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Nightingale Islands

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Coordinates:37°25′16″S12°28′52″W / 37.421°S 12.481°W /-37.421; -12.481

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Island group in Tristan da Cunha archipelago

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Nightingale Islands

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Location of the Nightingale Islands in the Atlantic Ocean

Map ofTristan da Cunha showing the Nightingale Islands andInaccessible Island.

TheNightingale Islands are a group of three islands in theSouth Atlantic Ocean, part of theTristan da Cunha territory. They consist ofNightingale Island,Middle Island andStoltenhoff Island. The islands are administered by theUnited Kingdom as part of theoverseas territory ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. The Nightingale Islands are uninhabited.

Nightingale Island is the smallest of the four main islands of the Tristan da Cunha Group, measuring only 4 square kilometres (1.5 sq mi), and lies 30 kilometres (18.6 mi) away from Tristan and 22 kilometres (13.7 mi) from Inaccessible. Stoltenhoff and Middle (also known as Alex Island^[1]), are really two large islets rather than conventional islands.

Geology

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The Nightingale Islands are the heavily eroded remnant of a once much largerstratovolcano. The oldestpotassium–argon dating from the island is 18 ± 4 Ma. The most recentsubmarine eruption was in 2004. On August 29-30, 2004, earthquake swarms from the south flank of Nightingale island were recorded in Tristan da Cunha. This was subsequently followed by pumice rafting up on the shores of Tristan da Cunha.^[2] The youngestsubaereal volcanic activity on the island is indirectly dated to 39,160^+6,090
_−3,410 uncalibrated years BP by radiocarbon dates on peat overlain by volcanic tuff.^[3]

History

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Originally named "Gebrooken (Broken) island" by theDutch underJan Jacobszoon in January 1656, they found no safe anchorage and did not make the first landing until 1696 (most likely byWillem de Vlamingh in August of that year). Frenchman D'Etchevery also visited the island in September 1767. Nightingale was renamed afterBritish captainGamaliel Nightingale in 1760.^[4]

Jonathan Lambert temporarily changed the name to "Lovel Island" in his 1811 proclamation in theBoston Gazette, but as with his other proposed changes (i.e. Tristan da Cunha Group to "Isles of Refreshment"), the name did not last.

Wildlife

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Nightingale, a tiny island, is home to more than three million pairs of seabirds at a density of around 1.3 pairs per square metre; almost the entire vegetated island is occupied. TheNightingale Island finch is found nowhere else in the world.

Important Bird Area

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The Nightingale Islands group has been recognised internationally as part of the Tristan da CunhaEndemic Bird Area (EBA). It has also been identified as anImportant Bird Area (IBA) byBirdLife International as a breeding site forseabirds and its endemic landbirds. Birds for which the IBA is significant includenorthern rockhopper penguins (up to 125,000 breeding pairs),sooty albatrosses (up to 250 pairs),Atlantic yellow-nosed albatrosses (5000 pairs),broad-billed prions (10,000 pairs),soft-plumaged petrels (up to 1000 pairs),great shearwaters (up to 3 million pairs),white-faced storm petrels (10,000 pairs),white-bellied storm petrels (1000 pairs),Antarctic terns (up to 400 pairs),southern skuas (up to 500 pairs),Tristan thrushes,Wilkins's buntings andNightingale buntings.^[5] The nearby islands ofGough andInaccessible Island have been recognised as Wetlands of International Importance under theRamsar Convention.^[6]

Aquatic biodiversity

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The islanders of Tristan da Cunha depend on the fish resource to a large extent for food and for bait for the localrock lobster industry. Approximately 61.5 tons of linefish are harvested each year for these purposes. The insular nature of the island ecosystem renders it vulnerable to over-exploitation from commercial fishing operations. Most of the fish species are bound to the islands for the completion of their life cycles; hence, the populations are more or less isolated and not supplemented by recruits from outside of the system.^[7]

