Anetbook is a class of small-sized and inexpensivelaptops; the term were used throughout the late 2000s and early 2010s, designed mostly as ameans of accessing the Internet and being significantly less expensive than full-sized laptops with lower or cut-down specifications.
At their inception in late 2007,[1] as smaller-than-typical laptop computers optimized for low weight and low cost,[2] netbooks began appearing without certain then-standard laptop features (such asan optical drive), and with less computing power than in full-sized laptops. They ranged in size from about 5" screen diagonal to 12", with a typical weight of about1 kg (2.2 pounds), and were often significantly less expensive than other laptops.[3] Soon after their appearance, netbooks grew in size and features, and converged with smaller laptops andsubnotebooks until the specifications were so similar that there was little distinction between the devices.[4] At their peak, the low cost gave them a significant portion of the laptop computer market.
WhenWindows 7 released, netbook manufacturers had to increase specifications in order for their devices to run it. This pushed netbooks into amarket niche where they had few distinctive advantages over traditional laptops.[5] With these constraints and the increasing popularity oftablet computers in 2011, it led to declining sales of netbooks.[5][6] By the end of 2012, few new laptops were marketed as "netbooks", and the term disappeared from common usage.[7]
WhilePsion had an unrelatednetBook line of machines, the use of the broad marketing term "netbook", began in 2007 whenAsus unveiled theAsus Eee PC. Originally designed for emerging markets, the 23 cm × 17 cm (9.1 in × 6.7 in) device weighed about 0.9 kg (2 lb) and featured a 7 in (18 cm) display, a keyboard approximately 85% the size of a normal keyboard, asolid-state drive and a custom version ofLinux with a simplifieduser interface geared towards consumer use.[8] Following the Eee PC,Everex launched its Linux-basedCloudBook;Windows XP andWindows Vista models were also introduced andMSI released theWind—others soon followed suit.
TheOLPC project followed the same market goals laid down by theeMate 300 eight years earlier.[9][10] Known for its innovation in producing a durable, cost- and power-efficient netbook fordeveloping countries, it is regarded as one of the major factors that led more top computer hardware manufacturers to begin creating low-cost netbooks for the consumer market.[11]
When the first Asus Eee PC sold over 300,000 units in four months, companies such asDell andAcer took note and began producing their own inexpensive netbooks. And while theOLPC XO-1 targets a different audience than do the other manufacturers' netbooks, it appears thatOLPC is now facing competition. Developing countries now have a large choice of vendors, from which they can choose which low-cost netbook they prefer.[12]
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By late 2008, netbooks began to takemarket share away fromnotebooks.[13] It was more successful than earlier "mini notebooks," most likely because of lower cost and greater compatibility with mainstream laptops.
Having peaked at about 20% of the portable computer market, netbooks started to slightly lose market share (within the category) in early 2010, coinciding with the appearance and success of theiPad.[14] Technology commentator Ross Rubin argued two and a half years later inEngadget that "Netbooks never got any respect. While Steve Jobs rebuked the netbook at the iPad's introduction, the iPad owes a bit of debt to the little laptops. The netbook demonstrated the potential of an inexpensive, portable second computing device, with a screen size of about 10 inches, intended primarily formedia consumption and light productivity."[15] Although some manufacturers directly blamed competition from the iPad, some analysts pointed out that larger, fully fledged laptops had entered the price range of netbooks at about the same time.[16]
The 11.6-inchMacBook Air, introduced in late 2010, compared favorably to many netbooks in terms of processing power but also ergonomics, at 2.3 pounds being lighter than some 10-inch netbooks, owing in part to the integration of the flash storage chips on the main logic board.[17] It was described as a superlative netbook (or at least as what a netbook should be) by several technology commentators,[18][19][20] even though Apple has never referred to it as such, sometimes describing it—in the words ofSteve Jobs—as "the third kind of notebook."[19] The entry-level model had anMSRP of $999,[19] costing as much as three or four times more than the average netbook.[15]
In 2011 tablet sales overtook netbooks for the first time, and in 2012 netbook sales fell by 25 percent, year-on-year.[21] The sustained decline since 2010 had been most pronounced in the United States and in Western Europe, while Latin America was still showing some modest growth.[22] In December 2011,Dell announced that it was exiting the netbook market.[23] In May 2012,Toshiba announced it was doing the same, at least in the United States.[24] An August 2012 article byJohn C. Dvorak inPC Magazine claimed that the term "netbook" was "nearly gone from the lexicon already", having been superseded in the market place largely by the more powerful (and MacBook Air inspired)Ultrabook—described as "a netbook on steroids"—and to a lesser extent by tablets.[25] In September 2012 Asus, Acer and MSI announced that they will stop manufacturing 10-inch netbooks.[26] Simultaneously Asus announced they would stop developing all Eee PC products, instead focusing on their mixed tablet-netbookTransformer line.[26]
With the introduction ofChromebooks, major manufacturers produced the new laptops for the same segment of the market that netbooks serviced. Chromebooks, a variation on thenetwork computer concept, in the form of a netbook, require internet connections for full functionality. Chromebooks became top selling laptops in 2014. The threat of Google ChromeOS based Chromebooks prompted Microsoft to revive and revamp netbooks withWindows 8.1 with Bing. HP re-entered the non-Chromebook netbook market with theStream 11 in 2014.[27].
