen, andShenzhen), with the municipality possessing a separate state-planning status in many economic departments, rather than being governed byZhejiang Province. Therefore, Ningbo has provincial-level autonomy in making economic and financial policies.[8]
In 2022, theGDP of Ningbo was CNY 1570,43 billion[9] (US$233.479 billion), and it was ranked 12th among 293 cities in China.[10] Moreover, Ningbo is among the wealthiest cities in China; it ranked 8th in terms of average yearly disposable income in the year of 2020.[11] As of 2020, Ningbo has global headquarters and registered offices of over 100 listed companies,[12] and many regional business headquarters. In 2021, Ningbo featured the seventh most listed companies of all cities in China.[13] Furthermore, Ningbo was among the top 10 Chinese cities in the Urban Business Environment Report released by the Chinese state mediaChina Central Television (CCTV) in 2019.[14]
As a city with rich culture and a long history dating back to theJingtou Mountain Culture in 6300 BCE and theHemudu culture in 4800 BCE, Ningbo was awarded "City of Culture in East Asia" by the governments of China, Japan, and Korea in 2016.[15] From 1842, Ningbo was one of the first fivetreaty ports opened up to the West. Ningbo is one of the top 100 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by theNature Index.[16]
The first character in the city's namening (宁 or寧) means "serene", while its second characterbo (波) translates to "wave". The city is abbreviated "甬" (pinyin:Yǒng) for the eponymous "Yong Hill" (甬山), a prominent coastal hill near the city, and theYong River that flows through Ningbo city.
Formerly known as Mingzhou (明州; Míngzhōu), Ningbo boasts a rich historical background. The name Mingzhou is derived from the characters "明" (Míng), which symbolizes the presence of two lakes within the city walls: the Sun Lake (日湖) and theMoon Lake (月湖). This nomenclature traces its roots back to the Tang dynasty in 636 CE, reflecting the enduring history of Ningbo. While the original Sun Lake dried up during the 19th century, the Ningbo government embarked on its restoration in 2002.
Ningbo is one of China's oldest cities, with a history dating back to theJingtou Mountain Culture in 6300 BCE andHemudu culture in 4800 BCE. Ningbo was known as a trade city on theSilk Road at least two thousand years ago, and later as a major port for foreign trade. According toErik Zürcher, among the nineteen Ashokan stupas in China, those at Changgan Temple in Nanjing and Ayuwang (Ashoka) Temple near Ningbo were particularly venerated, highlighting their importance in the early spread of Buddhism in China.[17]
As of 2020, the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from theJingtou Mountain site in Yuyao.[18] These relics date back to 6300 BCE, evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice, farming tools, remains of dry-fence buildings, remains of domestic livestock, and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of theHemudu culture (5000–4500 BCE), evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain, where modern-day Ningbo city is located.[18]
Before theHan dynasty, the area where Ningbo City is located today was sparsely populated. In theXia dynasty, the location of Ningbo was called "Yin". In theSpring and Autumn period, the area where Ningbo to which Ningbo belonged was theYue State. At that time, the Yue King Goujian built Juzhang City in the present-day Cicheng Town, which became the earliest city in Ningbo. In the latter half of theWarring States period, the area of Ningbo became the jurisdiction ofChu State. In 221 BCE, Qin unified the six states and the Ningbo area was delegated toKuaiji Commandery, with three counties of Yin, Yin, and Juzhang (some studies assert there were four counties of Yin, Yin, Juzhang, and Yuyao). In the early years of the Western Han dynasty,Kuaiji Commandery belonged to the Kingdom of Jing and Wu. After the Seven Kingdoms was settled,Kuaiji Commandery was restored. In 589 CE (Sui Kai Huang nine years), the counties were merged under the Wu kingdom.
