| Newaric | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Nepal |
| Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | newa1245 |
TheNewaric languages are a proposed group ofSino-Tibetan languages.George van Driem (2003) and Mark Turin (2004) argue thatNewar andBaram–Thangmi (consisting of the two closely related languagesBaram andThangmi) share many features with each other, and thus group with each other.
The following comparative 100-wordSwadesh list of the Newaric languages Baram, Thami (Thangmi), and Newar, along withChepang is from Kansakar, et al. (2011: 220–223).[1]
| English gloss | Baram | Thami | Newar | Chepang |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | ŋa | gai | ji | ŋa |
| you | naŋ | naŋ | cʰə, cʰi | naŋ |
| we | ni | ni | jʰi:, jipĩ | ni, ŋi |
| this | yo | ka | tʰwə | ʔiʔ |
| that | u, to | to | wə | ʔowʔ, ʔuwʔ |
| who | su | su | su | su |
| what | hai | hara | cʰu | doh |
| not | ma- | ma- | mə-, -mə- | -la, -ma |
| all | səpəi (<Nep.) | sakale | pʰukkə, dakkwə | juda, ʔanə |
| many | dʰerəi (<Nep.) | ahe | ye-kwə | ʔa.nə |
| one | de | di | cʰə-gu | yat |
| two | nis | nis | nyi-gu | nis |
| large | alam | jekʰa | tə:dʰə̃: | taŋh-ʔo |
| long | alam | ələmga | tahakə: | gyaŋ-ʔo |
| small | ikine | ucya | cidʰi:, cidʰə:̃ | mi-ʔo |
| woman | mama | camaica | misa | nom-coʔ |
| man | papa | mi | mijə̃ | goy-coʔ |
| person | bal | mi | mənu | manta, coʔ |
| fish | nəŋa | naŋa | nya | ŋaʔ |
| bird | jyali, wa (hen) | ḍaŋaṇeŋ, wa (hen) | jʰə̃gə: | waʔ |
| dog | akya | kucu | kʰyica | kuyʔ |
| louse | kʰat | sirik | syi | kras, srəyk |
| tree | seŋma | seŋ | syi-ma | siŋʔ |
| seed | ayu | puya | pusa | sayʔ |
| leaf | su/hola | aja | ləpte, hə: | lo, mat |
| root | jəra (<Nep.) | nara | ha | rut, goyʔ |
| bark | bokra (<Nep.) | sebu (skin) | kʰwəla | pun |
| skin | cʰala (<Nep.) | sebi | cʰẽgu | pun |
| meat | kusya | cici | la | mayʔ |
| blood | cihwui | cwoi, cəi | hi | wəyʔ |
| bone | hoṭ | kʰosa | kwəẽ | hrus |
| fat | ucʰo | cʰyəu, cyou | da: | cʰaw |
| egg | wohom, wom | ahum, wom | kʰẽ: | ʔum |
| horn | uyuŋ | naru | nyeku | roŋʔ |
| tail | pitik | limek | nʰipyə̃: | meʔ |
| feather | pwãkʰ (<Nep.) | - | pəpu | meʔ, pʰeh |
| hair | syam | sam | sə̃: | myaŋ |
| head | kəpu | kapu | cʰyə̃: | ta.laŋ |
| ear | kuna | kunla | nʰaepə̃ | no |
| eye | mik | mesek | mikʰa | mik |
| nose | cina | ciŋa | nʰae | neh |
| mouth | anam | ugo | mʰutu | hmo.toŋ |
| teeth | swa | suwa | wa | syək, səyk |
| tongue | cele | cile | mye | le |
| nail | luŋjiŋ, ləgjuŋ | pin | lusyi | sən |
| leg | unjik | konṭe, ulaŋ | tuti | dom |
| knee | gʰũḍa (<Nep.) | pokolek | puli | kryoŋ |
