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Nikoloz Baratashvili

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Georgian poet (1817–1845)
Nikoloz Baratashvili
Nikoloz Baratashvili, painted by Lado Gudiashvili
Nikoloz Baratashvili, painted byLado Gudiashvili
Born(1817-12-04)4 December 1817
Died21 October 1845(1845-10-21) (aged 27)
Ganja, Russian Empire
Resting placeMtatsminda Pantheon, Tbilisi
OccupationWriter, poet
Literary movementRomanticism
Signature

PrinceNikoloz Baratashvili (Georgian:ნიკოლოზ ბარათაშვილი; 4 December 1817 – 21 October 1845) was aGeorgian poet. He was one of the first Georgians to marry modern nationalism withEuropeanRomanticism and to introduce "Europeanism" intoGeorgian literature. Due to his early death, Baratashvili left a relatively small literary heritage of fewer than forty short lyrics, one extended poem, and a few private letters, but he is nevertheless considered to be the high point of Georgian Romanticism.[1] He was referred to as the "GeorgianByron".[2][3]

Biography

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Nikoloz Baratashvili, affectionately known as Tato, was born inTiflis (Tbilisi), Georgia's capital, which was then the principal city ofRussianTranscaucasia. His father, Prince MelitonBaratashvili (1795–1860), was an impoverished nobleman working for the Russian administration. His mother, EphemiaOrbeliani (1801–1849), was a sister of the Georgian poet and general PrinceGrigol Orbeliani and a scion of the penultimate Georgian kingErekle II.

Portrait ofEkaterine Chavchavadze, the subject of Baratashvili's unrequited love, byFranz Xaver Winterhalter

In 1835, Baratashvili graduated from a Tiflis gymnasium for nobility, where he was tutored bySolomon Dodashvili, a Georgian patriot and liberal philosopher.[4] The tragic quality of Baratashvili's poetry was determined by his traumatic personal life as well as the contemporary political situation in his homeland. The failure of the 1832 anti-Russian conspiracy of Georgian nobles, with which Baratashvili sympathized as a schoolboy, forced many conspirators to see the independent past as irremediably lost and to reconcile themselves with the Russian autocracy, transforming their laments for the lost past and the fall of the native dynasty into Romantic poetry. Shortage of money prevented Baratashvili from continuing his studies in Russian universities, while an early physical injury left him disabled and did not allow him to enter military service as he wished. Eventually, Baratashvili had to enter the Russian bureaucratic service and serve as an ordinary clerk in the Azerbaijani town ofGanja. The love of his life, PrincessEkaterine Chavchavadze, rejected him and married DavidDadiani,Prince of Mingrelia.

Baratashvili died ofmalaria in Ganja at the age of 27. His influence was long delayed, but as the next generation of Georgian literati rediscovered his lyrics, he was posthumously published, between 1861 and 1876, and idolized.[1] His reinterment from Ganja to Tbilisi in 1893 turned into a national celebration. Since 1938, his remains have lain in theMtatsminda Pantheon in Tbilisi.[5]A bridge and an avenue in Tbilisi are named after the poet, and his monument stands in the central district of the Georgian capital.[6]

Works

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Manuscript of Baratashvili's poemFate of Georgia, 1839

A key insight into the worldview of Baratashvili can be found in his historical poemFate of Georgia (ბედი ქართლისა,bedi k'art'lisa; 1839), an inspiring and articulate lament for Georgia's latest misfortunates. This poem, written by Baratashvili at the age of 22, is based on a real historical event: thedestruction of Tbilisi in 1795 by the Persian rulerMohammad Khan Qajar, which forced the disappointedGeorgian king Erekle II to entrust his country's security to the Russian Empire. However, national problems considered in this work are viewed with a modern approach; the poem considers not only Georgia's past, but also its future in the aftermath of the failed revolt of 1832. In this poem, Baratashvili depicts the debate of Erekle II with his chancellor,Solomon Lionidze, who opposes the union with Russia and thinks that this will result in the loss of Georgia's national identity. Lionidze's wife asks her husband, in a lament that became familiar to all literate Georgians: "What pleasure does the tender nightingale receive from honor if it is in a cage?"[4] The sympathies of the poet and reader both fall on Solomon's side, but the objectively rational decision of the king prevails.