Tianfeng Tower, originally built during the Tang dynasty, is the symbol of old Ningbo.A rock garden inside Tianyi Chamber
Since theTang dynasty, Ningbo has been an important commercial port. Arab traders lived in Ningbo during theSong dynasty when it was known as Mingzhou or Siming,[19] since the ocean-going trade passages took precedence over land trade during this time.[20][21] It was a well known center of ocean-going commerce with the foreign world.[22] These merchants did not intermingle with native Chinese, instead practicing their own customs and religion and inhabiting ghettos. They did not try to proselytize Islam to the Chinese.[23] There was also a large Jewish community in Ningbo, as evidenced by the fact that, after a major flood destroyedTorah scrolls inKaifeng in 1642, a replacement was sent to theKaifeng Jews by theJews at Ningbo.[24]
From the Tang to the late Ming dynasty, the ports of Ningbo andHangzhou saw the most direct trade between China andJapan.
The city of Ningbo was known in Europe for a long time under the name of Liampó. This was the usual spelling used, for example in the standard Portuguese history,João de Barros'sDécadas da Ásia, although Barros explained that Liampó was a Portuguese "corruption" of the more correct Nimpó.[25][26] The spelling Liampó is also attested to in thePeregrination (Peregrinação) byFernão Mendes Pinto, a (so-called) autobiography written in Portuguese during the 16th century. For the mid-16th-century Portuguese, the nearby promontory, which they called the cape of Liampó after the nearby "illustrious city", was the easternmost known point of the mainland Asia.[25] The Portuguese began trading in Ningbo around 1522. By 1542, the Portuguese had a sizable community in Ningbo (or, more likely, on nearby small islands such asShuangyu). Portuguese activities from their Ningbo base included pillaging and attacking multiple Chinese port cities around Ningbo. They also enslaved people during their raids.[27] The Portuguese were ousted from the Ningbo area in 1548.
In May 1523, a brawl between trade representatives from rival Japanese clans escalated into pillaging and piracy, an event known as theNingbo incident.
Ningbo was one of the five Chinesetreaty ports opened by theTreaty of Nanjing signed in 1842 at the end of theFirst Opium War between theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and China. During the war, British forces briefly took possession of the walled city of Ningbo after storming the fortified town ofZhenhai at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10, 1841. The British subsequently repulsed a Chinese attempt to retake the city in theBattle of Ningpo on 10 March 1842. In 1861, the forces of theTaiping Kingdom took the city relatively unopposed as the defending garrison and all Ningbo residents fled except for theJews andPersians; they held the town for six months. In March 1885, during theSino-French War, Admiral Courbet's naval squadron blockaded several Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay and exchanged fire with the shore defenses.
Ningbo was also once famed for traditional Chinese furniture production, and western encyclopedias described Ningbo as a center of craftsmanship and industry.[28][29]
During the 1800s Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate Portuguese pirates who had raided Canton shipping around Ningbo. The massacre was "successful", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Cantonese dead. It was dubbed "The Ningpo Massacre" by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Cantonese Chinese, and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates.
During the late Qing era, Western missionaries set up aPresbyterian Church in Ningbo. Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church.[30] The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch. The four trustees were natives of Ningbo, and three of them had Taotai rank.[31] Rev. George Evans Moule, B.A., was appointed as a missionary to China by theChurch of England Missionary Society, and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858. His time was chiefly divided between Ningpo and another mission station he began at Hang-chow. He wrote Christian publications in theNingbo dialect.[32]
DuringWorld War II in 1940, between 80% and 90% of Ningbo's population fled Ningbo, leaving primarily the elderly behind.[33] The Japanese bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full offleas carryingbubonic plague. An outbreak of bubonic plague followed. Bacteriologist Huang Ketai reported that at least 109 people died from the plague in Ningbo in November and December 1940.[34] According to Daniel Barenblatt, imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo were recorded on film in 1940.[35]
Ningpo (labeled YIN-HSIEN (NINGPO)鄞縣) (1952)Ningbo city templeThe Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was built between 1872 and 1876, was closed by the government in 1963, and was reopened and renamed in 1980. It was recognized as a national heritage site in 2006.
Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28° 51' to 30° 33' N and in longitude from 120° 55' to 122° 16' E, bounded on the east by theEast China Sea andZhoushan Archipelago; on the north byHangzhou Bay, across which it facesJiaxing andShanghai; on the west byShaoxing; and on the south byTaizhou. Its land area is 9,816 square kilometers (3,790 sq mi), while its oceanic territory amounts to 9,758 km2 (3,768 sq mi); there is a total 1,562 km (971 mi) of coastline, including 788 km (490 mi) of mainland coastline and 774 km (481 mi) of island coastline that together accounting for one-third of the entire provincial coastline. There are 531 islands accounting for 524 km2 (202 sq mi) under the city's administration.
Ningbo's city proper is sandwiched between the ocean and low-lying mountains to the southwest, with coastal plain and valleys in between. Its central business district is bisected by the Yongjiang River. Important peninsulas include theChuanshan Peninsula (穿山半岛), located in Beilun District and containing mainland Zhejiang's easternmost point, and theXiangshan Peninsula (象山半岛) inXiangshan County. TheSiming Mountains (四明山) run north fromMount Tiantai and within Ningbo City, traversingYuyao City,Haishu District, andFenghua District, and reaching a height of 979 m (3,212 ft).
Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however, large areas have been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.[36]
Ningbo has ahumid subtropical climate (KöppenCfa) with four distinctive seasons, characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and dry winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is 17.6 °C (63.7 °F), with monthly daily averages ranging from 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) in January to 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −8.8 °C (16 °F) on 12 January 1955 to 42.1 °C (108 °F) on 8 August 2013.[37] The city receives an average annual rainfall of 1,430 mm (56 in) and is affected by theplum rains of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. From August to October, Ningbo experiences the effects oftyphoons, and is affected by an average 1.8 storms annually, though the city is not often struck directly by these systems. A 2012 OECD study lists Ningbo among the top 20 cities worldwide most at risk of flooding due to anthropogenic climate change.[38]
Ningbo is among the cities in China which are implementingsponge city strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.[39]
Climate data for Ningbo (Yinzhou District), elevation 6 m (20 ft), (1991–2020 normals, Extremes 1951–present)
Ningbo is an important port city located 220 kilometers (140 mi) south ofShanghai. The city's export industry dates back to the 7th century. Today, Ningbo is a major exporter of electrical products, textiles, food, and industrial tools. The city's private sector is especially well-developed, contributing 80 percent of total GDP in 2013.[50]
Historically, Ningbo was somewhat geographically isolated from other major cities. In 2007 theHangzhou Bay Bridge was built, cutting highway transit time between Ningbo and Shanghai from four hours to two and a half. The city now serves as the economic center for the southern Yangtze River Delta and has been ranked among the most competitive cities in China.[50]
In 2009, Ningbo's economic activity reached US$60.8 billion, down 10.4 percent from 2008. The exports totaled US$38.65 billion, down 16.6 percent from the previous year. In addition, Ningbo imported US$22.16 billion of goods, up 3.1 percent from the previous year.[51]
Ningbo's economy grew 9.26 percent in 2013 to 712.89 billion yuan (US$115.12 billion).[50] In 2009, the city's per capita output was US$10,833, about three times the national average.[52]
With several important development zones established in or around Ningbo, the city has received considerable foreign investment.[53] Over 60 domestic and foreign-invested financial institutions have established operations in the city, which has also attracted more than 10,000 foreigners. The municipal government offers preferential policies designed to encourage investment in international trade, new strategic industries, manufacturing, information services, and creative industries.[50]
Located in the north-east of Ningbo, behind Beilun Port, NETD is 27 km (17 mi) away from the city center. With more than 20 years of great effort, NETD has already formed the general framework for large scale construction and development, and established the perfect investment environment. It is situated close to the Ningbo Port and Ningbo Lishe International Airport. Major Investors includeExxonMobil,Dupont andDow Chemical.[54]
