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New York's 21st congressional district

Coordinates:44°00′30″N74°36′33″W / 44.00833°N 74.60917°W /44.00833; -74.60917
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
U.S. House district for New York
"NY-21" redirects here. The term may also refer toNew York State Route 21.

New York's 21st congressional district
Map
Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2025
Representative
Distribution
  • 57.70% rural
  • 42.30% urban
Population (2024)767,674[1]
Median household
income
$70,323[2]
Ethnicity
Cook PVIR+10[3]

New York's 21st congressional district is acongressional district for theUnited States House of Representatives that is represented byRepublicanElise Stefanik. On November 11, 2024,PresidentDonald Trump announced his intention to nominate Stefanik to serve as theUnited States Ambassador to the United Nations.[4] However he withdrew the nomination on March 27, 2025.[5]

The district is primarily rural, but it also includes the cities ofOgdensburg,Glens Falls,Rome, andPlattsburgh. The district includes most of theAdirondack Mountains and theThousand Islands region. It bordersVermont to the east andCanada to the north. It also includesFort Drum of theU.S. Army.

History

[edit]
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From 2003 to 2013, the district with that number contained most of theCapital District ofNew York. It included all or parts ofAlbany,Fulton,Montgomery,Rensselaer,Saratoga,Schenectady, andSchoharie counties. It contained the cities ofAlbany,Schenectady,Troy,Amsterdam,Cohoes,Watervliet,Gloversville, andJohnstown. Up until 1980, the 21st district was located inUpper Manhattan (including parts ofHarlem andWashington Heights), andThe Bronx in New York City.

From 2013 to present,Clinton,Essex,Franklin,Fulton,Hamilton,Herkimer,Lewis, Montgomery,Schoharie,St. Lawrence,Warren, andWashington counties, and parts ofJefferson, Otsego, andSaratoga counties have comprised the district.[citation needed]

Counties, towns, and municipalities

[edit]

For the119th and successive Congresses (based on the districts drawn following the New York Court of Appeals' December 2023 decision inHoffman v New York State Ind. Redistricting. Commn.), the district contains all or portions of the following counties, towns, and municipalities.[6][7]

Clinton County(18)

All 18 towns and municipalities

Essex County(19)

All 19 towns and municipalities

Franklin County(25)

All 25 towns and municipalities

Fulton County(16)

All 16 towns and municipalities

Hamilton County(10)

All ten towns and municipalities

Herkimer County(29)

All 29 towns and municipalities

Jefferson County(10)

Antwerp (town) (part; also24th; includesOxbow),Antwerp (village),Black River (part; also24th),Carthage,Deferiet,Evans Mills,Le Ray,Philadelphia (town),Philadelphia (village),Wilna

Lewis County(25)

All 25 towns and municipalities

Montgomery County(16)

Ames,Canajoharie (town),Canajoharie (village),Charleston,Glen,Fonda,Fort Plain,Fultonville,Minden,Mohawk,Nelliston,Palatine,Palatine Bridge,Root,St. Johnsville (town),St. Johnsville (village)

Oneida County(22)

Annsville,Ava,Boonville (town),Boonville (village),Camden (town),Camden (village),Deerfield,Florence,Floyd,Forestport,Holland Patent,Lee,Marcy,Remsen (town),Remsen (village),Rome,Steuben,Sylvan Beach,Trenton,Verona (part; also22nd; includesDurhamville and part ofVerona CDP),Vienna,Western

St. Lawrence County(43)

All 43 towns and municipalities

Saratoga County(14)

Corinth (town),Corinth (village),Day,Edinburg,Greenfield,Hadley,Moreau,Northumberland,Providence,Saratoga,Schuylerville,South Glens Falls,Victory,Wilton (part; also20th)

Schoharie County(22)

All 22 towns and municipalities

Warren County(12)

All 12 towns and municipalities

Washington County(25)