| hand | hit | lak | lʰa: | krut |
| abdomen | uyaŋ | baŋkal, guŋguŋ | pwa: | tuk |
| throat | gʰãṭi (<Nep.) | kaṇṭu | gəpə: | kəyk |
| breast | nənu | nunu | duru-pwə | ʔoh |
| heart | muṭu | loŋsek | nugə | hluŋ |
| liver | kəlejo (<Nep.) | - | syẽ | sinh |
| drink | syaŋ-go | tun-sa | twəne, twənə | tuŋʔ-na |
| eat | ca-go | cya-sa | nələ, nəye | jeʔ-na |
| bite | aŋak-ko | cek-sa | nyatə, wã nyaye | ŋawh-na |
| look | ayo-go, ni-go | yo-sa | kʰənə, kʰəne | yo-na, cewʔ-na |
| hear | səi-go | na-sai-sa | talə, taye | sayʔ-na |
| know | ra-go, cigo | sai-sa | silə, syiye | ci-na |
| sleep | nu-go | ammi-sa | denə, dene | ʔenʔ-sa |
| die | si-go | si-sa | sitə, syie | si-sa |
| kill | sat-ko | sat-sa | syatə, syae | sat-sa |
| swim | pəuri bəne-go (<Nep.) | lampasa | lalkalə/kaye | laʔ-na, kwelh-na |
| fly | uble-go | per-sa | bwələ, bwəye | syuŋ-na |
| walk | jyo-go, ya-go (go) | cawa-sa, ajyaca | nya:se, wənə, wəye | wah-na |
| arrive | hyuŋcelgo | kelet-sa | wələ, jʰalə | waŋ-na |
| lie | na-go | ami-sa | mu:pulə, | ʔenʔ-na |
| sit | huk-ko | hok-sa | dilə, pʰetuye | cuŋʔ-na |
| stand | ṭʰiŋ-go | tʰeŋ-sa | dənə, dane | ciŋ-na |
| give | pi-go | pi-sa | bila, biye | bəyʔ-na, hla-na |
| say | da-go | ŋa-sa, isdu | dʰalə, dʰaye | dayh-na |
| sun | uni | uni | surdyə: | nyam |
| moon | cəlauni | cəlauni | timila | lah |
| star | tara (<Nep.) | ucʰi | nəu, nəgu | kar |
| water | awa | paŋku | lə: | tiʔ |
| rain | aŋmət | yudu | wa | tiʔ, waʔ-ʔo |
| stone | kumba | lyuŋ, liŋ | lwəhã | baŋ |
| sand | - | - | pʰi | - |
| earth | nəsa | nasa | ca | saʔ |
| cloud | amu | kʰasu | supãe | mus |
| smoke | isku | asku | kũ | hmeʔ-ku |
| fire | mui | me | mi | hmeʔ |
| ash | mau | tarba | nəu | hmeʔ-mut |
| burn | jo-go | jyou-sa | cyatə, cyaye | jʰəm-na |
| way/path | uŋma | ulam | lã | lyam |
| mountain | pahaḍ | cyuri (top) | gu | pa.har |
| red | pʰəya | keret | hyãũ | du-ʔo |
| green | həriyo (<Nep.) | - | wãũ | pli-ʔo |
| yellow | keuwo | melu | mʰasu | yar-ʔo |
| white | gyabo | ubo | tuyu: | bʰam-ʔo |
| black | ciliŋ | kiji | haku | gal-ʔo |
| night | rat (<Nep.) | ṭa | canʰəe, ca | ya. ʔdiŋ |
| hot | gyodum | adum | kwa: | dʰah-ʔo |
| cool | ciso (<Nep.) | ajik | kʰwaũ | nik-ʔo |
| full | kipoŋ | ir-ir | ja: | bliŋ-ʔo |
| new | kaui | naka | nʰu: | rəw-ʔo |
| good | kisen | apraca | bʰĩ: | pe-ʔo |
| round | golo (<Nep.) | kurliŋ | gwəlla: | luŋ-o, gore |
| dried | kyoksi | areŋ, gaŋdu | gə̃gu | sot-ʔo |
| name | umin | name | nã | məyŋ |
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East andSoutheast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||