The Ningbo Daxie Development Zone was approved in 1993 and covers an area of 5.92 km2 (2.29 sq mi). Over more than ten years of development and construction, industrial and logistical foundations have been established in the zone for the transshipment of energy, liquid chemicals and containers.[54]
Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1999 and was upgraded to a national level zone in January 2007. It is 10 km (6.2 mi) from Ningbo International Airport and 18 km (11 mi) away from Ningbo Port. The zone serves as the important technical innovation base of Yangtze River Delta. Industries encouraged include chemicals production and processing, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, raw material processing, Research and Development.[55]
Ningbo Free Trade Zone is one of the 15 free trade zones authorized by the State Council of China and is the only free trade zone in Zhejiang Province. It was established by State Council in 1992, covering the area of 2.3 km2 (0.89 sq mi). It lies in the middle of the coastline of mainland China, at the south of Yangtze River Delta. In 2008, its industrial output value was RMB 53.33 billion and grew at 19.8 percent as compared to 2007.[56]
The Nordic Industrial Park Co. Ltd. (NIP) is one of the first wholly foreign-owned industrial parks in China located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. NIP is managed and operated by a Scandinavian management team.[57]
The Ningbo Advertising Park is a national level pilot park located in the Ningbo Southern Business District. The financial incentives have attracted over 300 relevant firms to establish operations.[58]
Unlike other Chinese cities, Ningbo has the same authority as provincial governments for economic administration and is the largest port in the world in terms of annual cargo throughput. In contrast to Shanghai, the port is deep-water and capable of handling 300,000-ton vessels. The port is located mainly in Beilun District and Zhenhai District.
In 2006, Ningbo Port started its expansion towards the neighboring island city ofZhoushan to build an even larger port with higher capacity to compete with neighboring ports in the region, such asShanghai's Yangshan a deep-water port. Statistics in 2010 showed that total cargo throughput was 627,000,000 tonnes and container throughput was 13,144,000 TEUs. In 2021, total cargo throughput was 1,224,050,000 tonnes, including 31,080,000 TEUs. Ningbo proper saw 623,400,000 tonnes and 29,370,000 TEUs, while Zhoushan saw 600,650,000 tonnes and 1,710 000,TEUs.Thus, with bulk container breakdowns, hugely improved logistics, and massive chemical and foodstuff processing developments, Ningbo is outcompeting Shanghai for the preeminent Chinese east coast port.[59][60]
Due to its long history and economic prosperity, Ningbo is a city with very rich tourist resources. The following is a list of the main tourist attractions authorized by theNingbo Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Television and Tourism in each subdivision of Ningbo city.
Moon Lake Park (Yuehu Park): Areservoir excavated in the Tang dynasty (636 CE) at the center of Haishu District. The park includes the lake itself, some small islands on the lake, and many ancient Chinese architectures and historical sites, such as:
Tianyi Pavilion (or Tianyi Chamber): One of Ningbo's most popular and famous tourist attractions. Built in 1516 CE, it is the oldest library existent in Asia and is one of the 3 oldest private libraries in the world. The collection dates back to the 11th century and includes woodblock and handwritten copies of theConfucian classics, rare local histories, and lists of the candidates successful inimperial examinations. The currently Tianyi Pavilion refers to the whole museum complex that includes:
Tianyi Pavilion-related buildings such as:
The ancient Chinese mansion of the library's first owner, Fan Qing, built during the Ming dynasty (1516 CE)
An ancient private theater of Chinese plays as part of Fan's mansion
AMahjong (麻將) museum, since Ningbo is regarded as the birthplace of Mahjong
He Ancestral Temple (賀祕監祠): A cultural built in honor of the Chinese poetHe Zhizhang (賀知章, 659 CE – 744 CE) during the Tang dynasty who called himself the "Siming Crazy Guest", where "Siming" is the name of a mountain in Ningbo. The building was completed during the Song dynasty (1144 CE) and repaired during the Qing dynasty (1865 CE).
