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TheNew York City Subway is a largerapid transit system and has a large fleet ofelectric multiple unitrolling stock. As of September 2024^[update], the New York City Subway has 6712 cars on the roster.

The system maintains two separate fleets of passenger cars: one for theA Division (numbered) routes, the other for theB Division (lettered) routes. All A Division equipment is approximately 8 feet 9 inches (2.67 m) wide and 51 feet (15.54 m) long. B Division cars, on the other hand, are about 10 feet (3.05 m) wide and either 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) or 75 feet 6 inches (23.01 m) long. The A Division and B Division trains operate only in their own division; operating in the other division is not allowed. All rolling stock, in both the A and B Divisions, run on the same 4 foot 8.5 inches (1,435 mm)standard gauge and use the samethird-rail geometry and voltage. A typical revenue train consists of 8 to 10 cars, although in practice they can range between 2 and 11 cars.

The subway's rolling stock have operated under various companies: theInterborough Rapid Transit (IRT),Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit (BMT), andIndependent Subway System (IND), all of which have since merged into theNew York City Transit Authority. Cars purchased by theCity of New York since the inception of the IND and for the other divisions beginning in 1948 are identified by the letter "R" followed by a number. Various kinds of cars are also used for maintenance work, includingflatcars and vacuum trains.

As of September 2024^[update], the New York City Subway has 6712 cars on the roster.^[1] The system maintains two separate fleets of passenger cars: one for theA Division routes, the other for theB Division routes. There are 2,890 A Division cars and 3,822 B Division cars as of September 2024^[update].^[1] All A Division equipment is approximately 8 feet 9 inches (2.67 m) wide and 51 feet (15.54 m) long. B Division cars are larger, about 10 feet (3.05 m) wide and either 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) or 75 feet 6 inches (23.01 m) long. The 75-foot cars, theR44s,R46s,R68s, andR68As, are not permitted onBMT Eastern Division – theJ,L,M, andZ trains – because of sharper curves on those tracks.^[2]: 57 A typical revenue train consists of 8 or 10 cars. The exceptions are theFranklin Avenue Shuttle, which runs 2-car trains; theRockaway Park Shuttle, which runs 4- and 5-car trains; the42nd Street Shuttle, which runs 6-car trains; theG, which runs 5-car trains; and the7, which runs 11-car trains.

All rolling stock, in both the A and B Divisions, run on the same 4 foot 8.5 inches (1,435 mm)standard gauge and use the samethird-rail geometry and voltage. However, trains operate only in their own division; operating in the other division is not allowed. A Division sections have narrower tunnel segments, tighter curves, and tighterplatformclearances than the B Division sections, so B Division trains cannot fit in the A Division tunnels and stations, while A Division trains would have an unacceptably large gap between the platform and train if they were allowed in service on B Division lines. Also, the safetytrain stop (trip cock) mechanism is not compatible between divisions, being located on opposite sides of the track and train in each division. However, service and maintenance trains are composed of A Division-sized cars, so they can operate with either division's clearances and have safety train stops installed on both sides of the trucks.

Newer rolling stock from the past two decades are part of theNew Technology Train family, with the goal of introducing modern technology when replacing older rolling stock.^[3] They all feature digital signage, bench seating, improved operator controls, and are compatible withcommunications-based train control signalling.^[4][5] By January 2022, various older B Division cars, such as the entire fleets of R32s, R38s, R40s, R40As, R42s, and NYCT R44s, were retired and replaced by these newer models.^[6]

TheGeneral Overhaul Program (GOH) was a mid-life overhaul program for neglected subway cars, which involved a thorough rebuilding of the fleet. Since the completion of the GOH program, the new Scheduled Maintenance System (SMS) program has replaced the GOH program by ensuring that trains do not reach a state in which they would need such an overhaul. The car types, which were part of the MTA NYCT GOH program, are the IRT Redbirds (R26,R28,R29,R33,R33S,R36), as well as IND/BMT cars (R30 GE,R32,R38,R40, R40A,R42,R44, andR46). These cars were rebuilt between 1985 and 1993. Some cars in various classes from R10 to R46 were also given lighter overhauls during this period.