In Australia, theNew South WalesDepartment of Education and Training, in partnership withLenovo, provided Year 9 students in government high schools with Lenovo S10e netbooks in 2009, Lenovo Mini 10 netbooks in 2010, Lenovo Edge 11 netbooks in 2011 and a modified Lenovo X130e netbook in 2012, each preloaded with software includingMicrosoft Office andAdobe Systems' Creative Suite 4. These were provided under Prime MinisterKevin Rudd's Digital Education Revolution, or DER. The netbooks ranWindows 7 Enterprise. These netbooks were secured with Computrace Lojack for laptops that the police can use to track the device if it is lost or stolen. The NSW DET retains ownership of these netbooks until the student graduates from Year 12, when the student can keep it. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago—Prime Minister Kamla Persad Bisseser—is also providing HP laptops to form 1 Students (11-year-olds) with the same police trackable software as above.
Greece provided all 13-year-old students (middle school, orgymnasium, freshmen) and their teachers with netbooks in 2009[28] through the "Digital Classroom Initiative". Students were given one unique coupon each, with which they redeemed the netbook of their choice, up to a €450 price ceiling, in participating shops throughout the country. These netbooks came bundled with localized versions of eitherWindows XP (or higher) oropen source (e.g.Linux) operating systems, wired and wireless networking functionality, antivirus protection, preactivated parental controls, and an educational software package.
Netbooks typically have less powerful hardware than larger laptop computers and do not include anoptical disc drive that contemporaneous laptop computers often had. Netbooks were some of the first machines to substitutesolid-state storage devices, instead of the traditionalhard disk drive commonly found on laptop and desktop computers at the time.[29] This was due to solid-state drives being smaller, more power efficient, and more shock resistant. Unlike modern solid-state drives, these early models often didnot offer better performance.
Almost all netbooks supportedWi-Fi and some supportedMobile broadband.[30] Some also includeEthernet and/ormodems.
Most netbooks used low-end, x86 processors focused on low power consumption. The majority of early netbooks typically used processors from theIntel Atom line, but some used competing processors fromAMD, including netbookAPUs,[31][32] orVIA Technologies, including theC7 andNano. Some very low-cost netbooks use asystem-on-a-chipVortex86 processor designed forembedded systems.[33][34][35][36] A few netbooks used non-x86 processors based onARM orMIPS architectures.[37][38]
Microsoft announced on April 8, 2008, that, despite the impending end of retail availability for the operating system that June, it would continue to license low-cost copies ofWindows XP Home Edition to OEMs through October 2010 (one year after the release ofWindows 7) for what it defined as "ultra low-cost personal computers"—a definition carrying restrictions on screen size and processing power.[39][40] The move served primarily to counter the use of low-cost Linux distributions on netbooks and create a new market segment for Windows devices, whilst ensuring that the devices did not cannibalize the sales of higher-end PCs runningWindows Vista.[41] In 2009, over 90% (96% claimed by Microsoft as of February 2009) of netbooks in the United States were estimated to ship with Windows XP.[42][43]
ForWindows 7, Microsoft introduced a new stripped-down edition intended for netbooks known as "Starter", exclusively for OEMs. In comparison to Home Premium, Starter has reduced multimedia functionality, does not allow users to change their desktop wallpaper or theme, disables the "Aero Glass" theme, and does not have support for multiple monitors.[44][45]
ForWindows 8, in a ploy to counterChromeOS-based netbooks and low-endAndroid tablets, Microsoft began to offer no-cost Windows licenses to OEMs for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches in size. Additionally, Microsoft began to offer low-cost licenses for a variant of the operating system set up to use Microsoft'sBingsearch engine by default.[27][46][47][48]
Windows CE has also been used in netbooks, due to its reduced feature set.[49]
Google'sAndroid software platform, designed for mobile telephone handsets, has been demonstrated on an ASUS Eee PC and its version of the Linux operating system contains policies formobile internet devices including the original Asus Eee PC 701.[50] ASUS has allocated engineers to develop an Android-based netbook.[51] In May 2009 a contractor of Dell announced it is portingAdobe Flash Lite to Android for Dell netbooks.[52]Acer announced Android netbooks to be available in Q3/2009.[53] In July 2009, a new project, Android-x86,[54] was created to provide an open source solution for Android on the x86 platform, especially for netbooks.