37°25′16″S12°28′52″W / 37.421°S 12.481°W /-37.421; -12.481

References

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^Grundy, Richard."Tristan da Cunha Nightingale Islands".www.tristandc.com. Retrieved2024-05-07.
^"Global Volcanism Program | Nightingale Island".Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program.
^McDougall, Ian; Ollier, C.D. (1982),"Potassium–argon ages from Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic"(PDF),Geological Magazine,119 (1):87–93,doi:10.1017/S0016756800025681
^Faustini, Arnaldo. "The Annals of Tristan da Cunha: The Early History of Tristan da Cunha."https://web.archive.org/web/20061126204533/http://www.btinternet.com/~sa_sa/tristan_da_cunha/images/tristan_annals.pdf^{[dead link]}
^"Nightingale Island group".Important Bird Areas factsheet. BirdLife International. 2012. Archived fromthe original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved2012-10-26.
^"The Annotated Ramsar List: United Kingdom". Ramsar.org. Archived fromthe original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved6 April 2013.
^Andrew, T.G.; Hecht, T.; Heemstra, Phillip C.; Lutjeharms, J.R.E. (1995). "Fishes of the Tristan da Cunha Group and Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean".Ichthyological Bulletin J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology (63). J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.hdl:10962/d1019889.

v t e Tristan da Cunha
Main topics	Outline History Lifeboat disaster Geography Queen Mary's Peak
Settlements	Edinburgh of the Seven Seas Potato Patches
Islands	Tristan da Cunha Inaccessible Island Nightingale Islands Nightingale Island Middle Island Stoltenhoff Island Gough Island

v t e Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Capital:Jamestown
Saint Helena	Governor Chief Minister Legislative Council Flag Coat of arms Jamestown Alarm Forest Barren Ground Blue Hill Half Tree Hollow Levelwood Longwood Ruperts Saint Paul's Sandy Bay St Helena Secondary School (formerly Prince Andrew School) Saint Helena Airport RMS St Helena (1963) RMS St Helena (1989)
Ascension Island	Governor (Administrator) Island Council Flag Coat of arms Georgetown Cat Hill Travellers Hill Two Boats Two Boats School RAF Ascension Island Green Mountain
Tristan da Cunha	Governor (Administrator) Island Council Flag Coat of arms Edinburgh of the Seven Seas Potato Patches Inaccessible Island Nightingale Islands Nightingale Island Middle Island Stoltenhoff Island Gough Island Sandy Point
Other	Constitution Education (for all parts of the territory)

FormerBritish Empire and currentBritish Overseas Territories

Legend: Former territory; Current territory; *CurrentCommonwealth realm; ^†Current member of theCommonwealth of Nations

Europe

Corsica 1794–1796
Gibraltar since 1713
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Ionian Islands 1809–1864
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¹²Now^†Namibia
¹³League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of^†Cameroon andNigeria, while Tanganyika is part of^†Tanzania.
¹⁴Self-governing Southern Rhodesiaunilaterally declared independence in 1965 (asRhodesia) and continued as anunrecognised state until the 1979Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
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¹⁸Now^†India,^†Pakistan and^†Bangladesh
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⁴Now adepartment ofColombia

Oceania

New South Wales 1788–1901
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²⁰Now part of the^†Realm of New Zealand
²¹Now^†Vanuatu
²²Now^†Kiribati and^†*Tuvalu

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

Saint Helena²³ since 1658
Ascension Island²³ since 1815
Tristan da Cunha²³ since 1816
Falkland Islands⁵ since 1833
^†Australian Antarctic Territory(transferred to theCommonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
^†Ross Dependency(transferred to theRealm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
British Antarctic Territory²⁴ since 1908
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands²⁵ since 1908

⁵Occupied by Argentina during theFalklands War of April–June 1982.
²³Since 2009 part ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
²⁴Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under theAntarctic Treaty.
²⁵Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

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