Cars purchased by theCity of New York since the inception of theIND and for the other divisions beginning in 1948 are identified by the letter "R" followed by a number, e.g.,R46. This number is the contract number under which the cars were purchased. Cars with nearby contract numbers (e.g.,R1 throughR9, orR21 throughR36, orR143 throughR179) may be virtually identical, simply being purchased under different contracts.

TheNew York City Board of Transportation settled on a system of documentation that is still in place under MTA New York City Transit. This included a prefix letter or letters that indicated the department that the specific documentation, followed by a series of numbers of a length defined by the specific department concerned. For example, the Surface Department used the letter "S", while the Rapid Transit Department used the letter "R". A new R- number is assigned for any vehicle purchase involving a bidding process. Since the 1970s, the system has suffered from "R- inflation" going through only 46 R- numbers in its first 40 years, but over 114 in its subsequent 30. Possible reasons include an increased number of specialized maintenance vehicles that were previously made in house or a lower floor for requiring a formal bidding process to reduce waste and abuse.^{[citation needed]}

Contract #	Division	Year built	Builder	Car Length	Car Width	Photograph	Fleet numbers (Total ordered)	Number in service	CBTC	Assigned Services	Yard assignment	Notes
R44	B	1971–1973	St. Louis Car	75 feet (22.9 m)	10 feet (3.0 m)		388–435 436–466 (even numbers only) (64 total)	44 SIR only	ATC	(reserve only)	Clifton	Single cars; even numbered cars ("A" cars) have single full-width cabs, odd numbered cars ("B" cars) have blind ends. New York City Subway car numbers were originally 100–387 andrenumbered 5202–5479. New York City Subway cars retired. Staten Island Railway cars currently being replaced.
R46		1975–1978	Pullman				5482–6207 (4-car sets) 6208–6258 (even numbers only) (754 total)	444[7]	No	[8][9][10] (Updated June 30, 2024)	Coney Island Pitkin	5482–6207 are in A-B-B-A configuration as 4-car sets. Even-numbered cars have single full-width cabs, and are known as "A" cars Odd-numbered cars have blind ends, and are known as "B" cars. 6208–6258 are in A-A configuration (even numbers only). Car numbers were originally 500–1227 and 1228–1278 (even numbers only). Two cars (941 & 1054) wrecked and scrapped prior to General Overhaul. Remaining cars currently being replaced.[11][12][13]
R62	A	1983–1985	Kawasaki	51 feet (15.5 m)	8 feet 9 inches (2.7 m)		1301–1625 (325 total)	315	No	[14][15] (Updated June 30, 2024)	Livonia	Originally single cars, now 5-car sets. 10 cars (1366–1370, 1435–1437, 1439–1440) retired. 1366–1370 were wrecked in 2000 due to an accident. Car 1369 was scrapped in 2005. Car 1366 and half of car 1370 are at the FDNY Randall's Island training center. Cars 1367 and 1368 were reefed in 2008. 1435–1437 and 1439–1440 werewrecked in 1991 due to a derailment. 1437 and 1439–1440 were scrapped in 2001. Car 1436 was reefed in 2008. 1438 is now part of a 5-car set with 1431–1434.
R62A		1984–1987	Bombardier				1651–2475 (825 total)	823	No	[16][17] (Updated June 30, 2024)	240th Street Livonia Westchester	Originally single cars, most cars linked in 5 or 6-car sets. 1651–1905, 1961–2475, and select other 1900s have full-width cabs at ends of sets. 1909 was wrecked and scrapped.[18] 2176 was wrecked in2024 sideswipe and derailment.
R68	B	1986–1988	Westinghouse-Amrail	75 feet (22.9 m)	10 feet (3.0 m)		2500–2924 (425 total)	425	No	[19][20] (Updated June 30, 2024)	Concourse Coney Island	2500–2915 originally single cars, now in 4-car sets. 2916–2924 still single cars; used for the Franklin Avenue Shuttle.
R68A		1988–1989	Kawasaki				5001–5200 (200 total)	200	No	[21][22] (Updated June 30, 2024)	Coney Island	Originally single cars, now in 4-car sets.