All 25 towns and municipalities

Recent election results from statewide races

[edit]
YearOfficeResults[8][9]
2008PresidentObama 50% – 48%
2012PresidentObama 51% – 49%
2016PresidentTrump 56% – 37%
SenateSchumer 56% – 41%
2018SenateGillibrand 51% – 49%
GovernorMolinaro 61% – 33%
Attorney GeneralWofford 56% – 41%
2020PresidentTrump 57% – 41%
2022SenatePinion 60% – 40%
GovernorZeldin 66% – 34%
Attorney GeneralHenry 62% – 38%
ComptrollerRodríguez 57% – 43%
2024PresidentTrump 60% – 39%
SenateSapraicone 55% – 44%

List of members representing the district

[edit]

1813–1821: two seats

[edit]

From the creation of the district in 1813 to 1821, two seats were apportioned, elected at-large on ageneral ticket.

CongressYearsSeat ASeat B
RepresentativePartyElectoral historyRepresentativePartyElectoral history
13thMarch 4, 1813 –
March 3, 1815

Samuel M. Hopkins
(New York)
FederalistElected in 1812.
[data missing]

Nathaniel W. Howell
(Canandaigua)
FederalistElected in 1812.
[data missing]
14thMarch 4, 1815 –
January 23, 1816

Micah Brooks
(East Bloomfield)
Democratic-RepublicanElected in 1814.
[data missing]

Peter Buell Porter
(Buffalo)
Democratic-RepublicanRe-elected in 1814.
Resigned to become a commissioner under theTreaty of Ghent.
January 23, 1816 –
December 2, 1816
Vacant
December 2, 1816 –
March 3, 1817
Archibald S. Clarke
(Clarence)
Democratic-RepublicanElected April 30 – May 2, 1816, to finish Porter's term and seated December 2, 1816.
[data missing]
15thMarch 4, 1817 –
March 3, 1819

Benjamin Ellicott
(Batavia)
Democratic-RepublicanElected in 1816.
[data missing]

John Canfield Spencer
(Canandaigua)
Democratic-RepublicanElected in 1816.
Retired torun for U.S. senator
16thMarch 4, 1819 –
March 3, 1821

Nathaniel Allen
(Richmond)
Democratic-RepublicanElected in 1818.
Lost re-election.
Albert H. Tracy
(Buffalo)
Democratic-RepublicanElected in 1818.
Redistricted to the22nd district.

1821–present: one seat

[edit]
MemberPartyYearsCong
ress
Electoral historyCounties represented
VacantMarch 4, 1821 –
December 3, 1821
17thElections were held in April 1821. It is unclear when results were announced or credentials issued.1821–1823
Chenango andBroome counties.

Elijah Spencer
(Benton)
Democratic-RepublicanDecember 3, 1821 –
March 3, 1823
Elected in 1821.
[data missing]
Lot Clark
(Norwich)
Democratic-RepublicanMarch 4, 1823 –
March 3, 1825
18thElected in 1822.
[data missing]
1823–1833
Chenango and Broome counties
Elias Whitmore
(Windsor)
Anti-JacksonianMarch 4, 1825 –
March 3, 1827
19thElected in 1824.
[data missing]
John C. Clark
(Bainbridge)
JacksonianMarch 4, 1827 –
March 3, 1829
20thElected in 1826.
[data missing]
Robert Monell
(Greene)
JacksonianMarch 4, 1829 –
February 21, 1831
21stElected in 1828.
[data missing]
Resigned to become Judge of theSixth State Circuit Court
VacantFebruary 22, 1831 –
March 3, 1831

John A. Collier
(Binghamton)
Anti-MasonicMarch 4, 1831 –
March 3, 1833
22ndElected in 1830.
[data missing]
Henry Mitchell
(Norwich)
JacksonianMarch 4, 1833 –
March 3, 1835
23rdElected in 1832.
[data missing]
1833–1843
[data missing]
William Mason
(Preston)
JacksonianMarch 4, 1835 –
March 3, 1837
24thElected in 1834.
[data missing]
John C. Clark
(Bainbridge)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1837 –
March 3, 1839
25th
26th
27th
Elected in 1836.
Re-elected in 1838.
Re-elected in 1840.
[data missing]
WhigMarch 4, 1839 –
March 3, 1843
Jeremiah E. Cary
(Cherry Valley)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1843 –
March 3, 1845
28thElected in 1842.
[data missing]
1843–1853
[data missing]