In 2011,Google introducedChromeOS, a Linux-based operating system designed particularly for netbook-like devices marketed as "Chromebooks". The platform is designed to leverage online services,cloud computing, and its namesakeChromeweb browser as itsshell—so much so that the operating system initially used a full screen web browser window as its interface, and contained limited offline functionality.[55][56] Later versions of ChromeOS introduced a traditionaldesktop interface[57] and a platform allowing "native" packaged software written inHTML,JavaScript, andCSS to be developed for the platform.[58]
Netbooks have sparked the development of several Linux variants or completely new distributions, which are optimized for small screen use and the limited processing power of the Atom or ARM processors which typically power netbooks. Examples includeUbuntu Netbook Edition,EasyPeasy,Joli OS andMeeGo. Both Joli OS and MeeGo purport to be "social oriented" or social networking operating systems rather than traditional "office work production" operating systems. Netbook users can also install other UNIX-based operating systems such asFreeBSD,NetBSD,OpenBSD, andDarwin.[59]
Since 2010, major netbook manufacturers no longer install or support Linux in the United States. The reason for this change of stance is unclear, although it coincides with the availability of a 'netbook' version of Windows XP, and a later Windows 7 Starter and a strong marketing push for the adoption of this OS in the netbook market. However, companies targeting niche markets, such as System76 and ZaReason, continue to pre-install Linux on the devices they sell.
TheCloud operating system attempted to capitalize on the minimalist aspect of netbooks. The user interface was limited to a browser application only.
Mac OS X has been demonstrated running on various netbooks as a result of theOSx86 project,[60] although this is in violation of the operating system'send-user license agreement.[61] Apple has complained to sites hosting information on how to install OS X onto non-Apple hardware (includingWired andYouTube) who have reacted and removed content in response.[62] One article nicknamed a netbook running OS X a "Hackintosh."
A June 2009NPD study found that 60% of netbook buyers never take their netbooks out of the house.[63]
Special "children's" editions of netbooks have been released under Disney branding; their low cost (less at risk), lack of DVD player (less to break) and smaller keyboards (closer to children's hand sizes) are viewed as significant advantages for that target market. The principal objection to netbooks in this context is the lack of good video performance for streaming online video in current netbooks and a lack of speed with even simple games. Adults browsing for text content are less dependent on video content than small children who cannot read.
Netbooks offer several distinct advantages in educational settings. First, their compact size and weight make for an easy fit in student work areas. Similarly, their small size makes netbooks easier to transport than heavier, larger sized traditional laptops. In addition, prices ranging from $200–$600 mean the affordability of netbooks can be a relief to school budget makers. Despite the small size and price, netbooks are fully capable of accomplishing most school-related tasks, including word processing, presentations, access to the Internet, multimedia playback, and photo management.[64]
In 1996Psion started applying for trademarks for a line ofnetBook products that was later released in 1999.[65] International trademarks were issued (includingU.S. Trademark 75,215,401 andEUTM 000428250) but the models failed to gain popularity[66] and were discontinued by the time modern netbooks came about (except for providing accessories, maintenance and support to existing users).[67] Similar marks were recently rejected by theUSPTO citing a "likelihood of confusion" under section 2(d).[68][69][70]
Despite expert analysis that the mark is "probablygeneric",[71]Psion Teklogix issued cease and desist letters on December 23, 2008.[72][65][73] This was heavily criticized,[74][75][76] prompting the formation of the "Save the Netbooks"grassroots campaign which worked to reverse theGoogle AdWords ban, cancel the trademark and encourage continued generic use of the term.[66] While preparing a "Petition for Cancellation" ofU.S. Trademark 75,215,401 they revealed[77] thatDell had submitted one day before[78] on the basis of abandonment,genericness and fraud.[79] They later revealed Psion's counter-suit againstIntel, filed on February 27, 2009.[80]
It was also revealed around the same time that Intel had also sued Psion Teklogix (US & Canada) and Psion (UK) in the Federal Court on similar grounds.[81] In addition to seeking cancellation of the trademark, Intel sought an order enjoining Psion from asserting any trademark rights in the term "netbook", a declarative judgment regarding their use of the term, attorneys' fees, costs and disbursements and "such other and further relief as the Court deems just and proper".[82]
On June 2, 2009, Psion announced that the suit had been settled out of court. Psion's statement said that the company was withdrawing all of its trademark registrations for the term "Netbook" and that Psion agreed to "waive all its rights against third parties in respect of past, current or future use" of the term.[83]
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