Aplanned community,planned city,planned town, orplanned settlement is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve organically.[2]
The termnew town refers to planned communities of thenew towns movement in particular,mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in theEuropean colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlierNative American villages.[3]
Amodel city is a type of planned city designed to a high standard and intended as amodel for others to imitate. The term was first used in 1854.[4]
Aplanned capital is a city specially planned, designed and built to be a capital. Several of the world'snational capitals are planned capitals, includingCanberra in Australia,Brasília in Brazil,Belmopan in Belize,New Delhi in India,Abuja in Nigeria,Islamabad in Pakistan,Naypyidaw in Myanmar (Burma),Washington, D.C. in the United States, the modern parts ofAstana in Kazakhstan, andAnkara in Turkey. In Indonesia,Nusantara is planned to be inaugurated on 17 August 2024,[5] and in Egypta new capital city (to the east of Cairo) is under construction.Putrajaya, the federal administrative and judicial centre ofMalaysia, is also a planned city.
Abu Dhabi (UAE) and some of the recently built cities in thePersian Gulf region are also planned cities.
Sejong was constructed to be a planned-administrative capital of South Korea.
The city ofGaborone was planned and constructed in the 1960s.[6]
Company towns
During the construction of theSuez Canal in the 1860s, and after, new towns were planned and built to serve the new international shipping canal. Other smallercompany towns were built during the 20th Century to serve oil exploration sites and factories. The larger towns have since been incorporated into mainstream local government.[7]
New urban communities
In the late 1970s, it became national policy to construct new desert towns in Egypt, managed by theNew Urban Communities Authority.
In 2012, President Teodoro Obiang decided to move the capital to a new jungle site atOyala.[8]
Konza Technology City is a planned city that is hoped to become a hub of African science and technology upon its completion in 2030.[9]
Tatu City is also another planned city located in Kiambu county.
The capital,Abuja, is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s.[10] Several other cities are under development to accommodate the rapidly growing population, some of which include:Eko Atlantic City, a planned city ofLagos State being constructed on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. Upon completion, the new city which is still under development, is anticipating 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 150,000 commuters.[11]Centenary City, in theFederal Capital Territory, is another plannedsmart city under development. The city is designed to become a major tourist attraction to the country.[12] A list of Nigerian cities and neighbourhoods that went through a form of planning are as follows:
A number of cities were set up during the apartheid-era for a variety of ethnic groups. Planned settlements set up for white inhabitants includedWelkom,Sasolburg andSecunda. Additionally the majority of settlements in South Africa were planned in their early stages and the original town centres still lie in a grid street fashion. Some settlements were also set up for non-whites such as the former homeland capital ofBisho.[citation needed]
The terrains of Hong Kong are mostly mountainous and many places in theNew Territories have limited access to roads. Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s, to accommodate rapidly growing populations. In the early days the term "satellite towns" was used. The very first new towns includedTsuen Wan andKwun Tong.Wah Fu Estate was built in a remote corner onHong Kong Island, with similar concepts in a smaller scale.
In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new town developments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed to date. Land use is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects. Rail transport is usually available at a later stage. The first towns areSha Tin,Tsuen Wan,Tuen Mun andTseung Kwan O.Tuen Mun was intended to be self-reliant, but was not successful at the beginning and maintained as adormitory town up until the recent decades like the other new towns. More recent developments areTin Shui Wai andNorth Lantau. The government also plans to build such towns inHung Shui Kiu,Ping Che-Ta Kwu Ling,Fanling North andKwu Tung North. At present, there are a total of nine new towns:
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In the period of the PersianSafavid Empire,Isfahan, the Persian capital, was built according to a planned scheme, consisting of a long boulevard and planned housing and green areas around it.
In modern-day Iran more than 20 planned cities have been developed or are under construction, mostly around Iran's main metropolitan areas such asTehran,Isfahan,Shiraz andTabriz. Some of these new cities are built for special purposes such as:
576,000 people were planned to be settled in Iran's new towns by 2005.
For a list of Iran's modern planned cities see:List of Iran's planned cities.
According to politics of country settlement a number of planned cities were created in peripheral regions. De facto all the cities which have Jewish population its new Jewish side have been planned like New Acre and Nazareth Illit. Those cities also known asDevelopment Towns. The most successful isAshdod with more than 200,000 inhabitants, aport and developed infrastructure. Other cities that were developed following Israel's lineation plan areShoham,Karmiel andArad.Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut has been another of the country's most successful planned cities. Construction began in 1994 and it now has a population of over 80,000. Modi'in also rates higher in terms of average salary and graduation rates than the national average. It was designed and planned by Israeli architectMoshe Safdie. ManyIsraeli settlements follow this model, including towns likeModi'in Illit andBetar Illit.
The city ofKyoto was developed as a planned city in 794 as a new imperial capital (then calledHeian-kyō), built on a grid layout and remained the capital for over a millennium. The grid layout remains, reflected in major east–west streets being numbered, such as 4th street (四条,shi-jō). In modern times,Sapporo was built from 1868, following an Americangrid plan, and is today the fifth-largest city in Japan. Both these cities have regular addressing systems (following the grid) unlike the usual subdivision-basedJapanese addressing system.
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Borrowing from the New Town movement in the United Kingdom, some 30 new towns have been built all over Japan. Most of these constructions were initiated during the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, but construction continued into the 1980s. Most of them are located near Tokyo and the big cities inKansai region. Some towns, (Senri New Town [jp],Tama New Town) do not provide much employment, and many of the residents commute to the nearby cities. These towns fostered the infamous congestion of commuter trains (although as the metropolitan areas have grown, this commute has become relatively short in comparison to commutes from the new urban fringe).
Other New Towns act as industrial/academic agglomerations (sangyo-shuseki) (Tsukuba Science City, Kashima Port Town). These areas attempt to create an all-inclusive environment for daily living, in accordance withUzō Nishiyama's "life-spheres" principle.
Japan has also developed the concept of new towns to whatManuel Castells andSir Peter Hall calltechnopolis. The technopolis program of the 1980s has precedents in the New Industrial Cities Act of the 1960s. These cities are largely modeled after Tsukuba Academic New Town (Tsukuba Science City) in that they attempt to agglomerate high-tech resources together in a campus-like environment.
In the past, the Japanese government had proposed relocating the capital to a planned city, but this plan was cancelled.
Overall, Japan's New Town program consists of many diverse projects, most of which focus on a primary function, but also aspire to create an all-inclusive urban environment. Japan's New Town program is heavily informed by the Anglo-AmericanGarden City tradition, American neighborhood design, as well as Soviet strategies of industrial development.
In 2002 Prime MinisterJunichiro Koizumi announced the end of new town construction, although the new towns continue to receive government funding and redevelopment.
Sources:
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Kazakhstan has several planned cities, many of which were founded in recent history as part of the country’s shift from its historicallynomadic pastoralism to a more urbanized and industrialized society. This transition began particularly during the Soviet era, as the country developed its infrastructure and urban areas to support industrial growth and modernization.
Some of the most prominent planned cities in Kazakhstan reflect this shift, with their establishment linked to the growth of key industries such as energy, mining, and manufacturing:
Naypyidaw is the capital of Myanmar. It is administered by theNaypyidaw Union Territory, as per the2008 Constitution.[24] On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of Myanmar was officially moved to agreenfield 3.2 km west ofPyinmana, and approximately 300 km north ofYangon (Rangoon), the previous capital. The capital's official name was announced on 27 March 2006, coinciding with Myanmar'sArmed Forces Day. Much of the city was still under construction as late as 2012.[25] As of 2009, the population was 925,000,[26] which makes it Myanmar'sthird largest city, afterYangon andMandalay.
Many ancientcities in China, especially those on theNorth China Plain, were carefully designed according to thefengshui theory, featuring square or rectangular city walls, rectilinear road grid, and symmetrical layout. Famous examples areChang'an inTang dynasty andBeijing.
An exception to that is an ancient town inTekes County,Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, with a shape of aba gua.
