Beginning in 1976, theNew York Yankees ofMajor League Baseball (MLB) maintained a strict appearance policy, specifying that players' hair must not touch their collars and that they may have mustaches but no other facial hair. The policy came from then-franchise ownerGeorge Steinbrenner, who believed that regulating his players' appearance would instill a sense of discipline. Steinbrenner began noting which players he believed needed haircuts when he took over the Yankees in 1973, but the policy was not codified until three years later. Steinbrenner's policy remained in place after his death, and led to a number of dramatic appearance changes for players who come to the Yankees from other teams, such asOscar Gamble, as well as pushback from players who prefer long hair and beards. In 1991,Don Mattingly was taken out of the Yankees' lineup for a day when he refused to cut his hair.
Most teams did not formally adopt any grooming or personal appearance policies until the 1970s, as earlier social customs meant that players were generally clean-shaven. This changed in 1972, when members of theOakland Athletics, led byReggie Jackson, formedThe Mustache Gang. After that point, individual managers began to tighten or relax their teams' grooming standards as they saw fit. Steinbrenner's policy was inspired by that of theCincinnati Reds, who forbade their players from growing facial hair between 1967 and 1999, whenGreg Vaughn petitionedMarge Schott to rescind the rule. Former Yankees Mattingly andJoe Girardi have twice attempted to institute a similar policy on theFlorida/Miami Marlins, but restrictions on that team have since loosened.
The Yankees' policy was criticized by sportswriters as outdated, and by marketing officials for limiting the self-expression of players, thus also limiting their personal brands. Players such asAndrew McCutchen andClint Frazier critiqued the policy after leaving the Yankees, while bothBrian Wilson andDavid Price voiced their refusal to join the team as long as the appearance policy remained in place. The policy was amended in 2025 to allow "well-groomed beards", by order ofHal Steinbrenner.
While facial hair was common in the early era of Major League Baseball, it had fallen out of fashion by the early 20th century, and instances of players growing beards and mustaches during the baseball season became rare.[1]: 568–569 Before 1970, the last player known to have sported a mustache during the regular MLB season wasFrenchy Bordagaray in 1936, whose manager,Casey Stengel of theBrooklyn Dodgers, subsequently ordered him to shave.[2]: 128 There were no codified restrictions on mustaches and other facial hair in MLB during this time period; rather, the social customs of the time preferred a clean-shaven appearance, and players willingly conformed.[3] This streak of clean-shaven players came to an end whenDick Allen of thePhiladelphia Phillies andFelipe Alou of theOakland Athletics grew mustaches for the1970 MLB season.[4]
In 1972, Oakland Athletics playerReggie Jackson appeared atspring training sporting a full beard. Rather than asking him to shave outright, Athletics ownerCharlie Finley, knowing that Jackson valued his individuality, encouraged four of his players to grow their own facial hair in the hopes that Jackson would voluntarily shave.[5] As more of his players grew them, Finley began to like the mustaches, and the 1972 Athletics were soon nicknamed "The Mustache Gang".[6][7] The1972 World Series, in which the Athletics faced the clean-cutCincinnati Reds, was deemed a match between "the Hairs and the Squares".[8]
George Steinbrenner became the owner of theNew York Yankees the year after the Mustache Gang debuted. Steinbrenner, who had previously spent time in theUnited States Air Force and adhered to their strict grooming standards,[9] became incensed when, during the Yankees'Opening Day game against theCleveland Indians, his players removed their baseball caps for "The Star-Spangled Banner" and subsequently displayed their shaggy hair.[10]: 243–244 After the game, Steinbrenner, who did not yet know the names of the players whose hair he considered unacceptable, wrote down their jersey numbers for managerRalph Houk to reprimand after the game: No. 1,Bobby Murcer; No. 15,Thurman Munson; No. 17,Gene Michael; and No. 28,Sparky Lyle.[11]: 48 Although Houk did not tell the players that the order came from Steinbrenner,Jerry Moses later recalled that he "read it in a manner that let us know it didn't come from him and that he didn't agree with it".[10]: 243–244 The players, meanwhile, were primarily amused that Steinbrenner did not know their names.[11]: 48
