First day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 1 January
This article is about the first day of the Gregorian calendar year. For the first day in other calendars, seeNew Year. For other uses, seeNew Year's Day (disambiguation).
New Year's Day
Fireworks in Mexico City for the Celebration of the New Year in 2013
In pre-Christian Rome, under theJulian calendar, the day was dedicated toJanus, god of gateways and beginnings, for whom January is also named. From Roman times until the mid-18th century, the new year was celebrated at various stages and in various parts ofChristian Europe on 25 December, on 1 March, on 25 March and on themovable feast of Easter.[2][3][4]
In the present day, with most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as theircivil calendar, 1 January according to Gregorian calendar is among the most celebrated of public holidays in the world, often observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight following New Year's Eve as the new year starts in each time zone. Other global New Year's Day traditions include makingNew Year's resolutions and calling one's friends and family.[1]
Fireworks in London at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Day 2014Fireworks in Rome at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Day 2012
The ancientBabylonian calendar was lunisolar, and around the year 2000BC[5] began observing a spring festival and the new year during the month ofNisan, around the time of theMarch equinox. The early Roman calendar designated 1 March as the first day of the year.[6] The calendar had just 10 months, beginning with March. That the new year once began with the month of March is still reflected in some of the names of the months. September through to December, the ninth through to the twelfth months of theGregorian calendar, were originally positioned as the seventh through to the tenth months. (Septem isLatin for "seven";octo, "eight";novem, "nine"; anddecem, "ten")Roman mythology usually credits their secondkingNuma with the establishment of the two new months ofIanuarius andFebruarius. These were first placed at the end of the year, but at some point came to be considered the first two months instead.[7]
The Januarykalend (Latin:KalendaeIanuariae), the start of the month of January, came to be celebrated as the new year at some point after it became the day for the inaugurating newconsuls in 153BC as a result of the rebellion inHispania which began thesecond Celtiberian War. Romans had long dated their years bythese consulships, rather than sequentially, and making the kalends of January start the new year aligned this dating. Still, private and religious celebrations around the March new year continued for some time and there is no consensus on the question of the timing for 1 January's new status.[8] Once it became the new year, however, it became a time for family gatherings and celebrations. A series of disasters, notably including thefailed rebellion ofM. Aemilius Lepidus in 78BC, established a superstition against allowing Rome'smarket days to fall on thekalends of January and thepontiffs employedintercalation to avoid its occurrence.[9][10]
The Julian calendar, proposed byJulius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of theRoman calendar. It took effect on1 January 45 BC, by edict. The calendar became the predominant calendar in theRoman Empire and subsequently, most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years. The Roman calendar began the year on 1 January, and this remained the start of the year after the Julian reform. However, even after local calendars were aligned to the Julian calendar, they started the new year on different dates. The Alexandrian calendar in Egypt started on 29 August (30 August after an Alexandrian leap year). Several local provincial calendars were aligned to start on the birthday of the EmperorAugustus, 23 September. Theindiction caused theByzantine year, which used the Julian calendar, to begin on 1 September; this date is still used in theEastern Orthodox Church for the beginning of the liturgical year.