R142	A	1999–2003	Bombardier	51 feet (15.5 m)	8 feet 9 inches (2.7 m)		1101–1250, 6301–7180 (1,030 total)	1,025	Planned[23]	[24][25] (Updated June 30, 2024)	East 180th Street 239th Street Jerome	All cars are sequentially numbered in A-B-B-B-A configuration as 5-car sets. Cars ending in 1, 5, 6, and 0 have single full-width cabs and are known as "A" cars. Cars ending in all other digits have no cabs and are known as "B" cars. Cars 6346–6350 were taken out of service aftersuffering fire damage in an arson attack.[26][27]
R142A		1999–2005	Kawasaki				7591–7810 (220 total)	220		[28][29] (Updated June 30, 2024)	Jerome	All cars are sequentially numbered in A-B-B-B-A configuration as 5-car sets. Cars ending in 1, 5, 6, and 0 have single full-width cabs and are known as "A" cars. Cars ending in all other digits have no cabs and are known as "B" cars. Original order was 7211–7810; cars 7211–7590 were converted toR188s between 2010 & 2016 for theIRT Flushing Line.[30]
R143	B	2001–2003		60 feet (18.3 m)	10 feet (3.0 m)		8101–8312 (212 total)	212	Yes	[31][32] (Updated June 30, 2024)	East New York	All cars are sequentially numbered in A-B-B-A configuration. Cars with single full-width cabs are known as A cars. Cars with no cab are known as B cars.
R160		2005–2010	Alstom (R160A) Kawasaki (R160B)				8313–9974 (1,662 total)	1,662	Yes	[33][34] (Updated June 30, 2024) (1 train is also used in Q service during morning rush, but is shown in the R assignment)[35][36] (Updated June 30, 2024)	East New York Jamaica	4-car sets (8313–8652, 9943–9974) are sequentially numbered in A-B-B-A configuration. All are classified under R160A-1 and are powered by Alstom ONIX 800 IGBT–VVVF. 5-car sets (8653–9942) are sequentially numbered in A-B-B-B-A configuration. 8653–8712, 9233–9802 are classified under R160A-2 and are powered by Alstom ONIX 800 IGBT–VVVF. 8713–8842, 9103–9232, 9803–9942 are classified under R160B-1 and are powered by Alstom ONIX 800 IGBT–VVVF. 8843–9102 are classified under R160B-2 and are powered by Siemens SITRAC IGBT–VVVF. Cars with single full-width cabs are known as "A" cars. Cars with no cabs are known as "B" cars.
R188	A	2010–2016	Kawasaki	51 feet (15.5 m)	8 feet 9 inches (2.7 m)		7211–7590, 7811–7936 (506 total)	506	Yes	[37][38] (Updated June 30, 2024)	Corona	All cars are in 5-car or 6-car sets to form 11-car trains forIRT Flushing Line service. Order consists of a combination of 126 new cars & R142A conversions by the manufacturer, totaling 380 car conversions.[30][39] Conversion sets numbered 7211–7590 are numbered as follows: Cars ending in 0, 1, 5, and 6 have single full-width cabs and are known as "A" cars. Cars ending in all other digits have no cabs and are known as "B" cars. Cars 7811–7898 are eight new 11-car trains (split into four 5-car trains and four 6-car trains), with cars sequentially numbered. Cars whose numbers give a remainder of 0, 1, 5, and 6 when divided by 11 have single full-width cabs and are known as "A" cars. Cars whose numbers give other remainders when divided by 11 have no cabs and are known as "B" cars. Cars 7899–7936 are "C" cars that link with converted R142A sets to expand the sets to six cars.
R179	B	2016–2019	Bombardier	60 feet (18.3 m)	10 feet (3.0 m)		3010–3327 (318 total)	318	Yes	[40][41] (Updated June 30, 2024)	East New York 207th Street	4-car sets (3050–3237) are sequentially numbered in A-B-B-A configuration. 5-car sets (3010–3049, 3238–3327) are sequentially numbered in A-B-B-B-A configuration. Cars with single full-width cabs are known as A cars. Cars with no cab are known as B cars.
R211T		2021	Kawasaki				4040–4059 (+80 cars TBD) (100 total)[42]	20	Yes		Coney Island	All cars are sequentially numbered in A-B-B-B-A configuration as 5-car sets. Cars ending in 0, 4, 5, and 9 have single full-width cabs and are known as "A" cars. Cars ending in all other digits have no cabs and are known as "B" cars.
R211A		2021–present					3400–4039, 4060–4499 (+355 cars TBD) (1,435 total)[42]	650[43]	Yes		Pitkin Coney Island
R211S		2022–2024					100–174 (75 total)	75[44][45]	ATC		Clifton