Charles Goodyear
(Schoharie)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1845 –
March 3, 1847
29thElected in 1844.
[data missing]

George A. Starkweather
(Cooperstown)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1847 –
March 3, 1849
30thElected in 1846.
[data missing]
Hiram Walden
(Waldensville)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1849 –
March 3, 1851
31stElected in 1848.
[data missing]
William W. Snow
(Oneonta)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1851 –
March 3, 1853
32ndElected in 1850.
[data missing]

Henry Bennett
(New Berlin)
WhigMarch 4, 1853 –
March 3, 1855
33rd
34th
35th
Redistricted from the22nd district andre-elected in 1852.
Re-elected in 1854.
Re-elected in 1856.
Lost re-election.
1853–1863
[data missing]
OppositionMarch 4, 1855 –
March 3, 1857
RepublicanMarch 4, 1857 –
March 3, 1859

R. Holland Duell
(Cortland)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1859 –
March 3, 1863
36th
37th
Elected in 1858.
Re-elected in 1860.
[data missing]

Francis Kernan
(Utica)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1863 –
March 3, 1865
38thElected in 1862.
[data missing]
1863–1873
[data missing]

Roscoe Conkling
(Utica)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1865 –
March 3, 1867
39thElected in 1864.
[data missing]
Re-elected in 1866 but declined when insteadelected U.S. senator.
VacantMarch 4, 1867 –
November 29, 1867
40th

Alexander H. Bailey
(Rome)
RepublicanNovember 30, 1867 –
March 3, 1871
40th
41st
Elected to finish the vacant term.
Re-elected in 1868.
[data missing]

Ellis H. Roberts
(Utica)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1871 –
March 3, 1873
42ndElected in 1870.
Redistricted to the22nd district.

Clinton L. Merriam
(Locust Grove)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1873 –
March 3, 1875
43rdRedistricted from the20th district andre-elected in 1872.
[data missing]
1873–1883
[data missing]

Samuel F. Miller
(Franklin)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1875 –
March 3, 1877
44thElected in 1874.
[data missing]

Solomon Bundy
(Oxford)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1877 –
March 3, 1879
45thElected in 1876.
[data missing]

David Wilber
(Milford)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1879 –
March 3, 1881
46thElected in 1878.
[data missing]

Ferris Jacobs Jr.
(Delhi)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1881 –
March 3, 1883
47thElected in 1880.
[data missing]

George W. Ray
(Chenango)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1883 –
March 3, 1885
48thElected in 1882.
[data missing]
1883–1893
[data missing]

Frederick A. Johnson
(Glens Falls)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1885 –
March 3, 1887
49thRedistricted from the18th district andre-elected in 1884.
[data missing]

John H. Moffitt
(Chateaugay Lake)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1887 –
March 3, 1891
50th
51st
Elected in 1886.
Re-elected in 1888.
[data missing]

John M. Wever
(Plattsburg)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1891 –
March 3, 1893
52ndElected in 1890.
[data missing]
Redistricted to the23rd district.