AWatchnight Mass at a Lutheran Christian church on New Year's Eve (2014)
Christians of various denominations (Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Moravians, among others) often attend awatchnight service (also known as a Watchnight Mass if Holy Communion is celebrated) on the night of New Year's Eve and this liturgy concludes in the morning of New Year's Day. Watchnight services provide the opportunity for Christians to review the year that has passed andmake confession, and then prepare for the year ahead bypraying andresolving.[11] Theservices often include singing, praying, exhorting, preaching, andHoly Communion.[12][13]
Among the 7th-centurypagans ofFlanders and the Netherlands, it was the custom to exchange gifts at thewinter solstice. This custom was deplored bySaint Eligius (died 659 or 660), who warned the Flemish and Dutch: "(Do not) make visuals, [little figures of the Old Woman], little deer or iotticos or set tables [for the house-elf, comparePuck] at night or exchange New Year gifts or supply superfluous drinks [anotherYule custom]."[18]
Most nations of Europe and their colonies officially adopted 1 January as New Year's Day somewhat before theyadopted the Gregorian calendar. Most of Germany changed to 1 January from 1544, the Netherlands did so from 1556 or 1573 according to sect, Spain and Portugal from 1556, France from 1564, Italy (pre-unification) on a variety of dates, Sweden, Norway and Denmark from 1599, Scotland from 1600,[23] and Russia from 1700 or 1725.[2] England, Wales, Ireland, and Britain's American colonies adopted 1 January as New Year's Day from 1752.[2][4]
Until Tuesday, 31 December 1751[a] (except Scotland),[b] theKingdom of Great Britain and theBritish Empire at the time had retained 25 March as the official start of the year, although informal use of 1 January had become common.[c] With theCalendar (New Style) Act 1750, Britain and the Empire formally adopted 1 January as New Year's Day in 1752 and, with the same Act, also discarded the Julian calendar at the end of Wednesday, 2 September of that same year (though the actions are otherwise unrelated). The Act came into effect "following the last said day of December 1751".[24][d]
By 1750, adjustments needed to be made for an eleven-day difference between the older Julian calendar and the newer (and more accurate) Gregorian calendar. There was somereligious dissent regarding feast days being moved, especially Christmas Day (seeOld Christmas), and isolated communities continued the old reckoning to a greater or lesser extent. The years1800 and1900 wereleap years in the Julian calendar but not in the Gregorian, so the difference increased to twelve days, then thirteen. The year2000 was a leap year in both calendars.
Foula, in theShetland islands celebratesYule ('Old Christmas' rather than theDecember solstice) on 6 January and Newerday on 13 January.[26] Again, both dates reflect the 19th century reckoning and were not moved again in 1900.
At various stages during the first half of the twentieth century, all countries inEastern Christendom adopted the Gregorian calendar as theircivil calendar but continued, and have continued into modern times, to use the Julian Calendar for ecclesiastical purposes. As 1 January (Julian) equates to 14 January (Gregorian), a religious celebration of the New Year on this date may seem strange to Western eyes.
In cultures and religions that traditionally or currently use calendars other than the Gregorian, New Year's Day is often also an important celebration. Some countries concurrently use Gregorian and another calendar. New Year's Day in the alternative calendar attracts alternative celebrations of that new year:
TheOdunde Festival is also called theAfrican New Year is celebrated inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States on the second Sunday of June. While the name was based on theYoruba African culture, its celebration marks the largest African celebration in the world, which more or less was started by a local tradition.[27]
TheSotho people of Lesotho and South Africa celebrateSelemo sa Basotho on 1 August during the end of the Southern Hemisphere's winter. This is based on theSotho calendar, and includes observances such as "Mokete wa lewa", a celebration that follows the harvest.
Chinese New Year is celebrated in some countries in East Asia, including China, and some in Southeast Asia, including Singapore. It is the first day of the traditionalChinese calendar, a lunar calendar that is corrected for the solar changes every three years (i.e. alunisolar calendar). The holiday normally falls between 20 January and 20 February.[28] The holiday is celebrated with food, family, lucky money (usually in ared envelope), and many other red things that are believed to bring good luck. Lion and dragon dances, drums, fireworks, firecrackers, and other types of entertainment fill the streets on this day. 1 January is also a legal holiday in China, and people celebrate the Gregorian New Year on this day, but it is not as grand as the traditional Chinese New Year.[29]
Japanese New Year is celebrated on 1 January because the Gregorian calendar is now used in Japan instead of theChinese calendar (which was in use until 1873).[30]
Korean New Year is celebrated on the first day of the traditionalKorean calendar in South Korea. The first day of this lunisolar calendar, calledSeollal (설날), is an important national holiday (along withChuseok),[31] with a minimum of three days off work and school. Koreans celebrate New Year's Day by preparing food for their ancestors' spirits, visiting ancestors' graves, and playing Korean games such asyunnori with families and friends. Young children show respect to their parents, grandparents, relatives, and other elders by bowing down in a traditional way and are given good wishes and some money by the elders.
In addition, South Koreans celebrate the 1 January New Year's Day of the Gregorian Calendar, and as a national holiday, people have the day off. The Gregorian calendar is now the official civil calendar in South Korea, so the populace now considers the 1 January New Year's Day the first day of the year. South Koreans calculate their age using theEast Asian age reckoning method, with all South Koreans adding a year to their age at midnight of the New Year (of the Gregorian, not the Korean calendar).[32] Families enjoy the New Year by counting down to midnight on New Year's Eve on 31 December.