In modern China, manyspecial economic zones are developed from the sketch, for example,Pudong, a new district of Shanghai.
Quezon City was the planned city of PresidentManuel L. Quezon, who had earlier proposed a new city to be built on land northeast of theCity of Manila. Carefully planned districts include Santa Mesa Heights (part of the originalBurnham Plan for Manila), the Diliman Estate (includes theUniversity of the Philippines), New Manila, the Cubao Commercial District, South Triangle, Housing Projects 1 (Roxas District), 2 and 3 (Quirino District), 4, 5 (Kamias-Kamuning District), 6, 7, and 8.
PresidentElpidio Quirino proclaimed Quezon City as the national capital on 17 July 1948, with PresidentFerdinand Marcos restoring Manila as the capital on 24 June 1976. He then created a metropolitan area calledMetro Manila, which remains congested today due to failed execution of the Quezon City plan as well as the Burnham Plan.
Other planned cities (in order of foundation):
King Abdullah Economic City, a future planned city along theRed Sea located in Saudi Arabia.
In 1975, Jubail Industrial City, also known asJubail, was designated as a new industrial city by theSaudi government. It provides 50% of the country's drinking water throughdesalination of the water from thePersian Gulf.
The new town planning concept was introduced into Singapore with the building of the first New Town,Queenstown, from July 1952 to 1973 by the country's public housing authority, theHousing and Development Board. Today, the vast majority of the approximately 11,000 public housing buildings are organised into 22 new towns across the country.
Each new town is designed to be completely self-sustainable. Helmed by a hierarchy of commercial developments, ranging from a town centre to precinct-level outlets, there is no need to venture out of town to meet the most common needs of residences. Employment can be found in industrial estates located within several towns. Educational, health care, and recreational needs are also taken care of with the provision of schools, hospitals, parks, sports complexes, and so on.
Singapore's expertise in successful new town design was internationally recognised when the Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded theWorld Habitat Award toTampines New Town, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's new towns, on 5 October 1992.[30]
Since 2007Sejong was planned as the new capital, but it is becoming the de facto administrative capital instead, with many national government agencies and research institutes moving there between 2013 and present. It has a planned population of 0.8 million, which is the largest of all the newtown development plans. The head of the domestic-administration, thePrime Minister of South Korea also resides in Sejong, along with more than 65% of the South Korea's government facilities.
New Songdo City is a planned international business centre to be developed on 6 square kilometres of reclaimed land along Incheon's waterfront, 65 kilometres west of Seoul and connected to Incheon International Airport by a 10-kilometre highway bridge. This 10-year development project is estimated to cost in excess of $40 billion, making it the largest private development project ever undertaken anywhere in the world.
Gwanggyo newtown is located 25 km south away from Seoul in Suwon city and Youngin city, Gyeonggi province. Gwanggyo newtown area 11 square kilometers was designated in 2004 by Gyeonggi Province, Suwon city, Youngin city, and Gyeonggi Development Corporation (GICO). It will accommodate more than 31,000 households. Gwanggyo newtown was not only for the housing supply but also for several regional goals such as provincial office movement, convention center building, and creating economic growth core in Gyeonggi provincial area. Its infrastructure was scheduled to be constructed by 2012.
Since the 1990s, several planned communities were built in theSeoul Metropolitan Area to alleviate housing demands inSeoul. They include:
After losing theChinese Civil War, the central government of China and its government forces retreated to the former Qing province and laterJapanese colony of the island of Taiwan, which was still a Japanese territory under Allied occupation. As a result,Nationalist forces constructed severalmilitary dependents' villages that were intended to be temporary housing for party members and their families to regainMainland China from theCommunists. Many of these neighborhoods became permanent and still exist today.
Beginning in the 1950s, theTaiwan Provincial Government was moved out ofTaipei to central Taiwan for security reasons. Several new planned communities were created to house these government employees. The first planned community under the background wasGuangfu New Village, located inWufeng, Taichung. After Guangfu New Village, other communities were created as well:[31]
In the 1970s, several new cities were planned to help alleviate the overpopulation in Taiwan's largest cities, includingLinkou new town andDanhai New Town to alleviate Taipei downtown's overpopulation, Dapingding new town to alleviate Kaohsiung downtown.[32] Most of the new city plans during the time did not succeed due to strong opposition from locals and negative responses from various government departments.[33][34]
Taichung's 7th Redevelopment Zone, which is located inTaichung, Taiwan, was a major planned community. Before Taichung's 7th Redevelopment Zone Plan, only a few farmhouses were scattered along a limited number of narrow streets.[35] Today, this area the new central business district (CBD) of Taichung, away from the city'sCentral District.[36] It features broad and widely spaced boulevards, large apartments complexes, department stores, and office towers. There are many universities nearby, such asTunghai University andFeng Chia University.[37]
Some parts of the biggest city,Istanbul, are beingre-developed and re-planned.[38]
The capital,Ankara, was built by a plan and is constantly re-planned.[39]
Atça,Aydın was burned down by Greek forces in theTurkish Independence War. The rebuilding plan was based on Paris' plan.[40]
Some other cities includingErzincan,Karabük,Kars,Kayseri,Konya were also planned.
An urban culture is evident in the mature phase ofIndus Valley civilization which thrived in present-day Pakistan and north western India from around 3300 BC. The quality of municipal city planning suggests knowledge ofurban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority onhygiene. The streets of major cities in present-day Pakistan such asMohenjo-daro andHarappa, the world's earliest planned cities, were laid out in a perfectgrid pattern comparable to that of present-day New York City. The houses were protected from noise, odours, and thieves.
As seen in the ancient sites ofHarappa andMohenjo-daro in Pakistan and western border of India, this urban plan included the world's first urbansanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water fromwells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing,waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to innercourtyards and smaller lanes.
The ancient Indus systems ofsewage anddrainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus Valley were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern South Asia today. The advanced architecture of theHarappans is shown by theirdockyards,granaries,warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls.
A number of medieval Indian cities were planned including:
India has a number of planned cities. Some prominent planned cities areNavi Mumbai,Noida,Dholera,Amaravati, New Delhi andChandigarh. Noida was one of the most successful experiments as a planned city, undertaken by the State Government. It was divided into sectors, with residential and commercial zones, local water tanks and electricity distributors. Each sector is surrounded by roads, which ultimately connect to New Delhi, the capital of India.
The period followingindependence saw India being defined into smaller geographical regions. New states such asGujarat were formed with planned capital cities.
The major planned cities of India include:
Arkadag, named in honor of Turkmenistan’s former PresidentGurbanguly Berdymukhamedov, is a new plannedsmart city in Turkmenistan. Situated to the southeast of Ashgabat, the city is designed to be a modern and innovative urban hub, reflecting Turkmenistan's aspirations for technological advancement and sustainable development. Arkadag is being developed with a focus on smart technologies, including energy efficiency, modern infrastructure, and eco-friendly solutions, while preserving Turkmen cultural heritage. This city is part of a broader vision to diversify the country’s urban landscape and provide an advanced living environment for its residents.[64]
Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, is a city that has been thoughtfully planned, with its foundations laid during the Soviet era. After Turkmenistan gained independence in 1991, the city saw considerable expansion and development. Ashgabat's layout is distinguished by monumental structures, grand government buildings, and wide avenues, many of which are made of marble. The urban development aims to showcase the national pride and Turkmen heritage, combining modern infrastructure with elements of traditional culture.[65]
Türkmenbaşy, formerly known as Krasnovodsk, was transformed into aresort town during the Soviet era. Located on theCaspian Sea coast, the city was developed as an important port and industrial center. In 1993, after Turkmenistan gained independence, the city was renamed Türkmenbaşy in honour of the country’s first president,Saparmurat Niyazov, who oversaw its further development. The city is known for its modern infrastructure, including wide streets, government buildings, and beach hotels, and serves as a major hub for the country’s oil and gas industries.
