In theNew World, Queen Anne Revival[1] was ahistoricist architectural style of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was popular in the United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries. In Australia, it is also calledFederation architecture.
In the United States, Queen Anne Revival architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910.[2] "Queen Anne" was one of a number of populararchitectural styles to emerge during theVictorian era. Within the Victorian era timeline, Queen Anne style followed theStick style and preceded theRichardsonian Romanesque andShingle styles.
The style bears almost no relationship to theEnglish Baroque architecture produced in the actual reign ofQueen Anne from 1702 to 1714. It is loosely used of a wide range of picturesque buildings with "free Renaissance" (non-Gothic Revival) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right. "Queen Anne", as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less "domestic" Beaux-Arts architecture, is broadly applied to architecture, furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910; some "Queen Anne" architectural elements, such as the wraparound front porch, continued to be found into the 1920s.
Queen Anne style buildings in America came into vogue in the 1880s, replacing the French-derivedSecond Empire as the "style of the moment." The popularity of high Queen Anne Style waned in the early 1900s, but some elements continued to be found on buildings into the 1920s, such as the wrap-around front porch (often L-shaped).
Distinctive features of the American Queen Anne style may include:
The"Queen Anne" style that had been formulated in Britain byNorman Shaw and other architects arrived in New York with the new housing for the New York House and School of Industry[4] (Sidney V. Stratton, architect, 1878) at 120 West 16th Street. Gabled and domestically scaled, these early American Queen Anne homes were built of warm, soft brick enclosing squareterracotta panels, with an arched side passage leading to an inner court and back house. Their detailing is largely confined to the treatment of picturesquely disposed windows, with small-paned upper sashes and plate glass lower ones. Triple windows of a Serlian motif and a two-storyoriel window that projects asymmetrically were frequently featured.[5] TheAstral Apartments built in Brooklyn in 1885–1886 to house dock workers provide a similar example of red-brick and terracotta Queen Anne architecture in New York.
E. Francis Baldwin's stations for theBaltimore and Ohio Railroad are also familiar examples of the style, built variously of brick and wood. The most famous American Queen Anne residence is theWilliam Carson Mansion ofEureka, California (see photo). Newsom and Newsom were notable builder-architects of 19th-century California homes and public buildings, and they designed and constructed (1884–1886) this 18-room home for one of California's firstlumber barons.
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Smaller and somewhat plainer houses can also be Queen Anne. TheWilliam G. Harrison House is an example, built in 1904 in ruralNashville, Georgia. Characteristics of the Queen Anne cottage style are:
The Shingle style in America was made popular by the rise of the New England school of architecture, which eschewed the highly ornamented patterns of theEastlake style. In the Shingle style, English influence was combined with the renewed interest in Colonial American architecture which followed the 1876 celebration of the United States Centennial. Architects emulated colonial houses' plain, shingled surfaces as well as their massing, whether in the simple gable of McKim, Mead and White'sLow House or in the complex massing ofKragsyde, which looked almost as if a colonial house had been fancifully expanded over many years. This impression of the passage of time was enhanced by the use of shingles. Some architects, in order to attain a weathered look on a new building, even had the cedar shakes dipped in buttermilk, dried and then installed, to leave a grayish tinge to the façade.
The Shingle style also conveyed a sense of the house as continuous volume. This effect—of the building as an envelope of space, rather than a great mass, was enhanced by the visual tautness of the flat shingled surfaces, the horizontal shape of many shingle-style houses, and the emphasis on horizontal continuity, both in exterior details and in the flow of spaces within the houses.
McKim, Mead and White andPeabody and Stearns were two of the notable firms of the era that helped to popularize the shingle style, through their large-scale commissions for "seaside cottages" of the rich and the well-to-do in such places as Newport, Rhode Island. However, the most famous Shingle-style house built in America was "Kragsyde" (1882), the summer home commissioned by Bostonian G. Nixon Black, from Peabody and Stearns. Kragsyde was built atop the rocky coastal shore nearManchester-By-the-Sea, Massachusetts, and embodied every possible tenet of the shingle style.
Many of the concepts of the Shingle style were adopted byGustav Stickley, and adapted to the American version of theArts and Crafts Movement.
In Australia, the Queen Anne style was absorbed into the Federation style, which was, broadly speaking, the Australian equivalent of theEdwardian style, derived from the influence ofRichard Norman Shaw,[8] an influential British architect of the lateVictorian era. The Federation period went from 1890 to 1915 and included twelve styles, one of which was theFederation Queen Anne. This became the most popular style for houses built between 1890 and 1910.[9] The style often used Tudor-style woodwork and elaborate fretwork that replaced the Victorian taste for wrought iron. Verandahs were usually a feature, as were the image of the rising sun and Australian wildlife; plus circular windows, turrets and towers with conical or pyramid-shaped roofs.
The first Queen Anne house in Australia wasCaerleon in the suburb ofBellevue Hill, New South Wales.[10] Caerleon was designed initially by a Sydney architect,Harry Kent, but was then substantially reworked in London byMaurice Adams.[11] This led to some controversy over who deserved the credit. The house was built in 1885 and was the precursor for theFederation Queen Anne houses that were to become so popular.
Caerleon was followed soon after by West Maling, in the suburb ofPenshurst, New South Wales,[12] and Annesbury, in the suburb ofAshfield, New South Wales, both built circa 1888. These houses, although built around the same time, had distinct styles, West Maling displaying a strong Tudor influence that was not present in Annesbury. The style soon became increasingly popular, appealing predominantly to reasonably well-off people with an "Establishment" leaning.[13]
The style as it developed in Australia was highly eclectic, blending Queen Anne elements with various Australian influences. Old English characteristics like ribbed chimneys and gabled roofs were combined with Australian elements like encircling verandahs, designed to keep the sun out. One outstanding example of this eclectic approach isUrrbrae House, in theAdelaide suburb ofUrrbrae, South Australia, part of the Waite Institute. Another variation with connections to theFederation Queen Anne style was theFederation Bungalow, featuring prominent verandahs. This style generally incorporated familiar Queen Anne elements, but usually in simplified form.
Examples include theVilla Ocampo (1891) inSan Isidro, Buenos Aires; and the Pando-Carabassa House (1900), inPilar, Buenos Aires.
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