Simon J. Schermerhorn
(Schenectady)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1893 –
March 3, 1895
53rdElected in 1892.
[data missing]
1893–1899
[data missing]

David F. Wilber
(Oneonta)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1895 –
March 3, 1899
54th
55th
Elected in 1894.
Re-elected in 1896.
[data missing]

John K. Stewart
(Amsterdam)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1899 –
March 3, 1903
56th
57th
Elected in 1898.
Re-elected in 1900.
[data missing]
1899–1903
All ofColumbia,Dutchess,Greene andPutnam counties

John H. Ketcham
(Dover Plains)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1903 –
November 4, 1906
58th
59th
Redistricted from the18th district andre-elected in 1902.
Re-elected in 1904.
Died.
1903–1913
[data missing]
VacantNovember 5, 1906 –
March 3, 1907
59th

Samuel McMillan
(Lake Mahopac)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1907 –
March 3, 1909
60thElected in 1906.
[data missing]

Hamilton Fish II
(Garrison)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1909 –
March 3, 1911
61stElected in 1908.
[data missing]

Richard E. Connell
(Poughkeepsie)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1911 –
October 30, 1912
62ndElected in 1910.
Died.
VacantOctober 31, 1912 –
March 3, 1913

Henry George Jr.
(New York)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1913 –
March 3, 1915
63rdRedistricted from the17th district andre-elected in 1912.
[data missing]
1913–1963
Parts ofNew York

G. Murray Hulbert
(New York)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1915 –
January 1, 1918
64th
65th
Elected in 1914.
Re-elected in 1916.
Re-elected in 1918.
Resigned to become Commissioner of Docks and Director of thePort of New York City
VacantJanuary 2, 1918 –
March 5, 1918
65th

Jerome F. Donovan
(New York)
DemocraticMarch 5, 1918 –
March 3, 1921
65th
66th
Elected to finish Hulbert's term.
[data missing]

Martin C. Ansorge
(New York)
RepublicanMarch 4, 1921 –
March 3, 1923
67thElected in 1920.
[data missing]

Royal H. Weller
(New York)
DemocraticMarch 4, 1923 –
March 1, 1929
68th
69th
70th
Elected in 1922.
Re-elected in 1924.
Re-elected in 1926.
Re-elected in 1928.
Died.
VacantMarch 2, 1929 –
November 4, 1929
70th
71st

Joseph A. Gavagan
(New York)
DemocraticNovember 5, 1929 –
December 30, 1943
71st
72nd
73rd
74th
75th
76th
77th
78th
Elected to finish Weller's term.
Re-elected in 1930.
Re-elected in 1932.
Re-elected in 1934.
Re-elected in 1936.
Re-elected in 1938.
Re-elected in 1940.
Re-elected in 1942.
Resigned when elected justice ofNew York Supreme Court.
VacantDecember 31, 1943 –
February 28, 1944
78th

James H. Torrens
(New York)
DemocraticFebruary 29, 1944 –
January 3, 1947
78th
79th
Elected to finish Gavagan's term.
Re-elected in 1944.
[data missing]

Jacob K. Javits
(New York)
RepublicanJanuary 3, 1947 –
December 31, 1954
80th
81st
82nd
83rd
Elected in 1946.
Re-elected in 1948.
Re-elected in 1950.
Re-elected in 1952.
Retired torun for N.Y. Attorney General.
Resigned to becomeNew York State Attorney General.
VacantDecember 31, 1954 –
January 3, 1955
83rd

Herbert Zelenko
(New York)
DemocraticJanuary 3, 1955 –
January 3, 1963
84th
85th
86th
87th
Elected in 1954.
Re-elected in 1956.
Re-elected in 1958.
Re-elected in 1960.
[data missing]

James C. Healey
(New York)
DemocraticJanuary 3, 1963 –
January 3, 1965
88thRedistricted from the22nd district andre-elected in 1962.
[data missing]
1963–1965
Parts ofBronx

James H. Scheuer
(New York)
DemocraticJanuary 3, 1965 –
January 3, 1971
89th
90th
91st
92nd
Elected in 1964.
Re-elected in 1966.
Re-elected in 1968.
Re-elected in 1970.
[data missing]
1965–1973

Parts ofBronx,Manhattan,Queens
January 3, 1971 –
January 3, 1973

Herman Badillo
(The Bronx)
DemocraticJanuary 3, 1973 –
December 31, 1977
93rd
94th
95th
Redistricted from the22nd district andre-elected in 1972.
Re-elected in 1974.
Re-elected in 1976.
Resigned to becomeDeputy Mayor of New York City.
1973–1983
Parts ofBronx
VacantJanuary 1, 1978 –
February 20, 1978
95th

Robert Garcia
(The Bronx)
DemocraticFebruary 21, 1978 –
January 3, 1983
95th
96th
97th
Elected to finish Badillo's term.
Re-elected in 1978.
Re-elected in 1980.
Redistricted to the18th district.