During his short creative life (1833–45) Baratashvili developed difficult concepts of art and ideas. In the words of the British scholarDonald Rayfield, Baratashvili "evolved a language all his own, obscure but sonorous, laconically modern, sometimes splendidly medieval, with pseudo-archaisms."[1] In his earlier poemDusk on Mtatsminda (შემოღამება მთაწმინდაზე,shemoghameba mt'ats'mindaze; 1833–36) the reader can feel a romantic aspiration to be freed of earthly burdens and joined with secret natural forces. Baratashvili's love poetry reached its acme with his unhappy obsessive love for Princess Chavchavadze and is impregnated with an idea of the orphaned soul as inThe Orphaned Soul (სული ობოლი,suli oboli; 1839).[7] Losing hope in human happiness, Baratashvili is captivated by superhuman historical figures such as Erekle II andNapoleon, whom he deems to be beyond joy and unhappiness.[8] Among his most significant works are the poemsThe Evil Spirit (სული ბოროტი,suli boroti; 1843),Thought on the Riverside of Mtkvari (ფიქრი მტკვრის პირას,p'ik'ri mtkvris piras; 1837), andPegasus (მერანი,merani; 1842). This latter poem fascinated later Georgian poets as a mystic, apocalyptic vision of the future. In it the omnipotent mind, inspired by faith, calls for the poem's lyrical hero to knowingly sacrifice himself in the name of his brethren. The tragic optimism ofPegasus is a striking manifestation of the romantic spirit: active, life-asserting, and full of revolutionary aspirations.Pegasus is a prominent work of Georgian Romanticism both from an ethical-philosophical view, and from an artistic-aesthetic point of view.[9]

Poetry

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  • "Do not say something, sweetheart, your lover thy heart, certainly"
  • "Turned out to be illuminated in the east, like the sun alive"
  • "Blew the rudy wind , led me like a Flower"
  • "Thought on the Riverside of Mtkvari"
  • "I bless the day of my birth, I am happy, cup"
  • "The grace of your Creator, beautiful, woman shavtvalebiano"
  • "Merani"
  • "I am happy with you presence"
  • "My lover, I remember your eyes"
  • "The grace of your Creator, beautiful, blackeyed woman"
  • "Will Dry My Tears"
  • "Colour of the sky, blue colour"
  • "I have found a real church, standing in the wilderness"
  • "The fate of Kartli" ("Bedi kartlisa")
  • "Nightingale on the rose"
  • "Duke barataevis azarpeshazed”
  • "Nathan, the singer on the piano”
  • "To Napoleon”
  • "War of the nobleman-peasant-to-face”
  • "Tomb of King Irakli”
  • "Earring”
  • "Orphan spirit”
  • "Hyacinth and a bit”
  • "Thoughts on the edge”
  • "Twilight mtatsmidazed”
  • "To my friends”
  • "My Pray”
  • "To my stars”
  • "Babies”
  • "Chinari”
  • "Chonguri”
  • "Mysterious voice”

Ancestry

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Ancestors of Nikoloz Baratashvili
16. Shermazan Baratashvili
8. Luarsab Baratashvili
4. Nikoloz Baratashvili
2. Meliton Baratashvili
1.Nikoloz Baratashvili
6. Zurab Orbeliani
3. Ephemia Orbeliani
28. Tamaz Andronikashvili
14. Zakaria Andronikashvili
7. Khoreshan Andronikashvili
30.Heraclius II of Georgia
15.Princess Elene of Georgia
31.Darejan Dadiani

Editions in English

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Notes

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  1. ^abcRayfield 2000, p. 145.
  2. ^Nechkina, MilitsaRussia in the Nineteenth Century: Volume II of The History of Russia, Volume 1 p.449
  3. ^Степанов, ТеймуразТбилиси, легенда и быль 1968
  4. ^abSuny 1994, p. 124.
  5. ^"მას უშლიდენ წინ მუხისა, დაფნისა და პურის თაველებისაგან შეკრულს გვირგვინებს".Kartuli Kvira (in Georgian). 7 December 2022.
  6. ^"Tbilisi Travel Guide. Tourist Routes".TbilisiGuide.ge. Retrieved18 May 2011.
  7. ^Rayfield 2000, pp. 145–146.
  8. ^Rayfield 2000, p. 146.
  9. ^"Baratashvili's Merani: Lecture by Levan Berdzenishvili".Radio Tavisupleba (RFE/RL Georgian Service) (in Georgian). 28 January 2019. Retrieved16 November 2025.

References

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