| 588th Night Bomber Regiment (1942–1943) 46th Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment(1943–1945) | |
|---|---|
 APolikarpov Po-2, the aircraft type used by the regiment | |
| Active | 1942–1945 |
| Country | Soviet Union |
| Branch | Soviet Air Forces |
| Role | Harassment andtactical bombing |
| Nickname | Night Witches |
| Engagements | |
| Decorations | Guards designation Order of the Red Banner Order of Suvorov |
| Commanders | |
| Regimental Commander | Yevdokiya Bershanskaya |
| Deputy Regiment Commander | Serafima Amosova |
| Commissar | Yevdokiya Rachkevich |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Bomber | Polikarpov Po-2 |
"Night Witches"[a] was aWorld War II German nickname for the all-femalemilitary aviators of the588th Night Bomber Regiment[b], known later as the46th "Taman" Guards Night Bomber Aviation Red Banner and Order of Suvorov Regiment,[c] of theSoviet Air Forces.
MajorMarina Raskova used her position and personal contacts with theSoviet leaderJoseph Stalin to obtain permission to form female combat units. Combat facilitated and ushered in a reluctant acceptance of women in military, based more upon practicality and necessity than for equality.[1] On October 8, 1941, an order was issued to deploy three women's air-force units, including the 588th Regiment. The regiment, formed by Raskova and led by MajorYevdokiya Bershanskaya, was composed primarily of female volunteers in their late teens and early twenties.[2]
An attack technique of the night bombers involved idling the engine near the target and gliding to the bomb-release point with only wind noise left to reveal their presence. German soldiers likened the sound to broomsticks and hence named the pilots "Night Witches".[2][3] Due to the weight of the bombs and the low altitude of flight, the pilots did not carry parachutes until 1944.[4][5]
When the regiment was deployed on the front line in June 1942, the 588th Night Bomber Regiment became part of the4th Air Army of theSouthern Front. In February 1943 the regiment was honored with theGuards designation and reorganized as the 46th Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment in the 325th Night Bomber Aviation Division,4th Air Army,2nd Belorussian Front; in October 1943 it became the 46th "Taman" Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment,[6] "Taman" referring to the unit's involvement in the Novorossiysk-Taman operations on theTaman Peninsula during 1943.
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In October 1941, Major Marina Raskova was granted authority to select candidates for the 122nd Composite Air Group, an all-female aviation regiment. Raskova had already established several world records in long-distance non-stop flights and was referred to as the "RussianAmelia Earhart" for her achievements.[7]
When the Germans invaded in 1941, young women began writing Raskova letters, asking how they could best serve their country using their flight skills. Raskova used her personal connection with Stalin to obtain approval to establish the regiment.[8]
Stalin was quick to approve of the initiative, as he had a general interest in the women's "tremendous international propaganda value."[9]
The regiment flewharassment andprecision bombing missions against theGerman military from 1942 until the end of the Second World War (1945).[10] At its largest, it had 40 two-person crews. The regiment flew over 23,000 sorties, dropping over 3,000 tons of bombs and 26,000 incendiary shells.[11][12] It was the most highly decorated female unit in the Soviet Air Force, with many pilots having flown over 800 missions by the end of the war and twenty-three having been awarded theHero of the Soviet Union title. Thirty-two of its members died during the war.[13]
The regiment flew in steel-and-canvasPolikarpov U-2 biplanes, a 1928 design intended for use as training aircraft (hence its originaluchebnyy designation prefix of "U-") and forcrop dusting, which also had a specialU-2LNB version for the sort of night harassment attack missions flown by the 588th. The plane could carry only 350 kilograms (770 lb) of bombs,[14] so eight or more missions per night were often necessary.[15] Although the aircraft was obsolete and slow, the pilots took advantage of its exceptional maneuverability; it also had a maximum speed that was lower than thestalling speed of both theMesserschmitt Bf 109 and theFocke-Wulf Fw 190, which made it very difficult for German pilots to shoot down, with the exception of fighter aceJosef Kociok, who grounded the regiment for an entire night by shooting down three or four of their planes on the night of 31 July – 1 August 1943.[16][17][18][19]