North Koreans celebrate the New Year's Day holiday on the first day of the Gregorian calendar, 1 January. This New Year's Day, also calledSeollal, is a big holiday in North Korea,while they take a day off on the first day of the Korean calendar.[clarification needed] The first day of the Korean calendar is regarded as a day for relaxation, but North Koreans consider the first day of the Gregorian calendar to be even more important.[citation needed]
Cambodian New Year (Chaul Chnam Thmey) is celebrated on 13 April or 14 April. There are three days for the Khmer New Year: the first day is called "Moha Songkran", the second is called "Virak Wanabat" and the final day is called "Virak Loeurng Sak". During these periods, Cambodians often go to the pagoda or play traditional games. Phnom Penh is usually quiet during Khmer New Year as most Cambodians prefer spending it at their respective hometowns.
Thai New Year is celebrated on 13 April or 14 April and is calledSongkran in the local language. People usually come out to splash water on one another. The throwing of water originated as a blessing. By capturing the water after it had been poured over the Buddhas for cleansing, this "blessed" water is gently poured on the shoulder of elders and family for good fortune.
Thingyan, Burmese new year's celebrations, typically begin on 13 April but the actual New Year's Day falls on 17 April in the 21st century. The day has slowly drifted over the centuries. In the 20th century, the day fell on 15 or 16 April while in the 17th century, it fell on 9 or 10 April.
Vietnamese New Year (Tết Nguyên Đán or Tết), more commonly known by its shortened name Tết or "Vietnamese Lunar New Year", is the most important and popular holiday and festival in Vietnam, the holiday normally falls between 20 January and 20 February. It is the Vietnamese New Year marking the arrival of spring based on the Chinese calendar, a lunisolar calendar. The name Tết Nguyên Đán is Sino-Vietnamese for Feast of the First Morning, derived from the Hán nôm characters 節 元 旦.
InHinduism, different regional cultures celebrate the new year at different times of the year. InAssam,Bengal, Kerala, Nepal,Odisha,Punjab,Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, andTamil Nadu households celebrate the new year when the Sun entersAries on theHindu calendar. This is normally on 14 April or 15 April, depending on the leap year. Elsewhere in northern/central India, theVikram Samvat calendar is followed. According to that, the new year day is the first day of the Chaitra Month, also known as Chaitra Shukla Pratipada orGudi Padwa. This is basically the first month of the Hindu calendar, the first Shukla paksha (fortnight) and the first day. This normally comes around 23–24 March, mostly around the Spring Equinox in Gregorian Calendar. The new year is celebrated by paying respect to elders in the family and by seeking their blessings. They also exchange tokens of good wishes for a healthy and prosperous year ahead.
Malayalam New Year (Puthuvarsham) is celebrated either on the first day of the month of Medam in mid-April which is known as Vishu, or the first day of the month ofChingam, in theMalayalam Calendar in mid-August according to another reckoning. Unlike most other calendar systems in India, the New Year's Day on theMalayalam Calendar is not based on any astronomical event. It is just the first day of the first of the 12 months on theMalayalam Calendar. TheMalayalam Calendar (called Kollavarsham) originated in 825 AD, based on general agreement among scholars, with the re-opening of the city ofKollam (onMalabar Coast), which had been destroyed by anatural disaster.
Pahela Baishakh or Bangla Nabobarsho is the first day of the Bengali Calendar. It is celebrated on 14 April as a national holiday in Bangladesh, and on 14 or 15 April in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, and part of Assam by people of Bengali heritage, irrespective of their religious faith.
The Sikh New Year is celebrated as per theNanakshahi calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the firstSikh Guru,Guru Nanak in 1469. New Year's Day falls annually on what is 14 March in the Gregorian Western calendar.[33]
Sinhalese New Year is celebrated in Sri Lankan culture predominantly by the Sri Lankan Sinhalese, while theTamil New Year on the same day is celebrated by Sri Lankan Tamils. The Sinhalese New Year (aluth avurudda), marks the end of the harvest season, by the month of Bak (April) between 13 and 14 April. There is an astrologically generated time gap between the passing year and the New Year, which is based on the passing of the sun from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries) in the celestial sphere. The astrological time difference between the New Year and the passing year (nonagathe) is celebrated with several Buddhist rituals and customs that are to be concentrated on, which are exclusive of all types of 'work'. After Buddhist rituals and traditions are attended to, Sinhala and Tamil New Year-based social gatherings and festive parties with the aid of firecrackers, and fireworks would be organized. The exchange of gifts, cleanliness, the lighting of the oil lamp, makingkiribath (milk rice), and even the Asian Koel are significant aspects of the Sinhalese New Year.