The terms of the Yankees' appearance policy were codified in 1976, when Steinbrenner and managerBilly Martin introduced the "Neatness Counts" policy, which specified: "No beards. No beads. No mutton chops. No long hair. No long stirrups."[11]: 100–101 The policy has since been amended to read: "All players, coaches, and male executives are forbidden to display any facial hair other than mustaches (except for religious reasons), and scalp hair may not be grown below the collar. Long sideburns and 'mutton chops' are not specifically banned."[12] Steinbrenner argued in 1978 that the policy was not specifically about a distaste for long hair and more about "trying to instill a certain sense of order and discipline" that he believed was important for athletes to maintain.[13]
The policy remained in effect even after Steinbrenner's death at the request of his daughter Jennifer, a partner in the Yankees franchise.[13] The strict grooming requirements of the baseball club have led to several instances in which a player known for his long hair or beard on his former team becomes clean-cut upon signing with the Yankees. Notable examples includeRandy Johnson,Johnny Damon,Nick Swisher,Jason Giambi,Kevin Youkilis, andGerrit Cole.[14][15] One of the most drastic changes caused by this policy was toOscar Gamble, who was known for his distinctiveAfro hairstyle, and even had anendorsement deal withAfro Sheen that would be lost if he were to cut his hair. Steinbrenner, holding firm to his policies, reimbursed Gamble for the lost endorsement package. Although he did not sport the Afro while on the field, Gamble's Yankeestrading card still portrayed the hairstyle, as did the image projected on thescoreboard atYankee Stadium, and fans would often wear wigs styled after his former hairstyle.[16]
The Yankees' appearance policy has also led to clashes between management and players who refuse to conform to Steinbrenner's standards. In April 1977,Dock Ellis was traded to the Oakland Athletics after he wore an earring while on the pitchers' mound.[17] Six years later, whenGoose Gossage was reminded that mustaches were the only facial hair allowed, he shaved only the chin of his beard, thus creating the exaggerated mustache that became synonymous with the pitcher.[18]Lou Piniella, meanwhile, once challenged the rule duringspring training inFort Lauderdale, citing thatJesus had long hair. Steinbrenner responded by pointing at a nearby swimming pool and saying: "If you can walk on water, you can wear your hair any way you want."[19] One of the strongest moments of dissent came during the1991 New York Yankees season, whenDon Mattingly was fined and removed from the starting lineup for refusing to cut his hair.[20] The next day, the team agreed to allow Mattingly back into the lineup for their game against theChicago White Sox, and he told reporters that he would likely cut his hair soon of his own accord.[21] The incident was parodied in theSimpsons episode "Homer at the Bat", which aired February 1992, in which Mattingly (who guest-voices himself) was benched after clashing withMr. Burns over the length of hissideburns, which only Mr. Burns could see; this eventually results in his expulsion from the team, after which Mattingly mutters "I still like [Burns] better than Steinbrenner". Although the episode aired afterStump Merrill benched Mattingly, theSimpsons showrunners said that the sideburns storyline was recorded beforehand, and that the storyline was based onAl Jean's grandfather, who held his own strict appearance policy.[22]
As the appearance policy only applies during the MLB season, members of the Yankees often grow facial hair during the offseason.[23] The policy also leaves an exception for mustaches, and in 2015, a number of Yankees began growing mustaches out of a superstition that their facial hair growth was tied to their improved game performance.[24] Although the group mustache growth ended that May after the team went on a 1–10 losing streak, individual Yankees have carried on their own mustache traditions, growing them out or shaving them based on their perceived personal performance.[25]
Sportswriters have criticized the Yankees' appearance policy in recent years as an outdated product of Steinbrenner's time,[26] as well as the limitations that it places on what players the Yankees are willing to take in trades and free agency.[27] In 2013, general managerBrian Cashman attempted to acquirerelief pitcherBrian Wilson in free agency, but negotiations halted when Wilson refused to shave his signature beard.[28] PitcherDavid Price, meanwhile, told reporters that he would not want to sign with the Yankees due to their appearance policy.[29] Bill Baer ofNBC Sports also critiqued the Yankees' policy for its difficulties in marketing players, citingJustin Turner andCharlie Blackmon as two players known for their beards.[30] Independent marketing executives have commented on the strong "Yankees brand" generated by the players' homogeneous appearance, but have criticized the negative impact that has on creating individual player brands.[31]