New settlements were planned in Europe at least since Greek antiquity (see articleHistory of urban planning). The Greeks built new colonial cities around the Mediterranean. The ancient Romans also founded many new colonial towns through their empire. There are, however, also traces of planned settlements of non-Roman origin in pre-historic northern Europe. Most planned settlements of medieval Europe were created in the period of about the 12th to 14th centuries. All kinds of landlords, from the highest to the lowest rank, tried to found new villages and towns on their estates, to gain economic, political or military power. The settlers generally were attracted by fiscal, economic and juridical advantages granted by the founding lord, or were forced to move from elsewhere from his estates. Most of the new towns were to remain rather small (as for instance thebastides of southwestern France), but some of them became important cities, such asCardiff,Leeds,'s-Hertogenbosch,Montauban,Bilbao,Malmö,Lübeck,Munich,Berlin,Bern,Klagenfurt,Alessandria,Warsaw andSarajevo.[66]
TheRomans built a large number of towns throughout their empire, often as colonies for the settlement of citizens or veterans. These were generally characterised by a grid of streets and a planned water-supply; and many modern European towns of originally Roman foundation still retain part of the original street-grid.
Belarus has several planned towns, all built during the 1950s – 1970s fromKomsomol rapid construction projects. These planned towns include:
As many Roman army camps, the settlement ofAtuatuca Tungrorum, on the site of the modern town ofTongeren, grew into an important regional centre, laid out along agrid plan and supplied with water by anaqueduct. While Tongeren's administrative and military functions were moved to Maastricht in the wake ofGermanic invasions in the 350s, given the latter's better strategic position, remains of the Roman town are visible up to this day.
Named after kingCharles II of Spain, the town ofCharleroi (orCaroloregium, in Latin) was founded in 1666 as a stronghold near the French border, to fend off potential invasions. A few years before, in 1659, the border betweenFrance and theSpanish Netherlands had shifted northward due to theTreaty of the Pyrenees. This shift, and the consequent loss of fortified border towns such asCambrai andAvesnes had sparked the need to found new forts to defend the border. The original fortifications were destroyed between 1867 and 1871, making place for a quickly expanding industrial centre.
In 1923, the city ofAntwerp annexed the sparsely populated, marshy lands known as Vlaams Hoofd, with the intention of using the area for urban development. Over the following decades, the terrain was elevated and a new urban community, now calledLinkeroever (literally 'Left Bank'), was created. Notably,Le Corbusier submitted a plan along the lines of hisCité radieuse[67] but neither his plan nor those of his colleagues were accepted. Instead, Linkeroever was developed gradually over the 20th and 21st centuries, inspired by a mix ofmodernist and later ideas.[68]
When theCatholic University of Leuven was split along linguistic lines in 1968, it was decided to move its French-speaking division, theUniversité catholique de Louvain, fromLeuven (in theFlemish Region) to a new location, some 30 kilometers south, in theWalloon Region. Construction on the town ofLouvain-la-Neuve (literally 'New Louvain') began in the 1970s, in what had previously been the mostly empty countryside near the village ofOttignies. Its city centre is supported by a concrete structure, allowing car traffic to pass underneath and making the city centre a pedestrian zone.
The cities ofStara Zagora andKazanlak, in central Bulgaria, were rebuilt as planned cities after they were burnt to the ground in the1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War. Also the city ofDimitrovgrad in south Bulgaria, that was planned as a key industrial and infrastructure center.
Červar-Porat is aresort town in western Croatia, located on the east coast of theAdriatic Sea on the Červar lagoon. It was built as a planned town in the 1970s, although the area was inhabited in Roman times. During the War of Independence it was used as acamp for refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina andVukovar. It was planned to house 6500 people.[citation needed]
Raša in Istria was built as a "new town" during 1936–1937 as part ofMussolini's urban colonization of Istria and other Italian territories.
The capital ofZagreb underwent major expansion during the 1960s. By that time, the city's official boundary was the riverSava, since nothing was built over it. After a flood in the 1960s, many residents were moved and some other districts were created for the residents, such asDubrava, which was the interconnection between the Zagreb's old part andSesvete. During the 1960s and 1970s, a planned part of Zagreb,Novi Zagreb (New Zagreb), was constructed, which is on the other, previously uninhabited part of the river Sava, and is now one of major districts consisting of purely residential buildings and blocks. It is still under expansion and some new landmarks were built in it, the most famous one being the recent one,Arena Zagreb, built in 2008.
TheNew Town ofPrague was founded in 1348 by the King and EmperorCharles IV. This expansion made Prague, the new imperial seat, the third largest city in Europe by area at that time.
Poruba andHavířov were established in the 1950s as new satellite residential towns for workers of coal-mining, steel-mill and other heavy-industry complex in the Ostrava region.[citation needed]
Prague was extended by largehousing estates – "new towns" in the 1970s and 1980s:Severní Město (Northern Town),Jižní Město (Southern Town),Jihozápadní Město (South-Western Town) were the largest, with population around 100.000 each. Their remote position to the city centre was compensated for by underground lines constructed usually a decade after the completion of the housing projects.[citation needed] A new housing estate calledZápadní Město (Western Town) is currently (2017) partly under construction (Britská čtvrť) and partly in planning stage.
Fredericia was founded in 1650 as a combinedmarket town andmilitary town following theThirty Years' War. Similarly, theNorth Sea port city ofEsbjerg was constructed in 1868 following the loss ofAltona (nowpart of Hamburg).
More recent examples areGræse Bakkeby inNorth Zealand, andØrestad (adistrict of Copenhagen), planned and built to strengthen development in theCopenhagen/Malmö region. The suburb ofAlbertslund was also built from scratch in the 1970s, merging the villagesVridsløselille andHerstedvester.
In 2017, plans for a new 20,000-inhabitant town outsideFrederikssund namedVinge were approved by the Danish authorities.
The city ofHelsinki, previously a town of 5,000 inhabitants, was made the capital of the newGrand Duchy of Finland in 1812 by decree ofAlexander I, Emperor of Russia. The city center was rebuilt with the lead of the German architectCarl Ludvig Engel.
However, the last town in Finland that was ordered to be built on a previously completely uninhabited land wasRaahe, founded by governor generalPer Brahe the Younger in 1649.
The city ofVaasa was rebuilt about seven kilometers northwest of its original location in 1862, after a fire which destroyed the city in 1852. The new town was planned byCarl Axel Setterberg. The disastrous consequences of the fire were considered as the design included five broad avenues which divided the town into sections and each block was divided by alleys.
Hamina is an old Finnish Eastern trade capital, founded during the Swedish reign. The star-shaped fortress and the circular town plan are based on an Italian Renaissance fortress concept from the 16th century.
Finland also has various "ekokylä" communities or "ecological villages". For example,Tapiola is a post-wargarden city on the edge ofEspoo.
Hervanta inTampere is a satellite city built starting from 1970s to accommodate a growing number of urban residents. It was built far from the city centre due to lower land prices. The district was intended to be as independent as possible. It includes a largeuniversity campus, thePolice University College of Finland and offices of many technology companies.
Many new cities, calledbastides, were founded from the 12th to 14th centuries in southwestern France, where theHundred Years War took place, to replace destroyed cities and organize defence and growth. Among those,Monpazier,Beaumont, andVilleréal are good examples.
In 1517, the construction ofLe Havre was ordered byFrancis I of France as a new port. It was completely destroyed during theSecond World War and was entirely rebuilt in amodernist style, during theTrente Glorieuses, the thirty-year period from 1945 to 1975.
Cardinal Richelieu founded the small Baroque town ofRichelieu, which remains largely unchanged.
A program of new towns (Frenchville nouvelle [fr]) was developed in the mid-1960s to try to control the expansion of cities.[70] Tenvilles nouvelles were created.
La Défense, in thegreater Paris area, could also be considered a planned town, though it was not built all at once but in successive stages beginning in the 1950s.
Planned cities in Germany are:
Welthauptstadt Germania was the projected renewal ofBerlin as a planned city, although only a small portion was constructed between 1937 and 1943.
