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Nicholas III of Constantinople

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Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1084 to 1111

This article is about patriarch of Constantinople. For other uses, seeNicholas III.

Nicholas III of Constantinople
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
Church	Church of Constantinople
In office	August 1084 – April 1111
Predecessor	Eustratius II of Constantinople
Successor	John IX of Constantinople
Personal details
Born	Nicholas Kyrdiniates Antioch of Pisidia
Died	April 1111 (1111-05) Constantinople
Denomination	Eastern Orthodoxy

Nicholas III Grammatikos orGrammaticus (Greek:Νικόλαος Γραμματικός; died April 1111) was anEastern Orthodox prelate who becameEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in 1084–1111.

Educated inConstantinople, Nicholas spent much of his early years inAntioch of Pisidia, where it is believed he took his monastic vows.^[1] He eventually left the city around 1068 when it was threatened bySeljuk Turkish raids and moved to Constantinople, where he founded a monastery dedicated toJohn the Baptist at Lophadion, near theGate of St. Romanus.^[1]^[2] In August 1084, he replaced PatriarchEustratius II Garidas, who had resigned his office.^[1] Nicholas' surname was Kyrdiniates, but he is best known by his sobriquetGrammatikos ('the Grammarian') orTheoprobletos ('the One sent by God'), due to the manner of his election, as he was chosen by drawing of lots placed on the altar of theHagia Sophia.^[3]

By nature, a conciliarist,^{[citation needed]} Nicholas III was immediately presented with a number of delicate and difficult issues. He took the side of EmperorAlexios I Komnenos in the case ofLeo of Chalcedon, who protested over Alexios I's confiscation of church treasures to alleviate the financial strain theByzantine–Norman wars had caused, which was resolved when he presided over theCouncil of Blachernae in 1094.^[1] Nicholas was also prominent in the fight against doctrinalheresy, for instance condemning as heretical theBogomil leaderBasil the Physician. But he was very cautious in the ongoing conflict between the provincialmetropolitans and thePatriarchate. In spite of some hostile opposition from the clergy of the Hagia Sophia, he ended up supportingNiketas of Ankyra against the emperor's right to elevate metropolitans and exerted a great deal of energy trying to restrict the influence of thechartophylax.^[1] Nicholas III was also very concerned with ecclesiastical discipline. He wrote a monastic rule forMount Athos monastery while ordering the removal of theVlachs from Mount Athos. He also rigorously enforced the regulations around fasting.^[1]

Meanwhile, the ongoing political situation in theByzantine Empire especially inAnatolia after the disaster of theBattle of Manzikert forced Nicholas III to discuss a union of the Orthodox and Catholic churches withPope Urban II.^[1] On the other hand, in at least one letter attributed to him, Nicholas held to the Orthodox position about the major contentious issues of the day, rejecting theRoman Catholic views on theFilioque, theazymes, andPapal primacy.^[1]

Nicholas III died in April or May 1111 at Constantinople.^[1]

Notes and references

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^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱKazhdan & Cutler 1991, p. 1467.
^Gautier 1971, p. 226.
^Gautier 1971, pp. 226–227.

Bibliography

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Gautier, Paul (1971)."Le synode des Blachernes (fin 1094). Etude prosopographique" [The Synod of Blachernae (Late 1094). Prosopographical Study].Revue des études byzantines (in French).29:213–284.doi:10.3406/rebyz.1971.1445.
Kazhdan, Alexander; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Nicholas III Grammatikos". InKazhdan, Alexander (ed.).The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1467.ISBN 0-19-504652-8.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded by Eustratius II	Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 1084 – 1111	Succeeded by John IX

v t e Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs ofConstantinople
Bishops ofByzantium (Roman period, 38–330 AD)	Andrew Stachys Onesimus Polycarpus I Plutarch Sedecion Diogenes Eleutherius Felix Polycarpus II Athenodorus Euzois Laurence Alypius Pertinax Olympianus Marcus I Philadelphus Cyriacus I Castinus Eugenius I Titus Dometius Rufinus Probus Metrophanes Alexander
Archbishops ofConstantinople (Roman period, 330–451 AD)	Alexander Paul I Eusebius Macedonius I Eudoxius Evagrius Demophilus Maximus I Gregory I Nectarius John I Chrysostom Arsacius Atticus Sisinnius I Nestorius Maximianus Proclus Flavian Anatolius
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Byzantine period, 451–1453 AD)	Anatolius Gennadius I Acacius Fravitta Euphemius Macedonius II Timothy I John II Epiphanius Anthimus I Menas Eutychius John III John IV Cyriacus II Thomas I Sergius I Pyrrhus Paul II Peter Thomas II John V Constantine I Theodore I George I Paul III Callinicus I Cyrus John VI Germanus I Anastasius Constantine II Nicetas I Paul IV Tarasius Nicephorus I Theodotus I Antony I John VII Methodius I Ignatios Photios I Stephen I Antony II Nicholas I Εuthymius I Stephen II Tryphon Theophylact Polyeuctus Βasil I Αntony III Nicholas II Sisinnius II Sergius II Eustathius Alexius Michael I Constantine III John VIII Cosmas I Eustratius Nicholas III John IX Leo Michael II Cosmas II Nicholas IV Theodotus II Neophytus I Constantine IV Luke Michael III Chariton Theodosius I Basil II Nicetas II Leontius Dositheus George II John X Michael IV^† Theodore II^† Maximus II^† Μanuel I^† Germanus II^† Methodius II^† Manuel II^† Arsenius^† Nicephorus II^† Germanus III Joseph I John XI Gregory II Athanasius I John XII Nephon I John XIII Gerasimus I Isaias John XIV Isidore I Callistus I Philotheus Macarius Nilus Antony IV Callistus II Matthew I Euthymius II Joseph II Metrophanes II Gregory III Athanasius II
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Ottoman period, 1453–1923 AD)	Gennadius II Isidore II Joasaph I Sophronius I Mark II Symeon I Dionysius I Raphael I Maximus III Nephon II Maximus IV Joachim I Pachomius I Theoleptus I Jeremias I Joannicius I Dionysius II Joasaph II Metrophanes III Jeremias II Pachomius II Theoleptus II Matthew II Gabriel I Theophanes I Meletius I Neophytus II Raphael II Cyril I Timothy II Gregory IV Anthimus II Cyril II Athanasius III Neophytus III Parthenius I Parthenius II Joannicius II Cyril III Paisius I Parthenius III Gabriel II Parthenius IV Dionysius III Clement Methodius III Dionysius IV Gerasimus II Athanasius IV James Callinicus II Neophytus IV Gabriel III Neophytus V Cyprianus Athanasius V Cyril IV Cosmas III Jeremias III (Callinicus III) Paisius II Seraphim I Neophytus VI Cyril V Callinicus IV (III) Seraphim II Joannicius III Samuel Meletius II Theodosius II Sophronius II Gabriel IV Procopius Neophytus VII Gerasimus III Gregory V Callinicus V (IV) Jeremias IV Cyril VI Eugenius II Anthimus III Chrysanthus Agathangelus Constantius I Constantius II Gregory VI Anthimus IV Anthimus V Germanus IV Meletius III Anthimus VI Cyril VII Joachim II Sophronius III Joachim III Joachim IV Dionysius V Neophytus VIII Anthimus VII Constantine V Germanus V Meletius IV
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Turkish period, since 1923 AD)	Gregory VII Constantine VI Basil III Photius II Benjamin Maximus V Athenagoras Demetrius Bartholomew
^† in exile atNicaea Christianity portal

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