Ancient Korean Embassy: Built during the Northern Song dynasty to welcome Korean envoys and business groups. Destroyed by war in 1130 CE, the site was announced as a cultural relics protection unit in 1984. It is now a showroom for the history of relations between Ningbo and Korea.
Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao Temple: A Ningbo-born novelistQu You wrote a fiction calledPeony Dengji (牡丹燈記,Janpanese:Botan Dōrō also known as 怪談牡丹燈籠Tales of the Peony Lantern) (in the collection ofJiandeng Xinhua). It describes a love story between ghost and a man duringFang Guozhen period. The story took place at the Moon Lake. Japanese scholar Koyama Issei identified many of the locations, including Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao temple, that would fit geographically and architecturally of the places mentioned in the story. The story was adapted as one of threeKaidan tales in Japan.
Drum Tower Complex (Haishu Tower): The only remaining ruin of an old city gate tower constructed during the Tang dynasty. At the top, there is a six-meter-high Romanesque bell tower added in the Republic period. Around the base of the tower is a commercial area where all the buildings are reconstructed in the traditional style.
Chenghuang Temple (Ningbo County Temple): An ancient temple of the City God at commercial center in downtown Ningbo.
Tianfeng Pagoda: This national cultural relics protection site is a typical Song-style loft-style brickwood structure tower unique to Jiangnan. This hexagonal building is a landmark and the tallest ancient structure in the city. It appears as a seven-story tower with another seven stories underground, and is renowned for its long history, architectural value, and ancient artifacts. The tower was first built in 695 CE during the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE).
Tianyi Square: Located in the bustling old downtown of Ningbo City with the nationwide famous shopping complex, named after the Tianyi Ge (Chamber), the oldest private library in Asia.
Nantang Old Street: An old commercial street by the river with many folk arts and crafts shops, souvenir stores, and small restaurants. Previously, Nantang Street was a place for local fairs and flea markets. In 2013, the street was renovated to become a tourist site.
Liangzhu Cultural Park: A theme park dedicated to the story of theButterfly Lovers, one of the four folklores in China. The Butterfly Lovers is reputed as the oriental version ofRomeo and Juliet.
Baiyun Manor: An ancient academy whereHuang Zongxi (黃宗羲) gave lectures. Huang, whose style name is Taichong, was a distinguished thinker, writer, and historian of the late Ming and early Qing.
Ningbo Wulongtan Scenic Scenic Resort: Also called Five-dragon Pools Scenic Resort, it is one of the Ten New Sceneries in Ningbo, and a National AAAA rated scenic area.
Ningbo Museum (Yinzhou Museum, or Ningbo Historic Museum): A museum focused on Ningbo area history and traditional customs, considered the masterwork ofWang Shu, the first Chinese citizen to win thePritzker Architecture Prize in 2012. The Ningbo Museum is also the main filming location for the 2023 TV series adaptation of scifi author Liu Cixin's novel of the same name,Three Bodies.
Romon U-Park: One of the largest urban indoor theme parks in the world.
Ningbo Eastern New Town: A newly developed area of Ningbo City, with a well-designed CBD (including two 400m skyscrapers and other headquarters of many listed company and government offices), several museums, galleries, and shopping centers, including:
Ningbo Hankyu Commercial Complex: Opened in 2021, it is the first overseas outlet of Hankyu, the famous Japanese department store.
Ningbo New Library
Yinzhou Park and Ningbo Southern CBD
Dongqian Lake: The largest natural freshwater lake inZhejiang Province. The earliest historical record of the lake dates back to theWest Jin dynasty, and there are several natural sceneries and historical attractions around the lake:
Little Putuo: An island on the lake with several temples built during theSong dynasty by a prime minister calledShihao.
Yuefei Temple: A temple built during theSong dynasty in memory ofYuefei.
Taogong Island: The place whereFanli andXishi once lived according to folklore.
Southern Song Dynasty Rock Carving Park: won the "National Cultural Relics Conservation Best Project Award" awarded by the China National Architecture Research Association and the China Cultural Relics Conservation Foundation
Fuquan Mountain: a mountain with a Chinese tea theme park
Ningbo Hanling Old Street: an ancient street with a history thousands of years. It was once called Hanling City. The 'city' here means bazaar.