Various kinds of cars are used for maintenance work, includingflatcars and vacuum trains.^[46]

There are fourtrack geometry cars on the New York City Subway that measure the system'strack geometry to ensure that safe train operation is maintained. The cars are numbered TGC1–TGC4. TGC1 was ordered under contract R59 in 1984 for $1.4 million,^[47] TGC2 was ordered under contract R63 and cost $2.5 million,.^[48][49] Contract R-34152 purchasing TGC3 was awarded on December 29, 2004, for $9,610,963, and after additional funding was later authorized by the Board, Modification 1 exercising the Option for TGC4 was awarded on January 18, 2006, for $9,622,858. Subsequent modifications added newer equipment, such as a more advanced laser scanner, to TGC4 prior to its delivery to NYCTA.^[50] The cars use sensors, measuring systems, and data management systems to get a profile of the tracks. The train crew consists of two-track equipment maintainers, one maintenance supervisor, and two to three engineers. The trains typically operate during off-peak weekday daytime hours so as to not interfere with more frequent rush hour service. A single car weighs 45 tons.^[49] The cars measure:

• Alignment – "Alignment is the projection of the track geometry of each rail or the track center line onto the horizontal plane," (FRA Definition).^[51] Also known as the "straightness" of the tracks.
• Crosslevel – The variation in thecant of the track over the length of a predetermined "chord" length (generally 62 feet or 18.90 meters). On straight or tangent track, ideally, there should be no variation, while on curves, a cant is generally desired.
• Curvature – The amount by which the rail deviates from being straight or tangent. The geometry car checks the actual curvature (inDegree of curvature) of a curve versus its design curvature.
• Rail gauge – The distance between the rails. Over time, rail may become too wide or too narrow. In North America and most of the world, standard gauge is 4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm).
• Rail profile – Looks for rail wear and deviations from standard profile.
• Warp – The maximum change in crosslevel over a predetermined chord length (generally sixty-two feet).^[52]
• Corrugation of running rail surface
• Tunnel and station platform clearances
• Third rail height and gauge
• Vertical gap betweenthird rail and protective board ^[53]

The track geometry car typically checks each stretch of track about 6 times a year; the car is manually operated, and there are no plans to automate inspection of the track geometry, which is done manually with the help of high-tech equipment aboard the car.^[54]

Contract #	Division	Year built	Builder	Total	Photograph (mock-up or rendering)	Notes
R262	A	TBA	TBA	504 cars (proposed); 1,364 cars (all options)		To replace allR62s andR62As, and to expand the fleet. CBTC-equipped. All cars are expected to feature open gangways.[23]: 25
R268	B	2028–2030[55]	Kawasaki[55]	378 cars[55]		To replace allR68As and remainingR68s. Will use the design of the R211 fleet, with 290 cars in 5-car sets and the other 88 cars in 4-car sets.[56] Originally for 355 cars.[57]

When theBrooklyn Rapid Transit Company entered into agreements to operate some of the new subway lines, they decided to design a new type of car, 10 feet (3.05 m) wide and 67 feet (20.42 m) long. The subject of several patents, the car's larger profile was similar to that ofsteam railroad coaches, permitting greaterpassenger capacity, more comfortable seating, and other advantages. The BRT unveiled its design, designatedBMT Standard, to the public in 1913 and received such wide acceptance that all future subway lines, whether built for the BRT, the IRT, or eventually the IND, were built to handle the wider cars.

When theR44s andR46s were rebuilt, the rollsigns on the side of the cars were replaced with electronic LCD signs while the front service sign remained as a rollsign. In sharp contrast, the rebuiltR32s andR38s retained rollsigns on the sides, but a flip-dot display was placed in the front. Between 1984 and 1989, some of theIRT trains were painted red, giving them the nameRedbirds.^[a]

Old cars, some from the original companies (IRT,BMT, andIND), are preserved at theNew York Transit Museum,^[58] while others have been sold to private individuals and/or other railway/trolley museums. Private companies and organisations include Railway Preservation Corp. whose equipment is kept atConey Island Overhaul Complex and is often used on New York Transit Museum-sponsored excursions and theIllinois Railway Museum which maintains the donated Rolling Stock they receive from various Transportation Services and Organisations, including the New York City Transit Authority and runs them in their private train tracks.