After World War II, several expellee towns were built likeEspelkamp,Neutraubling andTraunreut.
Planned cities in Greece are:
All Hungarian planned cities were built in the second half of the 20th century when a program of rapid industrialization was implemented by the communist government.
In the Republic of Ireland the term "new town" is often used to refer to planned towns built after World War II which were discussed as early as 1941. The term "new town" in Ireland was also used for some earlier developments, notably during theGeorgian era. Part ofLimerick city was built in a planned fashion as "Newtown Pery".
In 1961 the first new town ofShannon was commenced and a target of 6,000 inhabitants was set. This has since been exceeded. Shannon is of some regional importance today as an economic centre (with theShannon Free Zone andShannon Airport), but until recently failed to expand in population as anticipated. Since the late 1990s, and particularly in the early 2000s, the population has been expanding at a much faster rate, with town rejuvenation, new retail and entertainment facilities and many new housing developments.
It was not until 1967 that the Wright Report planned four towns inCounty Dublin. These wereBlanchardstown,Clondalkin,Lucan andTallaght but they were subsequently reduced to Blanchardstown, Lucan-Clondalkin and Tallaght. These areas had previously contained small semi-rural villages on the edge of the city of Dublin, but were greatly expanded throughout the 1970s. Each of these towns has approximately 50,000 inhabitants today.
The most recent new town in Ireland isAdamstown in County Dublin. Building commenced in 2005 and it was anticipated that the occupation would commence late in 2006 with the main development of 10,500 units being completed within a ten-year timescale. As of 2017 Adamstown is complete but currently only has 3,500 out of the 25,500 planned.
A famous example of renaissance planned city is the walled star city ofPalmanova. It is a derivative of ideal circular cities, namely ofFilarete's imaginary Sforzinda.
In the early 20th century, during the fascist government ofBenito Mussolini, many new cities were founded, the most prominent beingLittoria (renamed Latina after the fall of the Fascism). The city was inaugurated on 18 December 1932. Littoria was populated with immigrants coming from Northern Italy, mainly fromFriuli andVeneto.
The greatSicilian earthquake of 1693 forced thecomplete rebuilding on new plans of many towns.
Other well-known new cities are located close toMilan in the metropolitan area.Crespi d'Adda, a few kilometres east of Milan along the Adda River, was settled by the Crespi family. It was the first Ideal Worker's City in Italy, built close to the cotton factory. Today Crespi d'Adda is part of theUnesco World Heritage List.Cusano Milanino was settled in the first years of the 20th century in the formerly small town of Cusano. It was built as a new green city, rich in parks, villas, large boulevards and called Milanino (Little Milan).
In 1961Elektrėnai was established as planned city for workers inElektrėnai Power Plant and in 1975Visaginas was established as planned city for workers inIgnalina Nuclear Power Plant.
One of the 12 provinces of the Netherlands,Flevoland (pop. 437,000 in 2022), was reclaimed from theZuiderzee (Southern Sea). After a flood in 1916, it was decided that the Zuiderzee, an inland sea within the Netherlands, would be closed and reclaimed. In 1932, acauseway (theAfsluitdijk) was completed, which closed off the sea completely. The Zuiderzee was subsequently called IJsselmeer (IJssel Lake), and its previously salty water became fresh.
The first part of the new lake that was reclaimed was the Noordoostpolder (Northeast Polder). This new land included, among others, the former island of Urk, and it was included with the province of Overijssel. After this, other parts were also reclaimed: the eastern part in 1957 (Oost-Flevoland) and the southern part (Zuid-Flevoland) in 1968. The municipalities on the three parts voted to become a separate province, which happened in 1986.
The capital of Flevoland isLelystad, but the biggest city isAlmere (pop. 219,000 in 2022), which was founded in 1975. Apart from these two larger cities, several 'new villages' were built. In the Noordoostpolder, the central town ofEmmeloord is surrounded by ten villages, all in cycling distance from Emmeloord since that was the most popular way of transport in the 1940s (and it is still very popular). Most noteworthy of these villages isNagele which was designed by famous modern architects of the time,Gerrit Rietveld,Aldo van Eyck,Willem Wissing andJaap Bakema among them. The other villages were built in a more traditional, or vernacular, style. In the more recent Flevolandpolders, four more 'new villages' were built. Initially, more villages were planned, but the introduction of cars made fewer but larger villages possible.
New towns outside Flevoland areHoofddorp andIJmuiden near Amsterdam,Hellevoetsluis andSpijkenisse near Rotterdam and the navy portDen Helder.Elburg is an example of a planned city in the medieval period.
The cities ofAlmere,Capelle aan den IJssel,Haarlemmermeer (also a reclaimed polder, 19th century),Nieuwegein,Purmerend andZoetermeer are members of the European New Town Platform.
TheMunicipality of Aerodrom within thecity of Skopje is a planned community.
Four cities stand out as examples of planned communities in Poland:Zamość,Gdynia,Tychy andNowa Huta. Their very diverse layouts are the result of the different aesthetics that were held as ideal during the development of each of these planned communities. Planned cities in Poland have a long history and fall primarily into three time periods during which planned towns developed in Poland and its neighbors that once comprised thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. These are theNobleman's Republic (16th to 18th centuries), the interwar period (1918–1939) andSocialist Realism (1944–1956).
The extreme opulence that Poland's nobility enjoyed during theRenaissance left Poland's elites with not only obscene amounts of money to spend, but also motivated them to find new ways to invest their hefty fortunes out of the grasp of the Royal Treasury.Jan Zamoyski founded the city ofZamość to circumvent royal tariffs and duties while also serving as the capital for his mini-state. Zamość was planned by the renowned Paduan architectBernardo Morando and modeled onRenaissance theories of the 'ideal city'. Realizing the importance of trade, Zamoyski issued special location charters for representatives of peoples traditionally engaged in trade, i.e. toGreeks,Armenians andSephardic Jews and secured exemptions on taxes, customs duties and tolls, which contributed to its fast development. Zamoyski's success withZamość spawned numerous other Polish nobles to found their own "private" cities such asBiałystok and many of these towns survive today, whileZamość was added to theUN World Heritage list in 1992 and is today considered one of the most precious urban complexes in Europe and in the world.[citation needed]
The preeminent example of a planned community in interwar Poland is Gdynia. AfterWorld War I when Poland regained its independence it lacked a commercial seaport (De iurePoles could useGdańsk, which was the main port of the country before the War and is again today, butde factothe Germans residing in the city made it almost impossible for them), making it necessary to build one from scratch. The extensive and modern seaport facilities inGdynia, the most modern and extensive port facilities in Europe at the time, became Poland's central port on theBaltic Sea. In the shadow of the port, the city took shape mirroring in its scope the rapid development of 19th-century Chicago, growing from a small fishing village of 1,300 in 1921 into a full blown city with a population over 126,000 less than 20 years later. TheCentral Business District that developed inGdynia is a showcase ofArt Deco andModernist architectural styles and predominate much of the cityscape. There are also villas, particularly in the city's villa districts such as Kamienna Góra whereHistoricism inspiredNeo-Renaissance andNeo-Baroque architecture.
After the destruction of most Polish cities in World War II, theCommunist government that took power in Poland sought to bring about architecture that was in line with its vision of society. Thus urban complexes arose that reflected the ideals ofsocialist realism. This can be seen in districts of Polish cities such asWarsaw'sMDM. The City ofNowa Huta (now a district ofKraków) andTychy were built as the epitome of the proletarian future of Poland.
Vila Real de Santo António was built after the1755 Lisbon earthquake, on the same model that was used for rebuildingLisbon, Portugal's capital city (also destroyed in the earthquake), and on a similar orthogonal plan.
The cities ofBrăila,Giurgiu andTurnu Severin were rebuilt, according to new plans, in the first part of the 19th century and the cities ofAlexandria andCălărași were built completely new the same time.The town ofVictoria, located inBrașov County, was built by the communist government starting in the late 1940s. The town ofMotru inOltenia dates to the 1960s.