Qita Temple: A Zen Buddhist temple complex first consecrated during the Tang dynasty in the downtown area of Ningbo city.
Tianhou Temple: A former temple ofMazu as the "Empress of Heaven" once used by Fujianese merchants as their guild hall (Qing'an Huiguan). In the 19th century, it was accounted byS. Wells Williams as the most beautiful place in Ningbo and byJohn Thomson as one of the most beautiful temples in China, but that structure was destroyed during the Chinese Civil War. It has been reconstructed with many of its original works of art, however, to form theEast Zhejiang Maritime Affairs and Folk Customs Museum.
Sanjiangkou: The place where the Yong River, Yaojiang River, and Fenghua River meet, and the heart of old Ningbo city where the borders of 3 urban districts of Ningbo city meet.
Old Bund (Old Waitan): A waterfront area and protected historical district in the center of Ningbo, built earlier than theBund of Shanghai, with lots of early 19th century architectures, stores and restaurants.
Baoguo Temple: The oldest intact wooden structure in eastern China. It is in the first batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Sites in China. Currently, it is the Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum, and has become a teaching and research base for many top architectural universities.
The Seventeen Houses of Zheng's: The seventeen Houses of Zheng exemplify the classical style of residences during the Ming and Qing dynasties in the south part of Yangtze River Basin.
Ningbo Bang Museum and Culture ParkArchived 2021-01-19 at theWayback Machine: Displays exhibits related to the Ningbo Gang (Ningbo Merchants Group), and the development history of the business gang. It was one of the ten largest commercial groups during theMing andQing dynasties, and became the biggest commercial regional group of China in the late Qing dynasty.
TheHangzhou Bay Bridge, a combinationcable-stayed bridge and causeway across Hangzhou Bay, opened to the public on 1 May 2008. This bridge connects the municipalities ofShanghai and Ningbo and is considered the longest trans-oceanic bridge in the world.[65][66] It is the world's second-longest bridge, after theLake Pontchartrain Causeway inLouisiana, United States.
The Jintang Bridge, a four-lane sea crossing bridge linking Jintang Island of Zhoushan and Zhenhai district, is a 27 km (17 mi) long opened on December 26, 2009.
TheXiangshan Harbor Bridge opened to traffic on December 29, 2012, connecting Ningbo with Xiangshan. The 47 km (29 mi) long project includes 22 km (14 mi) as the main body of the bridge and an 8 kilometer long tunnel.[67]
The port of Ningbo is the world's busiest port. It was ranked number 1 in total Cargo Volume (1.22 billion tonnes in 2021[60]) and number 3 in total container traffic (31.1 million TEUs in 2021) since 2019.[68]
With the booming economy in the region, the Xiaoyong Railway, a conventional railway built in the 1950s, could not meet the demand for railway travel between Zhejiang's two largest cities, so construction of a newhigh-speed railway line between Hangzhou and Ningbo started in 2009. The new railway line was finished in 2013 and reduced travel time between Ningbo and Hangzhou to 50 minutes.
TheNingbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou Railway is a high-speed railway that opened in September 2009. It connects Ningbo with cities along the coast to the south toFujian Province. High-speed trains on this line operate at speeds of up to 250 km/h (160 mph).
Ningbo re-opened theNingbo railway station after three years of construction on 28 December 2013. With a construction area of more than 120,000 m2,[69] it is one of the largest railway stations in China.