Tamil New Year (Puthandu) is celebrated on 13 April or 14 April. Traditionally, it is celebrated asChiththirai Thirunaal in parts of Tamil Nadu to mark the event of the Sun entering Aries.Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.
Telugu New Year (Ugadi),Kannada New Year (Yugadi) is celebrated in March (generally), April (occasionally). Traditionally, it is celebrated as ChaitramChaitra Shuddha Padyami in parts of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka to mark the event of New Year's Day for the people of the Deccan region of India. It falls on a different day every year because the Hindu calendar is a lunisolar calendar. The Saka calendar begins with the month of Chaitra (March–April) and Ugadi/Yugadi marks the first day of the new year. Chaitra is the first month in Panchanga which is the Indian calendar.Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.
The major religions of the Middle East areIslam and Judaism: their adherents worldwide celebrate the first day of their respective new religious calendar years.
The two primary sects of Islam areSunni Islam andShia Islam. They have different calendars though for both the epoch of the calendar is theHijrah.
The parade celebrating the 1446th HijriahIslamic New Year was carried out by several TPQ (a Quran education school in Indonesia) in Nampes Hamlet
Islamic New Year (or "Hijri New Year",Arabic:رأس السنة الهجريةRas as-Sanah al-Hijriyah)) is the day in Sunni Islamic culture that marks the beginning of a new year in theLunar Hijri calendar. It disregards thesolar year: its New Year's Day is on a different Gregorian date each year because it is alunar calendar of twelvelunar months, making it on average 11 to 12 days shorter than a solar year. The first day of the year is observed on the first day ofMuharram, the first month in this calendar.
Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in theSolar Hijri calendar (one of theIranian calendars). It is celebrated on the day of the astronomicalNorthern spring equinox, which usually occurs on or about 20 March (Gregorian calendar). Nowruz has been celebrated for over 3,000 years by thecultural continent of Iran, includingKurdistan and Afghanistan. The holiday is also celebrated and observed by many parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China,Crimea and some groups in theBalkans. As well as being aZoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in the Indian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses thecelestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year andIranian families gather together to observe the rituals.
Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year), is celebrated by Jews in Israel and throughout the world. The date is the new moon ofTishrei, which is the seventh month counting fromNisan, the first month of Spring. It always falls during September or October. The holiday is celebrated by blasting ofshofar trumpets, to signify it as a day of judgment, byprayers of penitence, by readings from the law and prophets, and by special meals. The night of 31 December/1 January, the New Year according to the Gregorian calendar, is also celebrated widely in Israel and is referred to asSylvester or the civil new year.[34]
According to a convention established byNASA, the Martian year begins on itsNorthward equinox, the spring equinox of its northern hemisphere. Its most recent New Year's Day (ofMY37) coincided with 26 December 2022 on Earth's Gregorian calendar.[35] New Year's Day of MY38 coincided with 12 November 2024.
In theGregorian calendar, New Year's Eve, also known as Old Year's Day, refers to the evening or the entire day of the last day of the year, 31 December. In many countries, New Year's Eve is celebrated with dancing, eating, drinking, and watching or lighting fireworks. Some Christians attend awatchnight service to mark the occasion. The celebrations generally go on past midnight into New Year's Day,1 January.
The first of January represents the fresh start of a new year after a period of remembrance of the passing year, including on radio, television, and in newspapers, which starts in early December in countries around the world. Publications have year-end articles that review the changes during the previous year. In some cases, publications may set their entire year's work alight in the hope that the smoke emitted from the flame brings new life to the company. There are also articles on planned or expected changes in the coming year.