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Novi Beograd, meaningNew Belgrade inSerbian, is a municipality of the city ofBelgrade, built on a previously undeveloped area on the left bank of theSava river. The first development began in 1947, the municipality has since expanded significantly and become the fastest developing region in Serbia.
Drvengrad, meaningWooden Town inSerbian, is a traditional village that theSerbian film directorEmir Kusturica had built for his filmLife Is a Miracle. It is located in theZlatibor District near the city ofUžice, two hundred kilometers southwest of Serbia's capital,Belgrade. It is located nearMokra Gora andVišegrad.
Nova Gorica, built after 1947 immediately to the east of the new border with Italy, in which the town ofGorizia remained.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the population of Spain declined due to emigration to the Americas and later kings and governments made efforts to repopulate the country. In the second half of the 18th century, KingCharles III implemented the so-called New Settlements (Nuevas Poblaciones) plan which would bring 10,000 immigrants from central Europe to the region ofSierra Morena.Pablo de Olavide was appointed superintendent and about forty new settlements were established of which the most notable wasLa Carolina, which has a perfectly rectangular grid design.[72]
Later kings and repopulation efforts led to the creation of more settlements, also with rectangular grid plans. One of them was the town of La Isabela (40.4295 N, 2.6876 W), which disappeared in the 1950s submerged under the waters of the newly created artificial lake ofBuendía but is still visible just under the water in satellite imagery.
UnderFrancisco Franco, theInstituto Nacional de Colonización (National Institute of Colonization) built a great number of towns and villages.
Tres Cantos, nearMadrid, is a good example of a successful new town design in Spain. It was built in the 1970s.
Newer additional sections of large cities are often newly planned as is the case of theSalamanca district orCiudad Lineal in Madrid or theEixample in Barcelona.
Gothenburg was planned and built as a major fortified city from nothing from 1621.
Karlskrona was also planned and built as a major city and naval base from nothing, beginning 1680.
Vällingby, a suburb, is an example of a new town in Sweden from after 1950.
Kiruna was built because of the large mine, from 1898.
Arvika was also a planned city, in 1811.
Most old planned cities have grown far outside the original planned areas. The new areas were usually (but not always) also planned, but later and separately.Majorna is a near suburb of Gothenburg that was not planned, but grew more ad-hoc, with irregular curvy streets following the topography.
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Odesa was built as a planned city according to 18th-century plans by the Flemish engineer Franz de Wollant (also known as François Sainte de Wollant).[73] The same engineer also planned the following municipalities in Ukraine in the late 18th century:
During its Soviet period, there were number of projects carry out in Ukraine as part of the All-Union urban development programs. In 1920s-1930s cities throughout the Soviet Union were "redeveloped" and had new neighborhoods created known as "Sots-gorodok" or "Sots-misto". After theWorld War II that program was discontinued, but number of cities still have some of their neighborhoods named after that program. Some city neighborhoods were developed as hubs for science development and were named as Akademgorodok which could be traced among many cities of the former Soviet Union. There also were built special cities like "Atomgrad" (cities of nuclear scientists), "Goroda Energetikov" (cities of power installers), city-satellites of hydropower plants, etc. (Teplodar,Enerhodar,Pivdennoukrainsk,Svitlodarsk,Svitlovodsk and many others).
Horishni Plavni, founded in the 1960 asKomsomolsk, is the most prosperous planned city in Ukraine, depending on the internationally important iron ore mining business. The city was built by method of "community effort" (Soviet Union unpaid labor) and Komsomol activism.
Prypiat is another new city in Ukraine built in 1970. The city was abandoned on 27 April 1986 after theChernobyl nuclear disaster. On 26 April the city had 50,000 habitants, the majority working at theChernobyl nuclear power plant. Now theabandoned town is highly contaminated by radiation. Most of thePrypiat's former inhabitants were resettled toSlavutych which was planned and built for that purpose.
The Romans planned many towns in Britain, but the settlements were changed out of all recognition in subsequent centuries. The town ofWinchelsea is said to be the first post-Roman new town in Britain, constructed to a grid system under the instructions ofKing Edward I in 1280, and largely completed by 1292. Another claimant to the title isSalisbury, established in the early 13th century by the thenBishop of Sarum. The best known pre-20th-century new town in the UK was undoubtedly theEdinburgh New Town, built in accordance with a 1766 master plan byJames Craig, and (along with Bath and Dublin) the archetype of theGeorgian style of British architecture.
The term "new town" often refers in the UK to towns built afterWorld War II under theNew Towns Acts. These were influenced by thegarden city movement, launched around 1900 byEbenezer Howard andSir Patrick Geddes and the work ofRaymond Unwin, and manifested atLetchworth Garden City andWelwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire.
FollowingWorld War II, some 17 projected new towns were designated under theNew Towns Act 1946 (9 & 10 Geo. 6. c. 68),[a] and were developed partly to house the large numbers of people whose homes had been destroyed by theLuftwaffe duringWW2 and partly to move parts of the population out of (mainlyVictorian) urbanslums. New Towns policy was also informed by a series of wartime commissions, including:[citation needed]
Also crucial to thinking was theAbercrombie Plan for London (1944), which envisaged moving a million and a half people from London to new and expanded towns. (A similar plan was developed for theClyde Valley in 1946 to combat similar problems faced inGlasgow.) Together these committees reflected a strong consensus to halt the uncontrolled sprawl of London and other large cities. For some, this consensus was tied up with a concern for social welfare reform (typified by theBeveridge Report), as typified in the mottoif we can build better, we can live better; for others, such asJohn Betjeman it was a more conservative objection to the changing character of existing towns.
Following the building ofBorehamwood,Middlesex, 12 miles north-west of central London, the first in a ring of major "first generation" New Towns around London (1946) wereStevenage, Hertfordshire, 33 miles to the north of London, andBasildon, Essex, 32 miles east of London along theRiver Thames. Hertfordshire built four other new towns, two in the vicinity of Stevenage (Welwyn Garden City andHatfield), a third to the north calledLetchworth, andHemel Hempstead to the west. New Towns in theNorth East were also planned, such asNewton Aycliffe (which the social reformer and government adviserWilliam Beveridge wanted to be the "ideal town to live in"),Washington,Killingworth,Billingham andPeterlee which were in bothCounty Durham andNorthumberland (except Washington and Killingworth which are now inTyne and Wear).Bracknell in Berkshire, to the south-west of London, was designated a New Town in 1949 and is still expanding. Other London new towns from this era includeHarlow in Essex andCrawley in West Sussex.
Later, a scatter of "second-generation" towns were built to meet specific problems, such as the development of theCorby Steelworks. Finally, following theNew Towns Act 1965, five "third-generation" towns were launched in the late 1960s: these were larger, some of them based on substantial existing settlements such asPeterborough. Probably the most well-known wasMilton Keynes – designed from the outset to be a new city[b] – midway between London and Birmingham, known for itsgrid network of distributor roads between rather than through neighbourhoods, itsG2 listed central park and "covered high street" shopping centre. The 1960s saw new towns being designated around England's second-cityBirmingham, namelyRedditch,Tamworth andTelford.
Other towns, such asAshford in Kent,Basingstoke in Hampshire andSwindon in Wiltshire, were designated "Expanded Towns" and share many characteristics with the new towns. Scotland also gained three more new towns:Cumbernauld in 1956, noted for its enclosed'town centre',Livingston (1962) andIrvine (1966).[74]
In spite of the relative success of new towns in the London Metropolitan green belt, London continued to suffer from a chronic housing shortage, especially in the south-east. Another small New Town,Thamesmead, was developed adjacent to the Thames in the early 1960s but suffered from poor transport links. Some improvement in infrastructure has been seen subsequently.