In 2001, the New York City Transit Authority started disposing of retired subway cars by dumping them at sea to createartificial reefs, with the intention of promoting marine life. This option was chosen because it was less expensive than removingasbestos from the cars; the asbestos was determined to not be a hazard in the ocean.^[59]

The artificial reefs would provide environmental and economic benefits, such as providing shelter for marine animals and creating new fishing opportunities. The first reef constructed wasRedbird Reef atSlaughter Beach. Eventually, multiple states received retired subway cars for reefs.^[60] The program was discontinued in 2010, after more than 2,500 cars were reefed, because newer cars contained more plastic, which was too expensive to economically remove before reefing.^[61][62]

Contract #	Year built	Division	Builder	Photograph	Fleet total	Car numbers	Year retired
R1	1930–1931	IND	ACF		300	100–399	1976
R4	1932–1933				500	400–899	1977
R-6-3	1935–1936				250	900–1149
R-6-2	1936		Pullman		150	1150–1299
R-6-1			Pressed Steel		100	1300–1399
R7	1937		ACF,Pullman		150	ACF: 1400–1474, Pullman: 1475–1549
R7A	1938				100	Pullman: 1550–1599, ACF: 1600–1649
R9	1940	IND,BMT	ACF,Pressed Steel		153	ACF: 1650–1701, PS: 1702–1802
R10	1948–1949		ACF		400	1803–1852[b] 3000–3349	1989
R11	1949		Budd		10	8010–8019	1977
	Test trains; rebuilt intoR34 cars in 1965.
R12	1948	IRT	ACF		100	5703–5802[c]	1981
R14	1949				150	5803–5952	1984
R15	1950				100	5953–5999, 6200–6252
R16	1954–1955	BMT,IND			200	6300–6499	1987
R17	1954–1956	IRT	St. Louis Car		400	6500–6899	1988
R21	1956–1957				250	7050–7299	1987
R22	1957–1958				450	7300–7749
R26	1959–1960		ACF		110	7750–7859	2002
	Semi-married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor.
R27	1960–1961	IND, BMT	St. Louis Car		230	8020–8249	1990
	Married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor.
R28	1960–1961	IRT	ACF		100	7860–7959	2002
	Semi-married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor.
R29	1962	IRT	St. Louis Car		236	8570–8805	2002
	Married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor. Rebuilt into R99 cars from 1985 to 1987.
R30	1961–1962	IND,BMT	St. Louis Car		320	R30: 8250–8351 8412–8569 R30A: 8352–8411	1993
	Married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor.
R32	1964–1965	IND,BMT	Budd		600	R32: 3350–3649 R32A: 3650–3949[d]	2022
	Married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor.
R33	1962–1963	IRT	St. Louis Car		500	8806–9305	2003
	Married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor.
R33S	1963	IRT	St. Louis Car		40	9306–9345	2003
	Single cars, built forIRT Flushing Line
R34	seeR11
R36	1963–1964	IRT	St. Louis Car		424	9346–9769	2003
	Married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor.
R38	1966–1967	IND,BMT	St. Louis Car		200	3950–4149	2009
	Married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor.
R39	Never built	IRT,BMT	Intended to replace old equipment running on theBMT Myrtle Avenue Line and theIRT Third Avenue Line Would have been built toIRT dimensions of theR38 and ordered in the late 1960s or early 1970s Order scrapped when the Myrtle Avenue Line south of theBMT Jamaica Line was discontinued in 1969 and the remaining Third Avenue Line in 1973 The Budd Company used a possible outline of this car asU.S. patent 3,151,538.
R40	1967– 1968	IND,BMT	St. Louis Car		200	4150–4349	2009
	Slanted ends,married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor. Car numbers were originally 4150–4249, 4350–4449
R40A	1968–1969	IND,BMT	St. Louis Car		200	4350–4549	2009
	Married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor. Car numbers were originally 4250–4349 (straight ends),[63] 4450–4549 (slanted ends)[64]
R42	1969–1970	IND,BMT	St. Louis Car		400	4550–4949	2020
	Married pairs Even-numbered cars havemotor-generator and battery, odd-numbered cars haveair compressor.
R44 (NYCT cars)	1971–1973	IND,BMT	St. Louis Car		288	100–387	2010 (NYCT cars)
	4-car sets (A-B-B-A) formation. A cars have cabs on one end, while B cars have no cabs. Car numbers were originally 100–387. 278 cars were renumbered to 5202–5479 between 1991 & 1993.
R55	Never built	IND,BMT	TheR55 was a proposed car[65] for the B Division (IND/BMT). It was considered in the early 1980s, but never left the drawing board. This order later evolved into the futureR68.
R99	seeR29
R110A	1992	IRT	Kawasaki		10	8001–8010	1998
	(Built as Contract R130) New Technology demonstrator Cars ending in 1, 5, 6, and 0 have single full-width cabs, and are known as "A" cars. Cars ending in 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9 have no cabs, and are known as "B" cars. All cars are sequentially numbered in A-B-B-B-A configuration as 5-car sets. All cars were converted to pump train cars between 2013 and 2022.
R110B	1992	IND,BMT	Bombardier		9	3001–3009	2002
	(Built as Contract R131) New Technology demonstrator, 67-foot (20 m) car Cars 3002, 3005, and 3008 have no cabs and were known as "B" cars. Other six cars have single full-width cabs, and are known as "A" cars. All cars are sequentially numbered in A-B-A configuration as 3-car sets. Cars 3002–3003 and 3009 are stored at207th Street Yard. Car 3007 is preserved by theNew York Transit Museum. Cars 3001, 3004–3006, and 3008 are at various facilities.

