Ning'an 宁安市 | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Jingpo Lake in Ning'an | |
 | |
  Ning'an Location in Heilongjiang Show map of Heilongjiang Ning'an Location in China Show map of China | |
| Coordinates:44°20′36″N129°27′42″E / 44.34333°N 129.46167°E /44.34333; 129.46167 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Heilongjiang |
| Prefecture-level city | Mudanjiang |
| Area | |
• Total | 7,870 km2 (3,040 sq mi) |
| Population (2003) | |
• Total | 440,000 |
| • Density | 56/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 157400 |
| Area code | 0453 |
| Climate | Dwb |
| Website | www |
Ning'an (Chinese:宁安;pinyin:Níng'ān) is a city located approximately 20 km (12 mi) southwest ofMudanjiang, in the southeast ofHeilongjiang province, China, borderingJilin province to the south. It is located on theMudanjiang River (formerly known as Hurka River), which flows north, eventually falling into theSungari River nearSanxing.
Administratively, Ning'an is now acounty-level city, and a constituent part of theprefecture-level city ofMudanjiang.
The land area of the entire county-level city of Ning'an is 7,870 km2 (3,040 sq mi); the reported population count, as of 2004, stood at 440,000. The government of the "county-level city" is located in the town of the same name (宁安镇;Níng'ān zhèn).[1]
Notable geographic features of thecounty-level city of Ning'an includeLake Jingpo and a crater underground forest (火山口地下森林). Lake Jingpo is a natural reservoir on the Mudanjiang River upstream (about 40 km or 25 mi southwest, straight-line distance) from Ning'an central urban area, result of the volcanic eruptions about 10,000 years ago.
Shangjing Longquanfu, one of the capitals of theBalhae kingdom (between 756 and 785, and between 793 and 926), was located within today'scounty-level city of Ning'an.[2] Its site was near today's smalltowns ofDongjingcheng [zh] (东京城镇;Dōngjīngchéng zhèn) andBohai [zh] (渤海镇;Bóhǎi zhèn;44°06′32″N129°12′54″E / 44.109°N 129.215°E /44.109; 129.215), about 25 km (16 mi) upstream (southwest) from the Ning'an main urban area.
During the earlyQing dynasty, the town of Ning'an, known then under theManchu nameᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᡨᠠ(Ningguta[3]) (transcribed into Chinese as宁古塔,Ningguta), was one of the most important towns in the entireManchuria beyond the "Willow Palisade". The name "Ningguta" literally means "six" in Manchu language because it was once guarded by six grandsons ofMöngke Temür (猛哥帖木儿).
The Hurka River valley, where Ningguta was located, was the traditional homeland of theJianzhou Jurchens (who later started calling themselvesManchus), Ningguta and Sanxing being the two oldest centers of the incipient Manchu state.[4]After the Manchus conquered all of China in 1644, the Ningguta area continued to be considered by the Qing dynasty ruling family as the place of its origin.[5]
Already in 1652 the Qing government sent 2000 horsemen, armed with bows,matchlock firearms, and iron cannons, commanded bySarhuda to set a garrison at Ningguta, which was the first Qing garrison beyond theWillow Palisade.[6]
In June 1653Sarhuda's position became styled "military deputy-lieutenant governor" (昂邦章京, oramban-jianggin in Manchu)[7][8] and a deputy lieutenant general (副都統;fù dūtǒng) were appointed to command the Ningguta garrison.[9]
The suitability of Ningguta as an administrative center was in part due to its location on the Hurka River (or, for the original site, on the Hurka's tributary Hailang), which provided a convenient transportation route connecting Ningguta with the lower Sungari and the lowerAmur River. Early on, a great dockyard operated in Ningguta, building boats for the Mudanjiang/Sungari/Amur river system, although it was later relocated to Jilin City.[10]
In 1658Sarhuda, in charge of a Manchu fleet of several dozen ships, and including also GeneralShin Ryu's Korean force, sailed from Ningguta down the Hurka and theSungari, to defeat the smaller fleet of the Russian CossackOnufriy Stepanov near the fall of the Sungari into theAmur.[11]
After the death of Sarhuda in 1659, his sonBahai (巴海) was appointed to occupy Sarhuda's position.[8]
In 1662, the title of the military deputy-lieutenant governor (amban-jianggin) position was changed to the Ningguta Military Governor (鎮守寧古塔等處將軍;zhènshǒu nínggǔtǎ děngchǔ jiāngjūn), Bahai being the first occupant of this post,[8] while the office of the deputy lieutenant general was relocated toJilin City.[9]