All the new towns featured a car-aware layout with many roundabouts and a grid-based road system unusual in the old world. Milton Keynes in particular has agrid-based distributor road system, designed to minimise traffic in residential areas. The earlier new towns, where construction was often rushed and whose inhabitants were generally plucked out of their established communities with little ceremony, rapidly got a poor press reputation as the home of "new town blues".[citation needed] These issues were systematically addressed in the later towns, with the third generation towns in particular devoting substantial resources to cycle routes,[75] public transport and community facilities, as well as employing teams of officers for social development work.[citation needed]
The financing of the UK new towns was creative. Land within the designated area was acquired at agricultural use value by the development corporation for each town, and infrastructure and building funds borrowed on 60-year terms from the UK Treasury. Interest on these loans was rolled up, in the expectation that the growth in land values caused by the development of the town would eventually allow the loans to be repaid in full. However, the high levels of retail price inflation experienced in the developed world in the 1970s and 1980s fed through into interest rates and frustrated this expectation, so that substantial parts of the loans had ultimately to be written off.[citation needed]
All New Towns designated under the New Towns Act of 1946 were serviced by a secretariat, the New Towns Association, aquango that reported to the New Towns Directorate of the Department of the Environment. It coordinated the work of the General Managers and technical officers, published a monthly information bulletin and provided information for visitors from around the world. As each New Town reached maturity, the town's assets were taken over by theCommission for New Towns. Set up in 1948, the New Towns Association was dissolved in 1998. All papers held by it and the Commission for New Towns are held in The National archives:[76]
From the 1970s the first generation towns began to reach their initial growth targets. As they did so, their development corporations were wound up and the assets disposed of: rented housing to the local authority, and other assets to the Commission for New Towns (in England; but alternative arrangements were made in Scotland and Wales). The Thatcher Government, from 1979, saw the new towns as a socialist experiment to be discontinued, and all the development corporations were dissolved by 1992 (with the closure ofMilton Keynes Development Corporation), even for the third generation towns whose growth targets were still far from being achieved. Ultimately the Commission for New Towns was also dissolved and its assets – still including a lot of undeveloped land – passed to the English Industrial Estates Corporation (later known asEnglish Partnerships).
Many of the New Towns attempted to incorporatepublic art and cultural programmes but with mixed methods and results. InHarlow the architect in charge of the design of the new town,Frederick Gibberd, founded the Harlow Art Trust[77] and used it to purchase works by leading sculptors, includingAuguste Rodin,Henry Moore andBarbara Hepworth. InPeterlee the abstract artistVictor Pasmore was appointed part of the design team, which led to the building of theApollo Pavilion. Washington New Town was provided with a community theatre and art gallery. Thepublic art in Milton Keynes includes theConcrete Cows, which resulted from the work of an 'artist in residence' and have gone on to become a recognised landmark.
In the 1990s, an experimental "new town", developed bythe Prince of Wales to use very traditional or vernacular architectural styles, was started atPoundbury in Dorset.
In Northern Ireland, building ofCraigavon in County Armagh commenced in 1966 betweenLurgan andPortadown, although entire blocks of flats and shops lay empty, and later derelict, before eventually being bulldozed.[78] It was intended to be the heart of a newlinear city incorporatingLurgan andPortadown, but this plan was mostly abandoned and later described as having been flawed.[79]
Derry was the first ever planned city on the island of Ireland. In 1613, Work began on building the new city across the River Foyle from the ancient town of Derry (Doire Cholm Chille orDoire). The walls were actually completed five years later in 1618. The central diamond (plaza) within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence.[80]
Two "post-war new towns" were planned atEast Kilbride (1947) andGlenrothes (1948), then the late 1950s and early 1960s saw the creation ofCumbernauld,Irvine andLivingston. Each of these towns is in Scotland's list of 20 most populated towns and cities.Glenrothes was the first new town in the UK to appoint a town artist in 1968. A massive range of artworks (around 132 in total) ranging from concretehippos to bronze statues, dancing children, giant flowers, a dinosaur, a horse and chariot and crocodiles, to name but a few, were created. Town artists appointed in Glenrothes includeDavid Harding[81] and Malcolm Robertson.[82]
The only new towns in Wales have beenNewtown andCwmbran. Cwmbran was established to provide new employment in the south eastern portion of theSouth Wales Coalfield.
When Prime MinisterJohn A. Macdonald began to settle the West in Canada, he put the project under the command of theCanadian Pacific Railway (CPR), which exercised complete control over the development of land under its ownership. Thefederal government granted every second square mile section (totalling 101,000 km2) along the proposed route to the railway. The railway decided where to place thestations, and thus decided where the dominant town of the area would be. In most instances they built stations on empty sections of land to make the largest profit from land sales – meaning that the CPR founded many towns in western Canada, such asMedicine Hat andMoose Jaw, from scratch. If an existing town was close to the newly constructed station but on land not owned by the railway, the town was forced to move itself to the new site and reconstruct itself, essentially building a new town.Calgary, Alberta andYorkton, Saskatchewan, were among the towns that had to move themselves.[citation needed]
After the CPR established a station at a particular site, it planned how the town would be constructed. The side of the tracks with the station would go to business, while the other side would go to warehouses. Furthermore, the railway controlled where major buildings went (by giving the town free land to build where they wanted things to go), the construction of roads and the placement and organization of class-structured residential areas.
The CPR's influence over the development of the Canadian west's communities was one of the earliest examples of new town construction in the modern world. Later influences on planned community development in Canada were the exploitation of mineral and forest wealth, usually in remote locations of the vast country. Among numerouscompany towns planned and built for these purposes wereCorner Brook andGrand Falls in Newfoundland,Témiscaming andFermont in Quebec.
In the modern suburban context, several "New Towns" were established in the suburbs of large cities. Early examples includeLeaside in Toronto andMount Royal in Montreal. Both were planned and developed by theCanadian Northern Railway as middle class suburbs, though both, Leaside in particular, featured large industrial tracts. Leaside had its own municipal government until 1967, while Mount Royal continues to enjoy autonomy from the City of Montreal.[citation needed]
In the post-war period, new corporate new towns were developed.Bramalea, located inBrampton, Ontario andErin Mills, located inMississauga, Ontario, were both developed in phases. Both included residential, commercial and industrial components. Development in Erin Mills continues to this day.
More recently, theCornell development inMarkham, Ontario, was built as a new town, using the concepts ofNew Urbanism.CityPlace in Toronto is another example of a planned community.
Tenochtitlan was the capital of theAztec empire, which was built on an island inLake Texcoco in what is now the Federal District in central Mexico. The city was largely destroyed in the 1520s by Spanishconquistadores.Mexico City was erected on top of the ruins and, over the ensuing centuries, most of Lake Texcoco has gradually been drained.
Puebla was built because of the need of a Spanish settlement in the route betweenMexico City and the port ofVeracruz.
Cancun in the state ofQuintana Roo is a planned city, considered a tourism destination of global scale. It was transformed from old-growth forest to a well known Mexican destination.
In the colonial history of the United States, the first planned community wasSt. Augustine, planned in 1565. The earliest towns in English-speaking America such asJamestown had only rudimentary elements of planning. The first comprehensively planned town was Charles Town (laterCharleston, South Carolina), which was founded in 1670, planned in 1672, and relocated in 1680. Later planned cities includedPhiladelphia, 1682;Albany, 1695;Williamsburg, 1699;Annapolis, 1718; New York City 1731 (redesigned by the British);Savannah, 1733;New Haven, 1748 (with an early plan dated 1638); andAlexandria, 1749.[83] The national capital (Washington, D.C.), and several state capitals (Jackson, Mississippi;Columbus, Ohio;Indianapolis, Indiana;Raleigh, North Carolina;Columbia, South Carolina;Madison, Wisconsin;Salt Lake City, Utah;Tallahassee, Florida; andAustin, Texas) were essentially carved out of the wilderness to serve as capital cities.
TheHarmony Society created socialist utopian religious communities inHarmony, Pennsylvania (1804),New Harmony, Indiana (1814), and what is nowOld Economy Village in Pennsylvania (1824).
