Satellite image of Niagara River flowing north from Lake Erie (bottom) to Lake Ontario (top). The river flows around Grand Island, and then flows over Niagara Falls. It narrows in theNiagara Gorge, where two hydropower reservoirs are visible, and then widens after exiting the gorge. TheWelland Canal is visible on the far left.American Falls withGoat Island to its right
The river, occasionally described as astrait,[8] is approximately 58 kilometres (36 mi) long and includes theNiagara Falls. Over the past 12,000 years, the falls have moved roughly 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) upstream from the leading edge of theNiagara Escarpment, creating agorge below the falls. Today, the diversion of the river forelectricity generation has significantly slowed the rate oferosion. The total elevation drop along the river is 99 metres (325 ft). The Niagara Gorge, downstream from the falls, includes theNiagara Whirlpool and additionalrapids.
The Niagara River and its tributaries,Tonawanda Creek and theWelland River, formed part of the final section of the Erie Canal and Welland Canal. After leavingLockport, the Erie Canal heads southwest intoTonawanda Creek. Upon entering the Niagara River,watercraft proceed south to the finallock, where a short canal section allows boats to bypassturbulentshoal water and enter Lake Erie. The Welland Canals used theWelland River to connect to the Niagara River south of the falls, enabling water traffic to safely re-enter the river and continue to Lake Erie.
The Niagara River and Falls have been known outside of North America since the late 17th century, whenFather Louis Hennepin, a French explorer, first witnessed them. He wrote about his travels inA New Discovery of a Vast Country in America (1698).[9]
The Niagara River was the site of the earliest recorded railway in America. It was an inclined wooden tramway built byJohn Montresor (1736–1799), a British military engineer, in 1764. Called "The Cradles" and "The Old Lewiston Incline", it featured loaded carts pulled up wooden rails by rope. It facilitated the movement of goods over theNiagara Escarpment in present-dayLewiston, New York.[10]
In 1781, theNiagara Purchase was signed, involving a 6.5-kilometre-wide (4.0 mi) strip of land bordering the west bank of the Niagara River, connecting Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.[11]
The river was an important route to liberation before theAmerican Civil War, as many African Americans escaping slavery on theUnderground Railroad crossed it to find freedom in Canada. TheFreedom Crossing Monument stands on the bank of the river in Lewiston to commemorate the courage of the escaping slaves and the local volunteers who helped them secretly cross the river.
In the 1880s, the Niagara River became the first waterway in the world harnessed for large-scale generation ofhydroelectricity.[12][13]
On the Canadian side of the river the provincial agencyNiagara Parks Commission maintains all of the shoreline property, including Fort Erie, except the sites of Fort George (aNational Historic Site maintained federally byParks Canada), as a public greenspace and environmental heritage.
The Niagara River has a long history of both road and rail bridges spanning the river, both upstream and downstream of the Falls. This history includes numerous bridges that have fallen victim to the harsh conditions of theNiagara Gorge, such as landslides and icepacks.
Black Rock Canal flows within and parallel to the east shore of the Niagara river nearBuffalo, New York, and was built to extend the navigation period in the Niagara River through a greater part of the winter.[15] The canal begins at Buffalo Harbor, on the north-east shore of Lake Erie, then flows north, ending at theBlack Rock Lock near the north tip ofUnity Island. The canal is buffered from the Niagara River by Bird Island Pier at its south end, and Unity Island at its north end.
The north-flowing Niagara River bifurcates at the south tip ofGrand Island (both sections rejoin at the north tip). "Chippawa Channel" is the river passage on the west side of Grand Island.
When the Niagara River bifurcates at Grand Island, the east passage—from the south tip of Grand Island, to a point just north ofTonawanda, New York—is the "Tonawanda Channel".
When the Niagara River bifurcates at Grand Island, the east passage—from a point just north of Tonawanda, New York, to the north tip of Grand Island—is the "Niagara River Channel".
Historic tributary. Became a man-made distributary—from the Niagara River to a point 5 km west—in order to supply water to an intake channel forSir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations.
Located between the Canadian mainland andGoat Island, New York, the Horseshoe Falls is the largest, and most south-western of three parallel waterfalls over which the Niagara River flows. There is dispute as to whether the Horseshoe Falls lies entirely within Canada (seeNiagara Falls#History).
