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| Court overview | |
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| Formed | September 1, 1962 (1962-09-01) |
| Jurisdiction | New York City |
| Court executive |
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| Parent department | New York State Unified Court System |
| Key documents |
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| Website | nycourts.gov/…/civil |
TheCivil Court of the City of New York is acivilcourt of theNew York State Unified Court System inNew York City that decides lawsuits involving claims for damages up to $50,000 and includes a small claims part (small claims court) for cases involving amounts up to $10,000 as well as a housing part (housing court) for landlord-tenant matters, and also handles other civil matters referred by theNew York Supreme Court.[1][2] The court has divisions by county (borough), but it is a single citywide court.[3][4][5]
It handles about 25% of all the New York state and local courts' total filings.[6] The court consists of 3 parts: Housing, Small Claims, and General Civil. The court's jurisdiction includesejectment actions,replevin ofpersonal property within monetary limits,equity jurisdiction limited to real property actions, real property actions such aspartitions,foreclosures within monetary limits, and actions to rescind or reform a contract.[7]
Housing Court is devoted to the enforcement of state and local housing standards laws.[8] The housing part's (HP) fundamental purpose is to ensure that landlords provide safe and habitable housing.[9][10] The majority of cases areeviction proceedings over unpaid rent.[11]
The city's right-to-counsel law guarantees free legal services to all tenants facing eviction.[12][13] People withgross household incomes at or below 200% of thefederal poverty level can receive "full legal representation", whereas everyone can receive "brief legal assistance", regardless of immigration status and provided no later than their first scheduled appearance.[14]
The housing part's enforcement and remedial powers includeinjunctions, restraining orders, and other orders to correct and prevent housing-code violations and to compensate aggrieved parties.[15] UnderArticle 7A, one-third of tenants of a multiple dwelling may seek a judgment directing the deposit of rents into court for remedying conditions dangerous to life, health or safety.[16][17]
7A supplementsRPAPL§ 755 which provides that in proceedings for non-payment of rent, the tenant may be permitted to deposit the rent into court pendingcure of the violations if they can prove of the existence of dangerous conditions.[17] Other state and local housing standards laws include theMultiple Dwelling Law of theConsolidated Laws, and the housing maintenance code, building code and health code of theNew York City Administrative Code.[8]
The Small Claims Part, commonly referred to asSmall Claims Court, is the division of the court dedicated to resolving monetary disputes involving claims up to $10,000. Designed with simpler and more informal procedures compared to other parts of the court system, Small Claims Court encourages individuals to represent themselves, aiming to offer an accessible and efficient legal resolution path for the public.
The cases typically dealt with in this court involve personal or property damages, contract disputes, or disagreements over services rendered. The small filing fees and streamlined processes make it cost-effective for individuals or businesses involved in monetary disputes. Cases are heard by either judges or volunteer lawyer arbitrators, with arbitration often providing a faster resolution. In certain situations, disputes may be referred to mediation where a neutral third party facilitates an agreement between the disputing parties.
The court's divisions are by each county (borough).[5] In each division there are a number of court parts established by theChief Administrative Judge.[18] The "Housing Part" (HP) refers to the part of the Housing Court devoted exclusively to code enforcement.[19]
Other parts include:
There are approximately 120 Civil Court judges in the New York City Civil Court. Civil Court judges may be assigned by theChief Administrative Judge of New York to the Criminal Court, Family Court, or Supreme Court.[20] At any given time, about 50 Civil Court judges are assigned to the Civil Court, with the rest assigned to the Criminal, Family or Supreme Courts.