During the early- to mid-19th century, after the success ofSlater's Mill and mills atWaltham, Massachusetts, wealthy investors such as theBoston Associates bought land on rivers, built dams andtextile mills, and createdmill towns includingLowell,Lawrence, andHolyoke, Massachusetts.
Pullman, now incorporated into Chicago'sSouth Side, was a world-renowned company town founded by the industrialistGeorge M. Pullman in the 1880s.
Venice of America, a California City opened in 1904, founded byAbbot Kinney who saw a swamp like area wetland of land inLos Angeles County as an opportunity to create a visitor destination on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The entire city was laid out to conform to the contours of natural water runoff which allowed him to dredge mud from the low-lying areas thereby forming canals and with the dirt that was removed in the process, along the sides of the canals raise the elevation high enough to create housing pads.
InBeaver County, Pennsylvania, nearPittsburgh,American Bridge Company foundedAmbridge, Pennsylvania in 1905 as acompany town for American Bridge; American Bridge is still based near Ambridge today in nearbyCoraopolis, Pennsylvania.
Another well-known company town isGary, Indiana, which was founded in 1906 by theUnited States Steel Corporation as a home for its new steel mill, theGary Works, and named afterElbert Henry Gary, the chairman of the company. For many years the Gary Works was the largest steel mill in the world, and it dominated the town, the main entrance being at the northern end ofBroadway, the city's main thoroughfare. The fortunes of this planned city have historically risen and fallen with those of the steel mill: prosperous in the 1930s, the city has lost 55 percent of its population since 1960.
Riverside, Illinois,Radburn, New Jersey, andKansas City, Missouri'sCountry Club District are other early examples of planned communities. Riverside is arguably the first plannedsuburb (as opposed to a stand-alone entity) in the United States, designed in 1869 byCalvert Vaux andFrederick Law Olmsted. The village was incorporated in 1875. Established in 1912,Shaker Heights, Ohio, was planned and developed by theVan Sweringen brothers, railroad moguls who envisioned the community as a suburban retreat from the industrial inner-city of Cleveland.[84]Kohler Company created a planned village ofthe same name west of the company's former headquarters city ofSheboygan, Wisconsin, which incorporated in 1912. In 1918, theAluminum Company of America built the town ofAlcoa, Tennessee for the employees of the nearby aluminum processing plant.Mariemont, Ohio is a town financed in the 1920s by philanthropistMary Emery, designed as a place for both single-family homes and affordable apartments outside of the inner city.
TheStelton Colony in New Jersey was established as an anarchist community.
During the Florida land boom of the 1920s in South Florida, the communities ofCoral Gables,Opa-locka, andMiami Springs, now suburbs of Miami, were incorporated as fully planned "themed" communities which were to reflect the architecture and look of Spain, Arabia, and Mexico respectively, and are now considered some of the first modern planned communities in the United States.Oldsmar, located in west central Florida, was developed by automobile pioneerRansom E. Olds.
In 1928,San Clemente, California was incorporated byOle Hanson who designated that all buildings must be approved by an architectural review board to retain control over development and building style.
During theGreat Depression of the 1930s, several model towns were planned and built by the Federal government.Arthurdale,Eleanor, andTygart Valley,West Virginia, federally fundedNew Deal communities, wereEleanor Roosevelt's projects to ease the burden of the depression on coal miners. The Tennessee Valley Authority created several towns of its own to accommodate workers constructing their new dams; the most prominent beingNorris, Tennessee. Three "Greenbelt Communities",Greenbelt, Maryland,Greenhills, Ohio, andGreendale, Wisconsin, built by the Federal government during the 1930s were planned with a surrounding "belt" of woodland and natural landscaping. Government policy prevented initial settlement by African-Americans in these communities.
DuringWorld War II, theManhattan Project built several planned communities to provide accommodations for scientists, engineers, industrial workers and their families. These communities, includingOak Ridge, Tennessee,Richland, Washington andLos Alamos, New Mexico were necessary because the laboratories and industrial plants of the Manhattan Project were built in isolated locations to ensure secrecy. Even the existence of these towns was a military secret, and the towns themselves were closed to the public until after the war.
TheLevittowns—in Long Island, Pennsylvania and New Jersey (now known asWillingboro, New Jersey) – typified the planned suburban communities of the 1950s and early 1960s. California'sRohnert Park (north of San Francisco) is another example of a planned city (built at the same time asLevittown) that was marketed to attract middle-class people into an area only populated with farmers with the phrase, "A Country Club for the middle class."Concord Park, Pennsylvania, established in 1954, was intended to be a model racially integrated community, though to accommodate discriminatory attitudes among financiers, the fraction of African-American households was capped at 45%. Parts ofLexington, Massachusetts (Six Moon Hill,Five Fields,Peacock Farm, andTurning Mill / Middle Ridge) were developed along different philosophical linkes, withmid-century modern architecture and semi-communal property, in stages from 1947 to 1967.
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The era of the modern planned city began in 1962–1964 with the creation ofReston, Virginia, followed a year later byCoral Springs, Florida, andColumbia, Maryland. In more recent years,New Urbanism has set the stage for new cities, with places likeSeaside, Florida, andCelebration, Florida, developed byThe Walt Disney Company.
In the United States, suburban growth in the Sunbelt states has coincided with the popularity of Master Planned Communities within established suburbs. In 1970,Jonathan, Minnesota became the first new town in the United States to receive a guarantee of financial assistance from federal government as part of Title IV of the Housing and Urban Development act of 1968; this community folded in 1979, though remnants of the planned community are still visible today.Las Colinas, established in 1973, was another early example and is still growing. Las Colinas is a 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) master planned community within the Dallas-area city ofIrving. In 2006, residents approved changes to deed restrictions to allow greater density of urban mixed-use and residential construction. Also in the 1970s, just north of the existing town ofSpring, Texas (north ofHouston), oil and gas industry executiveGeorge P. Mitchell developedThe Woodlands, a major residential and commercial master planned community which is now considered one of the premier residential and business destinations in the Houston area. The Woodlands is still experiencing huge growth to this day. In the 1990s,Cinco Ranch was first developed just south of the existing town ofKaty, one of the western suburbs of Houston, and has contributed to the explosive recent growth of Houston's suburban west side.
In theSan Francisco Bay Area, master planned commercial developments such as Bishop Ranch inSan Ramon andHacienda Business Park inPleasanton have attracted major corporate tenants to relocate fromdowntown Oakland and San Francisco; these companies includeSafeway,Chevron Corporation andAT&T (as the formerPacific Bell).
Towns such asMountain House, California, added an additional wrinkle to the movement: to preventconurbation with nearby cities, they have imposed strict growth boundaries, as well as automatic "circuit breakers" that place moratoriums on residential development if the number of jobs per resident in the town falls below a certain value.Centennial, California, a planned community on a portion ofTejon Ranch halfway between Los Angeles andBakersfield, incorporates such restrictions to minimize the commuter load on severely congestedI-5.Coyote Springs, Nevada,Destiny, Florida andDouglas Ranch inBuckeye, Arizona are amongst the largest communities being planned for the 21st century. A recent twist is the town ofAve Maria, Florida, founded in 2007, which is anchored bya Catholic university and has a largeCatholic church in the center of town surrounded by commercial and residential development.
Although the Walt Disney Company divested its interest in Celebration, Florida,[85] in March 2022, the company selectedRancho Mirage, California as the location of its first mixed-useStoryliving by Disney community. Named Cotino, the community is being developed in collaboration with DMB Development ofScottsdale, Arizona.[86]
The colonial city was the basic administrative organism of thePortuguese andSpanishviceroyalties in America.
Cities were built and organized according to the Castilian model. Streets were drawn according to a perpendicular layout and in the center was the "Plaza de Armas", where the local and religious authorities were. Cities can be divided into several categories: administration centers, international ports, regional ports, mining centers, indigenous centers, agricultural centers, presidios, border military centers or religious centers (missions).[87][88]
Cities, of course, grew and transformed over time. The only example of the original layout of a city from the first decades of the conquest can be seen in the ruins ofLeón Viejo, next to Lake Managua, in Nicaragua. The city was abandoned and moved to its current location before the end of the 16th century.
