| New River Gorge National Park and Preserve | |
|---|---|
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape) | |
 TheNew River Valley from the Grandview portion of the national park | |
  Map of the United States Show map of West Virginia New River Gorge National Park and Preserve (the United States) Show map of the United States | |
 Interactive map of New River Gorge National Park and Preserve | |
| Location | Fayette andSummers counties,West Virginia, US |
| Nearest city | Fayetteville, West Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°57′39″N81°4′54″W / 37.96083°N 81.08167°W /37.96083; -81.08167 |
| Area | 72,808 acres (294.64 km2)[1] |
| Established | November 10, 1978, as a national river December 27, 2020, as a national park |
| Visitors | 1,593,523 (in 2022)[2] |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | New River Gorge National Park and Preserve |
TheNew River Gorge National Park and Preserve is aUnited States national park andpreserve designed to protect and maintain theNew River Gorge in southernWest Virginia in theAppalachian Mountains. Established in 1978 as anational river and redesignated in 2020, the park and preserve stretches for 53 miles (85 km) from just downstream ofHinton toHawks Nest State Park nearAnsted.[1]
The park is rich in cultural and natural history and offers an abundance of scenic and recreational opportunities. New River Gorge has some of the country's bestwhitewater rafting, mainly from the Cunard put-in to theFayette Station take-out,[3] and is also one of the most popular climbing areas on the East Coast. TheNew River itself originates in North Carolina, flowing north through Virginia into the West Virginia mountains to theKanawha River which continues to theOhio River.
PresidentJimmy Carter signed legislation establishing New River Gorge National River on November 10, 1978 (Pub. L. 95–625). As stated in the legislation, the park was established as a unit of the national park system "for the purpose of conserving and interpreting outstanding natural, scenic, and historic values and objects in and around the New River Gorge, and preserving as a free-flowing stream an important segment of theNew River in West Virginia for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations."
The New River Gorge National Park and Preserve Designation Act[4][5] was incorporated into theConsolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, and signed into law by PresidentDonald Trump on December 27, 2020, changing the designation to New River Gorge National Park and Preserve.[6] Less than 10% of the original national river (7,021 acres (28.4 km2)[7]) was redesignated as anational park, where hunting is no longer permitted, while the remainder (65,165 acres (263.71 km2)) is anational preserve with little change.[8][9]
Flowing water is the creative force shaping the geologic features of the New River Gorge, as the river continues to sculpt the longest and deepest river gorge in the Appalachian Mountains. On display in the gorge, a variety of unique geologic features and processes exemplify the geology of theAppalachian Plateau, including the exposure of over 1,000 feet (300 m) of sandstone and shale, house-sized boulders scattered from rim to river, plant and invertebrate fossils, and steep channel drop-offs. The river has exposed four seams of coal, considered among the best bituminous coal in the world. The smokeless New River coal once fed the boilers of the nation's trains, factories, fleets, and power plants, and itscoke fueled the nation's iron furnaces.
The waters of the New River system contain a mosaic of hydrologic features and aquatic habitats that support a uniqueaquatic ecosystem and nourish ariparian zone that supports rare plants, animals, and communities. The waters provide a surprising variety and density of riverine hydrologic features and processes unparalleled in the Eastern United States, including pools, backwaters, glides, runs, shoals, riffles, torrents, cascades, chutes, rapids and waterfalls.
The river is a highly productive aquatic ecosystem that includes distinct populations of native fish (many found nowhere else), mussels, crayfish, and a broad array of other aquatic life, including rare amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The riparian zone is the most biologically diverse part of the park, and contains globally rare communities and essential habitat for several rare species. The New River is a dynamic aquatic ecosystem that supports smallmouth bass and other game fish, invertebrates, and aquatic plants.