This day is traditionally areligious feast, but since thefirst decade of the 20th century has also become an occasion to celebrate the night of 31 December—New Year's Eve—with parties, public celebrations (often involving fireworks shows) and other traditions focused on the impending arrival of midnight and the new year.Watchnight services are also still observed by many.[37]
The celebrations and activities held worldwide on 1 January as part of New Year's Day commonly include the following:
Pisan New Year's Day celebrations was a particular type of calendar in use inPisa, Italy, and other areas of present-dayTuscany until the mid-18th century, which started the year on 25 March (the feast of theAnnunciation of theVirgin Mary according to the liturgical calendar), anticipating its beginning by nine months and seven days compared to the "modern style" or "Circumcision style", still in use today, which indicates 1 January as the first day of the year;
A "polar bear plunge" is a common tradition in some countries, where participants gather on beaches and run into the cold water.Polar Bear Clubs in manyNorthern Hemisphere cities have a tradition of holding organized plunges on New Year's Day, and they are often held to raise money for charity.
In Ireland, New Year's Day was calledLá na gCeapairí, or the day of the buttered bread. A possible meaning to the consumption of buttered bread was to ward off hunger and famine in the coming year, by placing the buttered bread on the doorstep in the morning. Some traditions saw parties of young people calling from house to house to receive buttered bread and occasionallyPoitín,[39] or to give out buttered bread in exchange for pennies. This tradition has since died out, having been popular in the 19th century, and waning in the 1930s and 1940s.[40]
In the United Kingdom and United States, New Year's Day is associated with several prominent sporting events:
In the United States, 1 January is the traditional date for several major post-season college footballbowl games, including theCitrus Bowl inOrlando, theOutback Bowl inTampa, theRose Bowl Game in Pasadena, and theSugar Bowl in New Orleans. Since 2025, the Rose and Sugar Bowl games have hosted two of theCollege Football Playoff quarter-finals, but will move to mid-January to host the semi-finals every three years.[41] From 2008 to 2024, theNational Hockey League hosted an annualoutdoor game, theWinter Classic, on New Year's Day, which rotates between different host teams annually, and usually showcases a major regionalrivalry.[42]
If New Year's Day falls on a Sunday, U.S. sporting events traditionally held on New Year's Day are typically deferred to the following Monday in defense of theNational Football League—which plays a Sunday game day as normal.[43] Similarly, the Rose Parade has enforced a "never on Sunday" rule since 1893, believing that a parade held on Sunday would scare horses and cause them to disrupt Sundaychurch services.[44][45] The NHL moved the Winter Classic off New Year's Day entirely in 2025 to avoid competition from the expanded College Football Playoff, with the 2025 edition held on New Year's Eve in prime time instead, and the 2026 game scheduled for 2 January.[46][47]
ThePremier League in Englishfootball traditionally holds a fixture of matches on New Year's Day,[48] stemming from the historic tradition of games being played over the Christmas holiday period (including, just as prominently,Boxing Day).[49]
New Year's Day is a government and bank holiday in many countries.
In the Southern United States, a variety of foods considered lucky are cooked and consumed on New Year's Day, includinghopping John, red beans and rice, andcollard greens.[52]
In Sweden, pizza orders spike with some pizzerias bringing in extra staff to handle a surge in demand.[53] Swedish media have described it as 'Pizza Day'.[54][55][56]
Music associated with New Year's Day comes in both classical and popular genres, and there is alsoChristmas song focus on the arrival of a new year during theChristmas and holiday season.
Johann Sebastian Bach, in theOrgelbüchlein, composed three chorale preludes for the new year:Helft mir Gotts Güte preisen ["Help me to praise God's goodness"] (BWV 613);Das alte Jahr vergangen ist ["The old year has passed"] (BWV 614); andIn dir ist freude ["In you is joy"] (BWV 615).[57]
The year is gone, beyond recall is a traditional Christian hymn to give thanks for the new year, dating back to 1713.[58]
In English-speaking countries, it is traditional to singAuld Lang Syne at midnight on New Year's.
A common image used, often as an editorial cartoon, is that of an incarnation ofFather Time (or "the Old Year") wearing a sash across his chest with the previous year printed on it passing on his duties to theBaby New Year (or "the New Year"), an infant wearing a sash with the new year printed on it.[59]
Babies born on New Year's Day are commonly calledNew Year babies. Hospitals, such as the Dyersburg Regional Medical Center[60] in the US, give out prizes to the first baby born in that hospital in the new year. These prizes are often donated by local businesses. Prizes may include various baby-related items such as baby formula, baby blankets,diapers, andgift certificates to stores which specialise in baby-related merchandise.