La Plata was planned in 1880 to replaceBuenos Aires city as the capital of theBuenos Aires Province.
Urban planner Pedro Benoit designed a city layout based on a rationalist conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a square with a central park and two main diagonal avenues, north–south and east–west. (In addition, there are numerous other shorter diagonals.) This design is copied in a self-similar manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. Every six blocks, one finds a small park or square. Other than the diagonals, all streets are on a rectangular grid, and are numbered consecutively.
The designs for the government buildings were chosen in an international architectural competition. Thus, the Governor Palace was designed by Italians, City Hall by Germans, etc. Electric street lighting was installed in 1884, and was the first of its kind in Latin America.
Juscelino Kubitschek, President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered the construction ofBrasília, fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Brasília was part of Juscelino's "fifty years of prosperity in five" plan. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer, a close friend, was the chief architect of most public buildings and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to 21 April 1960, when it was officially inaugurated.
The former capital of Brazil wasRio de Janeiro, and resources tended to be concentrated in the southeast region of Brazil. While the city was built because there was a need for a neutrally located federal capital, the main reason was to promote the development of Brazil'shinterland and better integrate the entire territory of Brazil. Brasília is approximately at the geographical center of Brazilian territory.
Lúcio Costa, the city's principal architect, designed the city to be shaped like an airplane. Housing and offices are situated on giant superblocks, everything following the original plan. The plan specifies which zones are residential, which zones are commercial, where industries can settle, where official buildings can be built, the maximum height of buildings, etc.[citation needed]
In 1889, Brazil became a republic, and it was agreed that a new state capital ofMinas Gerais, in tune with a modern and prosperous Minas Gerais, had to be set. In 1893, due to the climatic and topographic conditions, Curral Del Rey was selected by Minas Gerais governor Afonso Pena among other cities as the location for the new economical and cultural center of the state, under the new name of "Cidade de Minas," or City of Minas. Aarão Reis, an urbanist from the State of Pará, was then set to design the second planned city of Brazil (the first one is Teresina), and then Cidade de Minas was inaugurated finally in 1897, with many unfinished constructions as the Brazilian Government set a deadline for its completion. Inhabitation of the city was subsidized by the local government, through the concession of free empty lots and funding for building houses. An interesting feature of Reis' downtown street plan forBelo Horizonte was the inclusion of a symmetrical array of perpendicular and diagonal streets named after Brazilian states and Brazilian indigenous tribes.
The plan was for a city of 50,000 with the shape of a concentric radius – streets in the form of a spoke, with the Praça Cívica as the center, with the seats of the state and municipal government – The Palace of Emeralds and the Palace of Campinas. In 1937, a decree was signed transferring the state capital from the Cidade de Goiás toGoiânia. The official inauguration only occurred in 1942 with the presence of the president of the republic, governors, and ministers.[citation needed]
Fordlândia was built to be a part ofHenry Ford's motor company. Originally intended to be a rubber plantation, it failed within several years and is now home to squatting farmers.[89]
Other notable planned cities in Brazil includeTeresina (The first one, inaugurated in 1842),Petrópolis,Boa Vista,Palmas,Londrina, andMaringá (the latter two in the state ofParaná).
While cities such asSantiago,La Serena orConcepción were planned and built in theConquista period (16th century), it was in the 18th century when authorities promoted the founding of cities through the Population Office ("Junta de Poblaciones del Reino de Chile" [es]), establishing new planned cities such asRancagua,Talca orChillán.[90] AfterIndependence, more planned cities were founded to expedite the consolidation of national sovereignty in remote places, such asPuerto Montt,Punta Arenas andTemuco. In the 20th century onwards there were a few cases, likeCoyhaique, though until the 1930s there were private planned communities for mining workers calledoficinas, such asSewell orMaría Elena.[91]
Although Panama City itself is not planned, certain areas are such as Costa del Este, an exclusive high density residential and business area, very close to downtown Panama City. The project combines many skyscrapers with beautiful green areas, and it is close to a highway that connects it to the city center. Other planned areas, but in a lesser degree, are Punta Pacifica and the former Canal Zone.
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Australia's most prominent fully planned city isCanberra, its capital, designed by American architectWalter Burley Griffin. The early central areas of two state capital cities –Adelaide andMelbourne – were also planned by surveyors. Walter Burley Griffin was Australia's most notable city planner, having also designed smaller cities and towns, includingLeeton andGriffith inNew South Wales. A controversial Japanese-backed planned city,Multifunction Polis, was proposed in the 1980s, but never implemented.
Australia is still building planned communities with developers such asDelfin Lend Lease, anS&P/ASX 50 company, that has been responsible for large master planned communities such as;
Adelaide was founded by British and German colonists in 1836 to test outEdward Gibbon Wakefield's theories of systematic colonisation. Convict labour was not employed and the colony in theory would be financially self-sufficient; in practice, government assistance was used in the early stages. Land had been sold before any European settlers set foot in the largely unexplored territory and the city (the basis for the future central business district) was surveyed and planned in a remarkably short space of time. Adelaide's design has been praised for its four-square layout, its choice of setting and its ample parklands which have had minimal encroachment of developments. The town centre was in sufficient proximity to a water source, theRiver Torrens.
Melbourne was planned as a free settlement in 1837 through theHoddle Grid, drawn up byRobert Hoddle under instructions fromGeorge Gipps, the original plan for Melbourne as part of the first land sales (prior to the planning only a handful of existing settlements were built on the fringe of the grid). The grid featured wide parallel streets, spanning a gently sloping valley between hills (Batman's Hill,Flagstaff Hill and Eastern Hill) and roughly parallel to the course of theYarra River. The deliberate exclusion of city squares or open space within the grid was a subject of future frustration for the municipality and residents.Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, in the centre of the grid, was built over agully and has therefore been prone to flooding. Despite a later extension and later inclusion of planned suburbs, Melbourne's original plans were not as extensive as Adelaide's, and the city rapidly outgrew its original boundaries. As such, it is often not considered to be a planned city, but the grid continues to define much of the character of theMelbourne city centre.
Canberra, established in 1908, was planned as the capital city of Australia and is Australia's most notable and ambitious example of civic planning. The city was designed to be the Federal Capital following the federation of the six Australian colonies which formed the Commonwealth of Australia. The new nation required a capital that was located away from other major settlements such as Melbourne and Sydney. Canberra is thus located in a Territory – theAustralian Capital Territory – and not a State. Prior to this time the land that Canberra is found on was farming land, indigenous settlements, and forest. In 1912, after an extensive planning competition was completed, the vision of AmericanWalter Burley Griffin was chosen as the winning design for the city. Extensive construction and public works were required to complete the city, this involved the flooding of a large parcel of land to form the center piece of the city,Lake Burley Griffin. Unlike some other Australian cities, the road network, suburbs, parks and other elements of the city were designed in context with each other, rather than haphazard planning as witnessed in much of Sydney. Notable buildings include the High Court, Federal Parliament, Government House, War Memorial, Anzac Parade and headquarters of the Department of Defence.
New Zealand has several smallnew towns, built for a specific purpose. Examples includeKawerau in the Bay of Plenty (a mill town),Twizel in south Canterbury, andMangakino in the Waikato (both for hydroelectricity). Construction of Kawerau began in 1953. Twizel was built in 1968 to house workers constructing the UpperWaitaki hydroelectric scheme and was supposed to close on their completion. However, its residents managed to save the town in 1983. Mangakino, constructed from 1946, was also meant to be a temporary construction town, but it too remains today. John Martin, the founder of the Wairarapa town ofMartinborough, set out the town's first streets in the pattern of theUnion Flag in the 19th century.
In 2006, construction began onPegasus Town, a new planned town adjacent toWoodend, approximately 25 km (16 mi) north ofChristchurch.
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