Hamilton Fish IV
(Millbrook)
RepublicanJanuary 3, 1983 –
January 3, 1993
98th
99th
100th
101st
102nd
Redistricted from the25th district andre-elected in 1982.
Re-elected in 1984.
Re-elected in 1986.
Re-elected in 1988.
Re-elected in 1990.
Redistricted to the19th district.
1983–1993
All ofPutnam; parts ofDutchess,Orange,Westchester

Michael McNulty
(Green Island)
DemocraticJanuary 3, 1993 –
January 3, 2009
103rd
104th
105th
106th
107th
108th
109th
110th
Redistricted from the23rd district andre-elected in 1992.
Re-elected in 1994.
Re-elected in 1996.
Re-elected in 1998.
Re-elected in 2000.
Re-elected in 2002.
Re-elected in 2004.
Re-elected in 2006.
Retired.
1993–2003
All ofAlbany,Schenectady; parts ofMontgomery,Rensselaer,Saratoga
2003–2013
All ofAlbany,Montgomery,Schenectady,Schoharie; parts ofFulton,Rensselaer,Saratoga

Paul Tonko
(Amsterdam)
DemocraticJanuary 3, 2009 –
January 3, 2013
111th
112th
Elected in 2008.
Re-elected in 2010.
Redistricted to the20th district.

Bill Owens
(Plattsburgh)
DemocraticJanuary 3, 2013 –
January 3, 2015
113thRedistricted from the23rd district andre-elected in 2012.
Retired.
2013–2023
All ofClinton,Essex,Franklin,Fulton,Hamilton,Jefferson,Lewis,St. Lawrence,Warren,Washington; parts ofHerkimer,Saratoga

Elise Stefanik
(Schuylerville)
RepublicanJanuary 3, 2015 –
present
114th
115th
116th
117th
118th
119th
Elected in 2014.
Re-elected in 2016.
Re-elected in 2018.
Re-elected in 2020.
Re-elected in 2022.
Re-elected in 2024.
Retiring to run forgovernor of New York.
2023–2025
All ofClinton,Essex,Franklin,Fulton,Hamilton,Herkimer,Lewis,Montgomery,Schoharie,St. Lawrence,Warren,Washington; parts ofJefferson,Otsego,Rensselaer


2025–present
All ofClinton,Essex,Franklin,Fulton,Hamilton,Herkimer,Lewis,Schoharie,St. Lawrence,Warren,Washington; parts ofJefferson,Montgomery,Oneida,Saratoga