Ningbo has multiple metro lines in service, under construction, and under authorized planning:
Ningbo Rail Transit in 6 Urban Districts of Ningbo(Not Including 2 County-level Cities and 2 Counties)
Lines
Length in Kilometers (km)
Number of Stations
In-Service Year
Lines in Service
Line 1
46.17
29
2014
Line 2
33.95
27
2015
Line 3
38.63
27
2019
Line 4
36.11
25
2020
Lines Under Construction
Line 2 Extension
2.9
2
2021
Line 5
27.5
22
2021
Line 3 Extension
9.5
5
2023
Line 4 East Extension
2.5
1
Construction Began in 2021
Constructing Plans That Will be Completed by 2026
Line 1 West Extension
1.5
1
by 2026
Line 4 West Extension
2.5
1
by 2026
Line 6
38.6
24
by 2026
Line 7
38.8
25
by 2026
Line 8
22.6
18
by 2026
Since the Metro lines above mainly serve the six urban districts of Ningbo, the Ningbo government announced several future plans to build further rapid transit to connect the six urban districts with the county-level cities and counties.
Ningbo speech is a dialect ofWu Chinese that has preserved many aspects of ancient Chinese phonology. Its original wording mode can be found in classical reference books. After theunequal treaty port opening, western culture gradually permeated Ningbo. Thus, the prefix "洋 yang", meaning ocean or Western, before the nouns of imported goods is a special language phenomenon of Ningbo dialect.[71]
Ningbo is known for NingboTangyuan, small stuffed buns which are boiled. The stuffing is usually ground sesame mixed with sugar or pork fat. The stuffing is then wrapped with sticky rice powder. Ningbo is even more well known throughout China for its seafood. Seafood markets are abundant, carrying extensive varieties of fish, shellfish, snails, jellyfish and other invertebrates, and sea vegetables in all stages of preparation from "still swimming," to cleaned and ready to cook, to fully cooked.
At the end of 2020, there were 1,896 schools of all levels and types in the city, with a total of 1,418,000 students. Among them, there are 15 colleges and universities in Ningbo with 177,000 full-time students; 86 regular high schools with 93,000 students; 35 vocational schools with 69,000 students; 230 junior high schools with 217,000 students; and 427 primary schools with 517,000 students. There were also 838 full-time private primary and secondary schools (including kindergartens) in the city, with 258,000 students, accounting for 21.7% of the city's full-time primary and secondary school students. In thecompulsory education section, there were 288,000 children of migrant workers who went to schools in Ningbo.[72]
Ningbo is one of the top 100 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by theNature Index.[16]
In the whole year of 2020, the city attracted 1,372 more workers with doctoral degrees, for a total of 9,265; 67,000 highly skilled talents, for a total of 551,000; 35 postdoctoral research stations, for a total of 224; and 166,000 graduates, a year-on-year increase of 20.5%. There are 10 offices, totaling 100. Throughout the year, 327,000 skilled personnel were trained in the city.
Ningbo has 15 universities and colleges as of May 2021, as well as many research institutions that offer graduate degree programs. The following is a list of current universities and colleges in Ningbo.
List of Universities and Colleges in Ningbo as of May 2021
As of 2020, many famous universities and research institutions have an operating campus or institutes in Ningbo, most of them offering graduate degree programs.
Part of Research Institutions Offering Graduate Programs in Ningbo
English name
Chinese name
Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所
Ningbo Institute of Technology, BeihangUniversity
北京航空航天大学宁波创新研究院
Zhejiang University, Ningbo
浙江大学宁波校区
Harbin Institute of Technology, Ningbo
哈尔滨工业大学宁波智能装备研究院
Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo
大连理工大学宁波研究院
Tianjin University, Ningbo
天津大学浙江研究院
Ningbo Institute of Marine-Derived Pharmaceutical, Peking University
北京大学宁波海洋药物研究院
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo
西北工业大学宁波研究院
Compared to the other 14 sub-provincial cities in China, Ningbo has the fewest higher-educational institutions.
Compulsory education is from the ages 6 to 15. Students are catered to in a variety of state and private schools. Studying for theGaokao (高考), a cumulative test taken at the end of high school, is optional.[73] At the end of 2020, there were 86 regular high schools with 93,000 students in Ningbo; 35 vocational schools with 69,000 students; 230 junior high schools with 21.7 students; and 427 primary schools with 517,000 students. There were also 838 full-time private primary and secondary schools (including kindergartens) in the city, with 258,000 students, accounting for 21.7% of the city's full-time primary and secondary school students. In thecompulsory education section, there were 288,000 children of migrant workers who went to schools in Ningbo.[72]
Several schools are permitted to operate foreign educational programs as an alternative to the Chinese National curriculum and to accept international students.