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Members of the regiment were deployed from the Engels Military Aviation School to the Southern Front as part of the 218th Division of the4th Air Army on 23 May 1942, where they arrived on 27 May.[20]
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Throughout the course of the war the regiment accumulated approximately 23,672 sorties in combat, including in the following battles:[11]
In total the regiment collectively accumulated 28,676 flight hours, dropped over 3,000 tons of bombs and over 26,000incendiary shells, damaging or completely destroying 17 river crossings, nine railways, two railway stations, 26 warehouses, 12 fuel depots, 176 armored cars, 86firing points, and 11searchlights. In addition to bombings, the unit performed 155 supply drops of food and ammunition to Soviet forces.[11]
In total, 261 people served in the regiment, of whom 32 died of various causes during the war including plane crashes, combat deaths andtuberculosis. Twenty-eight aircraft were written off.[21][22]
Senior EngineerSofiya Ozerkova destroyed herparty card [ru]in case of capture during a retreat from an encircled airbase after she had chosen to stay behind to deny theGerman Army aPo-2 undergoing repairs. Following her return to the Regiment she was sentenced to death by a military tribunal in 1942 because she could not produce the card. She refused to appeal the sentence as a show of loyalty to the party, but was later acquitted after thepolitical commissar attached to the unit intervened on her behalf. Her sentence was suspended and she was reinstated to her position.[23] Mechanics Raisa Kharitonova and Tamara Frolova were sentenced to ten years of imprisonment for dismantling a flare (used by navigators to illuminate bombing targets) and using the small silk parachutes to sew undergarments. Both of them were retrained as navigators, but Frolova was killed in action in 1943.[24][25]
Twenty-three personnel from the regiment were awarded the titleHero of the Soviet Union, two were awardedHero of the Russian Federation, and one was awardedHero of Kazakhstan.[26]
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In 1917, Russia became the first country to declare legal equality for women, which allowed them to enter military service. Women were inherently equal to men in both rights and responsibilities, as social equality was a fundamental part of the Communist ideology. After World War II, however, women in Russia were treated as they always had been, especially before the 1917 law was passed. A common dilemma for these women grew out of the social pressures compelling them to place more importance on the family instead of an aviation or military career.[8]
Irina Rakobolskaya, pilot with the 588th Regiment, rationalized the difficult reality and challenges she faced to pursue both a family and piloting career when she stated, “I think that during the war, when the fate of our country was being decided, the bringing in of women into aviation was justified. But in peacetime a woman can only fly for sport...otherwise how can one combine a career with a family and with maternal happiness?”[27]
On 8 October 1941, Order number 0099 specified the creation of three women's regiments—all personnel from technicians to pilots would be entirely composed of women. The other two regiments were the586th Fighter Aviation Regiment, which usedYak-1 fighters, and the587th Bomber Aviation Regiment, which used twin enginePe-2dive bombers. Later the unit received theGuards designation and reorganized as the 125th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment.[28] Although all three regiments had been planned to have women exclusively, none remained all-female.[29] The 586th and 588th Regiments employed male mechanics,[30][31] the 586th because no women had received training to work on the Yakovlev fighter planes before the war.
The 586th's woman commander, MajorTamara Aleksandrovna Kazarinova, was replaced by a man, MajorAleksandr Vasilievich Gridnev, in October 1942. The 587th Regiment was originally under the command ofMarina Raskova, but after her death in 1943, a male commanding officer, MajorValentin Markov, replaced her. The 587th's Petlyakov Pe-2 dive bombers also required a tall person to operate the top rear machine gun, but not enough women recruited were tall enough, requiring some men to join the aircrews asradio operator and tail gunner.[13][32] The 588th Regiment's staff driver and searchlight operatives were also male.[33][34]
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