Recent election results

[edit]
1996 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
DemocraticMichael McNulty (incumbent)158,49166.1
RepublicanNancy Norman64,47126.9
LiberalLee H. Wasserman16,7947.0
Margin of victory94,02039.2
Turnout239,756100
1998 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
DemocraticMichael McNulty (incumbent)146,63974.2+8.1
RepublicanLauren Ayers50,93125.8−1.1
Margin of victory95,70848.4+9.2
Turnout197,570100−17.6
2000 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
DemocraticMichael McNulty (incumbent)175,33974.4+0.2
RepublicanThomas G. Pillsworth60,33325.6−0.2
Margin of victory115,00648.8+0.3
Turnout235,672100+19.2
2002 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
DemocraticMichael McNulty (incumbent)161,32975.1+0.7
RepublicanCharles B. Rosenstein53,52524.9−0.7
Margin of victory107,80450.2+1.4
Turnout214,854100−8.8
2004 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
DemocraticMichael McNulty (incumbent)194,03370.8−4.3
RepublicanWarren Redlich80,12129.2+4.3
Margin of victory113,91241.6−8.6
Turnout274,154100+27.6
2006 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
DemocraticMichael McNulty (incumbent)167,60478.2+7.4
RepublicanWarren Redlich46,75221.8−7.4
Margin of victory120,85256.4+14.8
Turnout214,356100−21.8
2008 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
DemocraticPaul Tonko171,28662.1−16.1
RepublicanJim Burhmaster96,59935+13.2
IndependencePhilip Steck7,9652.9+2.9
Margin of victory74,68727.1−29.3
Turnout275,872100+28.69
2010 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
DemocraticPaul Tonko (incumbent)124,88959.3−2.8
RepublicanTheodore J. Danz Jr.85,75240.7+5.7
Margin of victory39,13718.6−8.5
Turnout210,791100−23.58
2012 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
DemocraticBill Owens126,63150.1−9.2
RepublicanMatt Doheny121,64648.2+7.5
GreenDonald L. Hassig4,1741.7+1.7
Margin of victory4,9851.9−16.7
Turnout252,556100+19.8
2014 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
RepublicanElise Stefanik96,22655.1+6.9
DemocraticAaron G. Woolf59,06333.8−16.3
GreenMatthew J. Funiciello19,23811+9.3
Margin of victory37,16321.3+19.4
Turnout174,668100−30.8
2016 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
RepublicanElise Stefanik (incumbent)177,88665.3+10.2
DemocraticMike Derrick82,16130.1−3.7
GreenMatthew J. Funiciello12,4524.6−6.4
Margin of victory95,72535.2+13.9
Turnout272,606100+56.1
2018 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
RepublicanElise Stefanik (incumbent)131,98156.1−9.2
DemocraticTedra Cobb99,79142.4+12.3
GreenLynn Kahn3,4371.5−3.1
Margin of victory32,19013.7−21.5
Turnout235,267100−13.7
2020 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
RepublicanElise Stefanik (incumbent)188,65558.8+2.7
DemocraticTedra Cobb131,99541.2−1.2
Margin of victory56,66017.6+3.9
Turnout320,788100+36.4
2022 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
RepublicanElise Stefanik (incumbent)168,57959.1+0.3
DemocraticMatt Castelli116,42140.8−0.4
Margin of victory52,15818.3+0.7
Turnout285,000100−11.2
2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New York: New York's 21st district
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
RepublicanElise Stefanik (incumbent)216,51362.1+3
DemocraticPaula Collins131,93037.9−2.9
Margin of victory84,58324.2+5.9
Turnout348,443100+22.3

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Inline references

[edit]
  1. ^"Congressional District 21 (119th Congress), New York: People; Source: 2024 ACS",U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2025-09-14.
  2. ^"Congressional District 21 (119th Congress), New York: Socio-Economic; Source: 2024 ACS", U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2025-09-14.
  3. ^"2025 Cook PVI℠: District Map and List (119th Congress)".Cook Political Report. April 3, 2025. RetrievedApril 4, 2025.
  4. ^Collins, Kaitlan (November 11, 2024)."Trump picks Rep. Elise Stefanik for UN ambassador | CNN Politics".CNN. RetrievedNovember 11, 2024.
  5. ^"White House yanks Stefanik's UN nomination".POLITICO. March 27, 2025. RetrievedMarch 27, 2025.
  6. ^https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/cong_dist/cd119/cd_based/ST36/CD119_NY21.pdf
  7. ^Mahoney, Bill (February 28, 2024)."New congressional maps approved in New York".POLITICO. RetrievedApril 16, 2025.
  8. ^"DRA 2020".davesredistricting.org. RetrievedAugust 7, 2025.
  9. ^"The Downballot: New York 2024 pres-by-CD – Google Spreadsheets".docs.google.com. RetrievedAugust 7, 2025.

Bibliography

[edit]

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