^2022年宁波市人口主要数据公报 [Ningbo Population Key Data Bulletin 2022].tjj.ningbo.gov.cn.Archived from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved5 March 2023.
^2022年宁波市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Statistical Communiqué of Ningbo on the 2022 National Economic and Social Development].tjj.ningbo.gov.cn (in Chinese). Ningbo Bureau of Statistics. 28 February 2022.Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved28 February 2022.
^2022年宁波市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Statistical Communiqué of Ningbo on the 2022 National Economic and Social Development].tjj.ningbo.gov.cn (in Chinese). Ningbo Bureau of Statistics. 28 February 2022. Archived fromthe original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved28 February 2022.
^Ars Orientalis. Vol. 34. Freer Gallery of Art, University of Michigan. 2004. p. 93.Among the nineteen Ashokan stupas miraculously retrieved in China, one in the Changgan Temple of Nanjing and another in the Ayuwang Temple (Ashoka Temple) on Mount Ashoka, near Ningbo, were particularly venerated. See Erich Zürcher, The Buddhist Conquest of China. The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959), 277–280.
^Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville; Stuart C. Munro-Hay (2006).Islam: an illustrated history (illustrated, revised ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 228.ISBN0-8264-1837-6.Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved17 July 2011.
^Xu Xin,The Jews of Kaifeng, Ktav Publishing House c 2003
^abJoão de Barros,Décadas da Ásia; 1st Decade, Book IX, Chapter VII. Lisbon, 1552 (e.g., pp. 336–337, in the 1988 reprint)
^João de Barros,Décadas da Ásia, 3rd Decade, Book II, Chapter VII. Lisbon, 1563 (folio 44 in the original edition and the 1992 facsimile reprint)
^Sergeĭ Leonidovich Tikhvinskiĭ (1983).Modern history of China.Progress Publishers. p. 57.Thereafter they made the factory near Ningbo their chief trading outlet. In the late 1540s, there were more than 3,000 people there, some 1,200 of them Portuguese. From this base, the latter raided neighboring coastal cities, pillaging and taking people into slavery. The Chinese authorities responded with armed expeditions against them and, finally, the Portuguese had to abandon the factory
^appleton's new practical cyclopedia. 1910. p. 432.
^Marcus Benjamin; Arthur Elmore Bostwick; Gerald Van Casteel; George Jotham Hagar, eds. (1910).Appleton's new practical cyclopedia: a new work of reference based upon the best authorities, and systematically arranged for use in home and school. Vol. 4 of Appleton's New Practical Cyclopedia. D. Appleton and company. p. 432.
^Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. (1867).The Home and foreign record of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Volume 18. Presbyterian Board of Publication. p. 140.
^New-York observer, Volume 83. Morse, Hallock & Co. 27 April 1905. p. 533.
^Alexander Wylie (1867).Memorials of Protestant missionaries to the Chinese: giving a list of their publications, and obituary notices of the deceased. With copious indexes. American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 247.
^鄞州城市介绍 (in Simplified Chinese). China Weather.Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved2013-01-11.
^宁波气候极值 (in Chinese (China)). 宁波市气象影视中心. Archived from the original on 2024-12-08. Retrieved2024-12-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)|archive-date= 8 December 2024|archive-url=
^Liehui WANG "The evolution of China's international maritime network based on the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road"" In: Acta Geographica Sinica ›› 2017, Vol. 72 ›› Issue (12): 2265–2280
^Wang, Libing (2010).Basic education in China. Education in China series. Hangzhou, China : Paramus, N.J: Zhejiang University Press ; Homa & Sekey Books.ISBN978-1-931907-58-3.
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