The early location of the Ningguta fortress was not at today's Ning'an, but some 50 km (31 mi) to the northwest, on the Hailang River (a tributary of theMudanjiang River). That site is located near the present-day Gucheng village (古城村), part of the smalltown of Changting (长汀镇;44°29′N128°55′E / 44.48°N 128.92°E /44.48; 128.92). That site is not within the modern county-level city of Ning'an, but in the neighboring county-level city ofHailin.[7]
Growth of the more conveniently locatedJilin City resulted in the decrease of the relative importance of Ningguta. Still, Ningguta was the main seat of government of the eastern half of the beyond-the-palisade Manchuria until 1676,[6] when the Military Governor (jiangjun) moved from Ningguta toJilin City (then called Jilin Ula Cheng, i.e. Jilin River City), and the Deputy Lieutenant-General (副都統;fù dūtǒng) was transferred in the opposite direction (from Jilin City to Ningguta).[8][9]
Although now lower-ranked than Jilin City, Ningguta retained its importance into the 18th and 19th century as one of the few cities existing beyond theWillow Palisade. The Deputy Lieutenant-General stationed there was the top government official for the entire region stretching east to theSea of Japan and populated primarily by a variety ofTungusic peoples, such as theNanais.[5][12]
According to the evidence of theJesuits who visited the area in 1709 along with a government-sponsoredginseng-harvesting expedition,[13] by the early 18th century Ningguta had become an important center of trade in local forest products, namelyginseng harvested in the region andsable pelts, collected as tax from the Nanai natives. Therefore, besides the Manchu garrison and the officials, Ningguta was home to numerousHan Chinese civilians, some of whom had come to Ningguta from faraway provinces in order to participate in the profitable commerce.[5] There were already numerous peasant villages around the town, some at quite a distance from it, populated both by Manchus and by Han Chinese exiled to this area for various offenses against the law. (Convicts started being sent to Ningguta area as early as 1660; anti-Qing rebels, captured in southern China, followed in 1661[14]) A variety of cereal crops, such asmillet andoats were grown there.[5]
In May 1910, the area was re-organized asNing'an Fu [zh].[15]
Following the fall of the Qing dynasty, Ning'an underwent a series of administrative changes. In March 1913, Ning'an Fu was re-organized as Ning'an County (simplified Chinese:宁安县;traditional Chinese:寧安縣;pinyin:Níng'ān Xiàn).[15] In June 1914, Ning'an County was placed under the jurisdiction ofYanji Circuit [zh] in Jilin province.[15]
In February 1929,circuits were abolished, and Ning'an was administered directly by the province.[15] At this time, Ning'an had a population of more than 170,000.[15]
Upon the formation of thepuppet state ofManchukuo, Ning'an remained within Jilin province until December 1934, when it became part of the newly formedBinjiang province.[15] In July 1937, it was placed underMudanjiang province [zh].[15]
In April 1946, the area was placed under the jurisdiction ofSuining province [zh], but this was changed to the newly formedMudanjiang province [zh].[15] In July 1948, the area was once again adjusted, this time falling under the jurisdiction ofSongjiang province.[15] In August 1954, Songjiang province was abolished and merged intoHeilongjiang province.[15] In March 1956, Ning'an, still acounty, was placed under the then-prefecture ofMudanjiang.[15] From 1956 to 1962, Ning'an's borders were changed multiple times, until finally reaching their current iteration.[15]
In 1993, Ning'an was upgraded from a county to acounty-level city.[15]
.jpg)
Ning'an is located in the southeast ofHeilongjiang province, on the shores ofJingpo Lake andMudan River.[15] The terrain is largely hilly, and theChangbai Mountains run through the city.[15]
Ning'an is bordered byMuling to the east,Hailin to the west,Wangqing County andDunhua ofJilin province to the south, and Mudanjiang's urban core to the north.[15] Ning'an is approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) away from Mudanjiang's urban core, 190 kilometres (120 mi) away from bothSuifenhe andHunchun, and 320 kilometres (200 mi) away from theprovincial capital ofHarbin.[15]