On New Year's Day in Antarctica, the stake marking the geographic south pole is moved approximately 10 meters to compensate for the movement of the ice. A new marker stake is designed and made each year by staff at the site nearby.
^abMehra, Komal (2006).Festivals Of The World. Sterling Publishers. p. 69.ISBN978-1-8455-7574-8.In many European countries like Italy, Portugal and Netherlands, families start the new year by attending church services and then calling on friends and relatives. Italian children receive gifts or money on New Year's Day. People in the United States go to church, give parties and enjoy other forms of entertainment.
^James Ewing Ritchie (1870).The Religious Life of London.Tinsley Brothers. p. 223. Retrieved28 December 2011.At A Watch-Night Service: Methodism has one special institution. Its lovefeasts are old-old as Apostolic times. Its class meetings are the confessional in its simplest and most unobjectionable type, but in the institution of the watch-night it boldly struck out a new path for itself. In publicly setting apart the last fleeting moments of the old year and the first of the new to penitence, and special prayer, and stirring appeal, and fresh resolve, it has set an example which other sects are preparing to follow.
^"Watch Night of Freedom".Discipleship Ministries. 2007. Retrieved1 January 2021.The Watch Night service is today most often held on New Year's Eve, sometimes concluding at midnight, or on New Year's Day.
^Anna M. Lawrence (5 May 2011).One Family Under God: Love, Belonging, and Authority in Early Transatlantic Methodism.University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN978-0812204179. Retrieved28 December 2011.In 1740, Wesley started watch-night services for the coal miners of the Kingswood area, offering this nocturnal worship as a godly alternative to spending their evenings in ale-houses. The watch-night services consisted of singing, praying, exhorting, and preaching for a number of hours. Wesley meant to establish it as a monthly practice, always at full moon to keep the meeting well lit. In America, this service often supplanted times of traditional drunken revelry, like New Year's Eve and Christmas Eve.
^MacBeth, Sybil (1 November 2014).The Season of the Nativity. Paraclete Press. p. 113.ISBN9781612616131.January 1, New Year's Day, is also the eighty day of Christmas. On the eighth day of life Jewish boys have a circumcision ceremony, or bris. January 1 is the Circumcision of Christ and the Feast of the Holy Name.
^Forbes, Bruce David (1 October 2008).Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 114.ISBN978-0-520-25802-0.Some people referred to New Year gifts as "Christmas presents" because New Year's Day fell within the 12 days of Christmas, but in spite of the name they still were gifts given on January 1.
^Collins, Ace (4 May 2010).Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Harper Collins. p. 88.ISBN978-0-310-87388-4.Most people today trace the practice of giving gifts on Christmas Day to the three gifts that the Magi gave to Jesus.
^Berking, Helmuth (30 March 1999).Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14.ISBN978-0-7619-5648-8.The winter solstice was a time of festivity in every traditional culture, and the Christian Christmas probably took its place within this mythical context of the solar cult. Its core dogma of the Incarnation, however, solidly established the giving and receiving of gifts as the structural principle of that recurrent yet unique event. 'Children were given presents as the Jesus child received gifts from the magi or kings who came from afar to adore him. But in reality, it was they, together with all their fellow men, who received the gift of God through man's renewed participation in the divine life' (ibid.: 61).
^Sim, Alison (8 November 2011).Pleasures and Pastimes in Tudor England.The History Press. p. 85.ISBN978-0-7524-5031-5.Most of the 12 days of Christmas were saints' days, but the main three days for the celebration were Christmas Day, New Year's Day and Epiphany, or Twelfth Night.
^Mahon, Bríd (1998).Land of milk and honey : the story of traditional Irish food and drink. Dublin: Mercier Press. p. 148.ISBN978-1-85635-210-9.OCLC39935389.
^Kelly, Tiffany (27 November 2011)."'Never on Sunday' for Rose Parade".Glendale News-Press. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Times. Archived fromthe original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved2 January 2023.
.jpg)
.jpg)
Media related toNew Year's Day at Wikimedia Commons
.svg)