Civil Court judges are elected countywide or from districts to 10-year terms, with vacancies filled by the mayor and with their service continuing until the last day of December after next election.[4][22] TheLegislature has consistently opted to fill judgeships using the preexisting mixed pattern of countywide and Municipal Court districts—[23]
A candidate needs to file petitions to be considered a candidate for a political party's nomination in the general election; petitions containing 4,000 signatures are needed for a county-wide seat, and petitions containing 1,500 signatures are necessary for a district seat.[26] Party leaders frequently designate candidates for the Civil Court judgeships, who then face an open primary against others who qualify for the ballot.[citation needed] The party machine usually manages to elect most of its judicial candidates.[citation needed]
TheNew York City Office of Civil Justice (OCJ) is responsible for implementing the city's right-to-counsel law.[12]
There are approximately 50 Housing Court judges in the New York City Civil Court. In housing court, referees known as "housing judges" preside over most proceedings.[27] Housing Court judges handle the housing parts of the New York City Civil Court, but are not judges provided for under Article VI of the New York Constitution.[28] Housing judges are appointed by theChief Administrative Judge to five-year terms from a list of qualified applicants screened and selected by the Housing Court Advisory Council.[1][8][26][29] All 50 Housing Court judges serve in the Civil Court and cannot be assigned to other courts.
With the consent of the parties, a volunteer arbitrator hears and decides disputes in small claims parts.[30] Over 2800 arbitrators preside over 95% of the cases heard in small claims parts.[30][27] They are appointed by the administrative judge of the court.[31]
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Landlords in New York City may use ablacklist of persons who have appeared in housing court as a plaintiff or defendant.[32] Known among housing advocates and lawyers as the tenant blacklist, it is compiled by tenant-screening database companies from housing court records.
The appointment of housing judges has been criticized because the advisory council through which appointments are processed is composed largely of members of real estate interests and is not representative of the population.[33]
In 1759, so-called justices' courts held by the mayor, recorder or an alderman could try cases in controversy of not more than£5 (equivalent to £967 in 2023).[34] In 1781, they were replaced by assistant justices' courts held by associate justices appointed by the governor.[34] In 1787, these were replaced by assistant justices with the power of justices of the peace in other counties.[34] In 1797, these were replaced with justices of the peace for the city and county of New York and were constituted as one court.[34]
In 1807-1808 these were replaced by justices' courts and assistants justices' courts.[34][35] In 1819, the justices' courts were renamed as the marine court of the city of New York,[36] and in 1883 was renamed as theCity Court of the City of New York.[34][37] In 1848–1849 the assistants justices' courts were replaced with newly created justices' courts elected within six districts,[38][39] and in 1852 these justices' courts were renamed as district courts,[40] by 1857 divided into seven districts and by 1882 into ten districts,[41][42] and by the city charter of 1897 the district courts of New York City and justices' courts of Brooklyn and Long Island City were consolidated into theMunicipal Court of the City of New York.[34][43] Small claims parts were added to the Municipal Court in 1934.[44]
On September 1, 1962, the City Court and the Municipal Court were merged to form the current Civil Court.[45][46][6] The Civil Court Act was primarily based upon the Municipal Court Code, and to some extent the New York City Court Act and the practice of the County Courts outside NYC.[46][47]Francis E. Rivers on the City Court legislative committee criticized the new court act, calling it "outdated" and "radically limited by practice provisions adapted to conditions existing more than a half century ago" given that it used Municipal Court Code legal procedure instead of the newerCivil Practice Act.[46]
In 1820, a landlord-drafted act removed the common law six-month waiting period forejectments, allowing summary eviction and removal of tenants for nonpayment.[48] TheTenement House Act of 1901 was enacted by Progressive reformers to ban the construction of poor-quality apartment buildings.[48] TheHousing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019 introduced major changes to landlord-tenant law.
The housing part and its housing judges were created on April 1, 1973.[49][10][28] InGlass v Thompson the Appellate Division held the appointment of "hearing officers" to preside over non-jury trials in the housing part wasconstitutional, suggesting that although they were able to preside over housing matters and exercise judicial functions, their office was distinct from that of a judge of the Civil Court because they are essentially referees: nonjudicial officers of the court appointed to assist it in the performance of its judicial functions.[28] In 1978 they were renamed as "housing judges" with the intent to improve their stature, though they "are still nonjudicial officers of the court".[50][28]
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