• Air conditioning is standard on all cars R42 and later. R38s 4140–4149 and R40s 4350–4549 were also delivered with A/C, and all cars not equipped with A/C from classes R26–R40 (with the exception of the R27, R30, and R33S) were later retrofitted with A/C. All active cars are equipped with air conditioning, and cars with malfunctioning air conditioning are not supposed to be put into service.^[66]
• DuringWorld War II, a group of late-19th-century New York elevated cars was sent west to theSan Francisco Bay Area by theUnited States Maritime Commission for use by theShipyard Railway, a temporary wartime electric line transporting workers to theKaiser Shipyards. After the war, most were sold to be used as units in a local motel, but their whereabouts afterward is unknown. Two of them, however, were acquired and have been restored by theWestern Railway Museum inRio Vista, California.^[67]
• There are many examples of rolling stock built under contract that are not intended for revenue services, such as the R95money train,R65 pump train,R127/R134 garbage train, andR156 work locomotive.^[68]
• After theSeptember 11th attacks, an American flag decal was added to every active subway car in the system. This practice continued with new car orders through the early 2020s.^[69][70]
• The table below shows what year the TA had expected to retire several car models in 1981.^[71]

• Cudahy, Brian J.Under the Sidewalks of New York: The Story of the Greatest Subway System in the World, 2nd Revised Edition. Fordham University Press, New York, 1995.ISBN 0-8232-1618-7
• Davis, Ed Sr. (1985).They Moved the Millions: A Brief History of Passenger Cars of America's Most Heavily Travelled Passenger Railway, the New York City Transit System. Livingston Enterprise.
• Dougherty, Peter J.Tracks of the New York City Subway, version 4.2. 2007
• Kramer, Frederick A.Building the Independent Subway. Quadrant Press, Inc.; New York, 1990.ISBN 0-915276-50-X
• Sansone, Gene.Evolution of New York City subways: An illustrated history of New York City's transit cars, 1867–1997. New York Transit Museum Press, New York, 1997.ISBN 978-0-9637492-8-4.
• New York City Subway Cars James Clifford Greller Xplorer Press
• Interborough Fleet Joe Cunningham Xplorer Press

Wikimedia Commons has media related toNew York City Subway rolling stock.

• nycsubway.org New York City Subway Cars
• Pre-Unification Cars (BMT)
• Pre-Unification Cars (IRT)
• R-Type Cars 1932 to 1987Archived August 17, 2021, at theWayback Machine
• R-Type Cars 1999 to Present (NTT)
• 'R' Type Roster (includes non-train contracts)
• Forgotten NY Subway Link
• Korman, Joe (December 4, 2017)."IRT Car Assignments". JoeKorNer.
• Korman, Joe (January 12, 2018)."BMT-IND Car Assignments". JoeKorNer.
• Korman, Joe (November 6, 2016)."New York City Subway Car Fleet June 2010 through November 2016". JoeKorNer.

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