Some former Yankees players also voiced their opposition to the policy after leaving the team.Andrew McCutchen, who was asked to shave when he was traded to the Yankees in 2018, criticized the Yankees' appearance policy for limiting the individualism of players. McCutchen, who had worn longdreadlocks as a member of thePittsburgh Pirates, said that if he had been traded to the Yankees during that time, it would have been difficult to part with his hair, "because that's who I was. That's made me Andrew McCutchen."[32] (McCutchen would cut his dreadlocks off on his own accord in 2015 for charity while still with the Pirates.)[33]Clint Frazier, whose curly red hair was declared "a distraction",[34][35] joked onTwitter, "here's to leaving my razor at home" after joining theChicago Cubs.[36] Despite admitting that some players preferred to keep their facial hair during the MLB season, then-managerJoe Girardi said in 2017 that "I haven't really had anyone come into my office and say, 'We need to change this.'"[37] Yankees management have even claimed the policy keeps the Yankees unique.[38]
On February 21, 2025, the Yankees amended their appearance policy, permitting players and coaches to have "well-groomed beards".[39] OwnerHal Steinbrenner, who inherited the team from his father George, made the decision after several years of internal dialogue, culminating in conversations with players.[40] One of the driving forces behind this change wasDevin Williams, whom the Yankees had acquired in an offseason trade with theMilwaukee Brewers. Williams, who had worn a beard his entire professional career, voiced his frustrations to general managerBrian Cashman about the inconsistent application of a policy that allowed mustaches but not beard stubble.[41]
Around the time of Steinbrenner's edict, personal grooming policies among MLB teams greatly varied based on the personal preferences of managers. WhenVern Rapp took over theSt. Louis Cardinals in 1977, he insisted that players likeAl Hrabosky shave their facial hair. The opposite scenario occurred the next year, whenGeorge Bamberger was put in charge of theMilwaukee Brewers and subsequently relaxed the appearance restrictions put into place by his predecessor,Alex Grammas.[42] The terms of Steinbrenner's appearance policy, meanwhile, were inspired by that of the Cincinnati Reds, who forbid their players from growing their hair past their collar or sporting any form of facial hair besides shortsideburns.[43] Although no member of the Reds had sported facial hair since 1902, general managerBob Howsam put a formal ban into place in 1967. The following year, Cincinnati mascotMr. Red appeared sans mustache in accordance with the new policy.[44] Howsam's policy was crafted out of a desire for the Reds to look uniform and professional, and was part of a larger series of guidelines that also required every member of the team to paint their shoes black,[45] and in at least one instance cost them a free agent whenHall of Fame relief pitcher &Ohio nativeRollie Fingers opted to retire instead of shaving off his signaturehandlebar moustache he grew as a member of the Mustache Gang with the A's. Reds ownerMarge Schott ultimately reversed the policy on February 16, 1999, in a bid to retain outfielderGreg Vaughn, who lobbied to retain thegoatee he had grown with theSan Diego Padres.[46]
Girardi, who had previously caught for the New York Yankees, decided to implement Steinbrenner's policy when he became the manager of theFlorida Marlins in 2006.[47] Although Girardi's tenure with the Marlins lasted for only one season,[48] Mattingly attempted to resurrect his facial hair policies ten years later when he was appointed the Marlins' manager,[49] a decision which was criticized considering his own history with the Yankee's policy.[50] Mattingly softened the Marlins' grooming policy before the 2017 season,[51] and whenDerek Jeter, another former Yankee, became CEO of the franchise in 2018, he promised that players could keep their facial hair as long as it was "well groomed".[52]
Outside of Major League Baseball,National Hockey League executiveLou Lamoriello also enforced a similar rule in his stints as general manager with theNew Jersey Devils,Toronto Maple Leafs andNew York Islanders, though he often allowed his players to grow aplayoff beard whenever his teams made theStanley Cup playoffs.[53][54]
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