New River Gorge National Park and Preserve lies at the core of a globally significant forest containing the most diverse flora of any river gorge in central and southern Appalachia; it provides essential habitat for endangered mammals and rare birds and amphibians. The park contains habitats of continuous forest, cliff and rimrock, forest seeps and wetlands, mature bottomland forests, abandoned mine portals (providing a refuge for rare species, including bats, amphibians, and theAllegheny woodrat, a species of special concern in West Virginia and in decline throughout the eastern United States). New River Gorge offers shelter to at least 63 species of mammals including the endangeredVirginia big-eared andIndiana bats. The river, stream tributaries, and forest provide habitat for 48 known species of amphibians, including the endangeredeastern hellbender,black-bellied salamander, andcave salamander.
Diverse populations of birds such aswood warblers,vireos, andthrushes spend part of their lives in the tropics, but depend upon the unfragmented forests of the New River Gorge for breeding. The region is a vital link in thenorth-south migratory flyway. Each year, thousands of hawks fly across the region during the fall migratory season. The National Park Service and West Virginia Department of Natural Resources have initiated a multiyear program to restoreperegrine falcons to New River Gorge. They soar and dive near the cliffs.
Forty different plant communities containing at least 1,342 species and 54 rare plants have been identified in the gorge.
There are historically significant abandoned places, some in ruins and some stabilized and rehabilitated, where people worked and lived during the late 18th and 19th centuries, supplying the coal from theNew River Coalfield, and lumber that helped fuel American industry. Remnants of the park's past, hidden in the forest, tell the stories of earlier life in theAppalachian Mountains. On display are the tangible remains of historic coal mining structures and coke ovens — such as atNuttallburg Coal Mining Complex and Town Historic District andKay Moor — and the historic structures and ruins associated with more than 50 company-owned towns.[10]
The New River Gorge region was opened up to the outside world in 1873 with the coming of the railroad. In the park, there are old railroad depots, rail yards, rail grades, steel and timber trestle bridges, railroad equipment, archeological sites and associated towns, likeThurmond, that were developed to support the railroad. The history and archeology associated with the lumbering industry can be seen in the ruins of old towns like Hamlet. Also contributing to the area's cultural history are surviving examples of subsistence farms, former community sites, homesteads, and other places in the park where the ancestors of families long associated with the New River lived and worked.
The Lower Gorge of the New River is a premier whitewater rafting location. The rapids, ranging in difficulty from class III to class V, are imposing and forceful, many of them obstructed by large boulders, which necessitate maneuvering in very powerful currents, crosscurrents, and hydraulics. Commercial outfitters conduct trips down the river from April through October. The upper part of the river offers somewhat less challenging class I to III rapids for whitewater canoeing.[11]
New River Gorge National Park and Preserve is one of the most popular rock-climbing areas in the country. Within the park are over 1,400 established rock climbs. The cliffs at "The New" located just below the rim of the gorge are made up of a very hard Nuttall sandstone. The rock is very featured, with an abundance of crack and face routes, and occasional large roofs. Almost all climbs are one pitch long and range from 30 to 120 feet (9.1 to 36.6 m) in height. The majority of the routes in the gorge are for advanced climbers in 5.10-5.12 range of theYosemite decimal system with about an equal number oftraditional andsport climbs.[12]
Fishing is one of the most popular activities on the New River. The diversity of fish in its waters makes the New River an excellent warm-water fishery. All visitors fishing must have a West Virginia fishing license and follow state laws and regulations.[13]
The over 50 miles (80 km) of hiking trails in the park range from easy walks to more challenging hikes.[14] Several trails following old railroad grades are open to bikes. There are eight primitive camping areas within the park.[15]
Two year-round visitor centers are located at Sandstone and Canyon Rim. The visitor centers at Grandview and Thurmond Depot operate seasonally.[16]
TheNew River Gorge Bridge can be viewed throughout the park, including at the Canyon Rim Visitor Center and the Long Point trail. The bridge is a highway and closed to pedestrians, though the company Bridge Walk is allowed to lead guided tours on the maintenance catwalk below the bridge.Bridge Day, held on the third Saturday in October, is the only day of the year when the New River Gorge Bridge is closed to traffic and allowsrappelling, ascending, andBASE jumping at the bridge.[17]
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