112 species of plants used forChinese herbal medicines can be found in Ning'an.[15]
Ning'an is home to a number of protected animal species, such as theSiberian tiger,sika deer,elk, andsable.[15] There are over 300 species of birds which have habitats in the city, includingSiberian cranes,Mandarin ducks,Chinese merganser,white-bellied sea eagles, andSteller's sea eagles.[15]
The city experiences an average annual temperature of 4.5 °C (40.1 °F), with the hottest recorded temperature in the city being 36.5 °C (97.7 °F), and the coldest record temperature being −40.1 °C (−40.2 °F).[15] Annual precipitation in Ning'an typically ranges from 500 mm (20 in) to 600 mm (24 in).[15] Ning'an typically experiences 130 to 135frost-free days per year.[15]
| Climate data for Ning'an, elevation 268 m (879 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) | 11.7 (53.1) | 19.2 (66.6) | 30.4 (86.7) | 32.7 (90.9) | 37.0 (98.6) | 37.5 (99.5) | 36.2 (97.2) | 29.9 (85.8) | 26.5 (79.7) | 19.8 (67.6) | 9.6 (49.3) | 37.5 (99.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −10.4 (13.3) | −4.6 (23.7) | 3.5 (38.3) | 13.8 (56.8) | 20.9 (69.6) | 25.6 (78.1) | 27.8 (82.0) | 26.6 (79.9) | 21.6 (70.9) | 13.3 (55.9) | 1.4 (34.5) | −8.0 (17.6) | 11.0 (51.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −17.7 (0.1) | −12.2 (10.0) | −2.8 (27.0) | 7.1 (44.8) | 14.3 (57.7) | 19.4 (66.9) | 22.2 (72.0) | 21.0 (69.8) | 14.8 (58.6) | 6.4 (43.5) | −4.3 (24.3) | −14.3 (6.3) | 4.5 (40.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −23.6 (−10.5) | −19.0 (−2.2) | −8.9 (16.0) | 0.6 (33.1) | 8.0 (46.4) | 13.9 (57.0) | 17.6 (63.7) | 16.6 (61.9) | 9.1 (48.4) | 0.6 (33.1) | −9.3 (15.3) | −19.5 (−3.1) | −1.2 (29.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41.2 (−42.2) | −39.7 (−39.5) | −26.4 (−15.5) | −11.0 (12.2) | −2.9 (26.8) | 5.6 (42.1) | 10.4 (50.7) | 7.7 (45.9) | −3.8 (25.2) | −15.2 (4.6) | −26.6 (−15.9) | −36.1 (−33.0) | −41.2 (−42.2) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 5.2 (0.20) | 4.2 (0.17) | 12.0 (0.47) | 26.6 (1.05) | 61.5 (2.42) | 72.4 (2.85) | 118.8 (4.68) | 118.1 (4.65) | 58.8 (2.31) | 32.5 (1.28) | 17.2 (0.68) | 5.8 (0.23) | 533.1 (20.99) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.8 | 3.3 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 13.7 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 14.0 | 10.1 | 8.0 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 106.7 |
| Average snowy days | 7.3 | 5.9 | 8.3 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.3 | 6.8 | 8.7 | 43.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 70 | 64 | 58 | 53 | 59 | 69 | 77 | 80 | 75 | 66 | 66 | 70 | 67 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 176.4 | 193.5 | 227.0 | 222.7 | 240.4 | 247.9 | 241.9 | 229.3 | 233.2 | 204.2 | 165.5 | 159.5 | 2,541.5 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 61 | 65 | 61 | 55 | 53 | 54 | 52 | 53 | 63 | 61 | 58 | 58 | 58 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[16][17] | |||||||||||||
Ning'an administers onesubdistrict, eighttowns, twotownships, twoethnic townships, and two othertownship-level divisions.[18]
The city's sole subdistrict isChengqu Subdistrict [zh].[18]
The city's eight towns areNing'an [zh],Dongjingcheng [zh],Bohai [zh],Shiyan [zh],Shalan [zh],Hailang [zh],Langang [zh], andJingpo [zh].[18]
The city's two townships areMahe Township [zh] andSanling Township [zh].[18]
The city's two ethnic townships areJiangnan Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township [zh] andWolong Korean Ethnic Township [zh].[18]
The city also administersDongjingcheng Forestry Bureau [zh] andNing'an Farm [zh] as township-level divisions.[18]
| Ethnic group | Population (approximate) | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Han Chinese | 356,400 | 81.0% |
| Manchu | 38,720 | 8.8% |
| Korean | 34,320 | 7.8% |
| Others | 10,560 | 2.4% |
| Total | 440,000 | 100.0% |
Ning'an produces a large amount of edible mushrooms, totaling 10,000 tons per year.[15]
TheG11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway runs through the city, as does theMudanjiang–Tumen railway [zh].[15]
The city is located 19 kilometres (12 mi) away from theMudanjiang Hailang International Airport.[15]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Heilongjiang topics | |
|---|---|
| General | |
| Geography | |
| Education | |
| Visitor attractions | |