Located between Goat Island andLuna Island, Bridal Veil Falls is the smallest (and middle) of the three parallel waterfalls over which the Niagara River flows. It is entirely within the US.
Located between Luna Island and the New York mainland, the American Falls is the most northern and second largest of three parallel waterfalls over which the Niagara River flows. It is located entirely within the US.
Historic tributary which entered the Niagara River as a waterfall from the top of theNiagara Gorge. Development above Muddy Run Falls destroyed its water supply.
Tributary which enters the Niagara River as a waterfall from the top of the Niagara Gorge. The volume was greatly diminished following construction of the canal to Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations.
Tributary which enters the Niagara River as a waterfall from the top of the Niagara Gorge. The volume was greatly diminished following construction of the canal to Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations.
Tributary which enters the Niagara River as a waterfall from the top of the Niagara Gorge. The volume was greatly diminished following construction ofRobert Moses State Parkway and other streets above the falls.
Tributary which enters the Niagara River as a waterfall from the top of the Niagara Gorge. The volume was greatly diminished following the construction of Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations.
Historic tributary which entered the Niagara River as a cascade from caves in the wall of the Niagara Gorge. Its source was destroyed following construction of the Niagara Power Project.
Tributary which enters the Niagara River as a waterfall from the top of the Niagara Gorge. The volume was greatly diminished following the construction of the Niagara Power Project.
Tributary which enters the Niagara River as a waterfall from the top of the Niagara Gorge. The volume was greatly diminished following the construction of Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations.
Also known in some sources as "Coroner Island".[19] Filled in sometime in the 1950s or early '60s.[20][21] Currently the site of the Niagara Power Station Intake.[22]
Located at the brink of the American Falls, named by John Stedman in the 1770s; briefly renamed to Iris Island by General Augustus Porter, a United States Commissioner (after the Greek Goddess of the Rainbow). Now part of Niagara Falls State Park.
Was located at the confluence ofTonawanda Creek and the Tonawanda Channel of the Niagara River. Existed from 1825, when theErie Canal was constructed (thereby cutting Goose Island off from the mainland) until the 1940s, when this portion of the canal was filled in.
The largest island on the river; includes several parks, but is mostly residential and industrial; originally called Ga-We-Not (Great Island) by theSeneca.
Filled in by the creation of the Chippawa Queenston Power Canal in 1917 and finally by the Sir Adam Beck Dam #2 in 1950 by theHydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario.
Also known as Pirates' Island (the name of a private club once located there) and Frog Island (not to be confused with the former Frog Island listed below).[23] ANew York State Wildlife Management Area.
Was located just south of what is today the South Grand Island Bridge. Was filled in sometime between 1915[24] and 1927,[25] concurrent with the heavy industrial development of the area.
Shown in the 1908New Century Atlas of Niagara and Orleans County but not mentioned in any other source.[22] Supposedly located just offshore from the mouth of Gill Creek.[19] No longer extant, if it ever was.
A small island, formerly much larger but diminished by gravel mining and erosion.[26] An undeveloped state park and wildlife preserve.[27]
Tern Island
United States
Submerged/reconstructed
Originally known as Frog Island; was located in the Upper Niagara River between Motor and Strawberry Islands; disappeared sometime between 1951 and 1985 due to erosion.[28] Re-created as a habitat for fish, aquatic plants, and waterfowl[29][30] including a nesting colony ofcommon terns established in 2021, for whom the new island was named.[31]
Located next toGoat Island within Niagara Falls State Park. Originally called Moss Islands, they were later renamed for the three daughters ofWar of 1812United States Army GeneralParkhurst Whitney (Asenath, Angeline and Celinda Eliza) in 1843.
On the Canadian side theNiagara Parkway travels along the River from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie.
NY 18F lines the river on the state side from Fort Niagara to Lewiston.Niagara Scenic Parkway on the state side only travels along the River from the Falls to Lewiston. The remaining river sections (with some interruptions) are covered by theLaSalle Expressway,NY 384,NY 266 andI-190 (Niagara Thruway) /New York Thruway.
Tiplin, Albert H.; Seibel, George A. and Seibel, Olive M. (1988)Our romantic Niagara: a geological history of the river and the falls Niagara Falls Heritage Foundation, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada,ISBN0-9690457-2-7
.jpg)
.jpg)
