Neptune Islands

Dive sites of the Neptune Islands
Neptune Islands
Geography
Location	Great Australian Bight
Coordinates	35°14′20″S136°04′11″E / 35.23893°S 136.0697°E /-35.23893; 136.0697
Administration
Australia

TheNeptune Islands consist of two groups of islands located close to the entrance toSpencer Gulf inSouth Australia. They are well known as a venue for great whiteshark tourism.

The Neptune Islands consists of two groups of islands, the North Neptune Islands and the South Neptune Islands. These both sit on the southern aspect of the Australasian continental shelf separated by a distance of 9 km (5.6 mi).The North Neptune Islands which are 27.8 km (17.3 mi) south south-east from the mainland atCape Catastrophe, consist of a large island of 49 m (161 ft) height and a small islet of 29 m (95 ft) height located 300 m (980 ft) from the main island's north-east point with a combined area of 2.43 km² (0.94 mi²).The South Neptune Islands which are 38.9 km (24.2 mi) south-south-east from the mainland at Cape Catastrophe are more evenly portioned in height with the northern island being 35 m (115 ft) high and the southern island (also known as Lighthouse Island) rising to 37 m (121 ft). The Southern group has an area of 2.02 km² (0.78 mi²).A third feature associated with the overall island group is an outcrop of rocks known as Low Rocks located about 6.5 km (4.0 mi) north-north-east of the northern group of islands.^[1][2]

The Neptune Islands were formed between 10,800 and 12,000 years ago when sea levels rose at the start of theHolocene.^[3]

The islands are remnantigneousinselbergs which have survived theerosive process associated withsea level rise. The remnantrock is described as being "aporphyriticgranitegneiss and pink granite intruded withdoleritedykes". Remnants of the once-overlyingcalcarenite layers are also present on the upper platforms of the island. The soil is mainly derived from the weathering of the granite with a minor contribution from the weathering of calcarenite strata.^[1]

The seabed falls steeply away from the coast of both island groups. Water depths of 80 m (260 ft) are reached within a distance of 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from the Northern group and within 1.5 km to 2 km (1.2 mi) from the Southern group.^[4]

While the low profile of the islands do limit what can grow due to wind exposure and salt spray, surveys have shown that the Northern island group (excluding the "small satellite islet") has 35 plant species while the Southern group has 28 species on its north island while Lighthouse Island has 13 species. The latter is attributed to combination of the disturbance caused by activity associated with the formerly staffed lighthouse,airstrip, an introducedgoat population that was eradicated in 1968, and burrows made by the large numbers ofshort-tailed shearwaters. Plant species includesea celery,leek lily,flax lily,coast tussock grass,salt couch,billy button daisies, variable groundsel and an introduced Northern Hemisphere grass,rat's-tail fescue.^[1]

The only mammals present arebush rats which are found on North Neptune Island.

Birds of prey includewhite-bellied sea-eagles,peregrine falcon andswamp harrier withAustralian kestrels mainly concentrated on the northern island in the South group. Breeding colonies ofCape Barren geese are present on the Northern group while short-tailed shearwaters,silver gull andgreater crested tern are present on the South group island.

Other landbirds includewhite-fronted chats,masked plovers,rock parrots,welcome swallows,silvereyes andstubble quails.Sparrows, an introduced species, have established themselves on Lighthouse island.

Reptiles identified during surveys includemarbled geckos on both island groups while the following are limited to the main island in the Northern group -four-toed earless skink,bull skinks andwestern brown snakes. The latter are believed to prey on bush rat and bull shinks.^[1]

New Zealand fur-seals andAustralian sea lions are common on all islands, using the island group for breeding.

Australian sea lions were already present in 1876^[5][6] Australian sea lions were shot at the Neptune Islands for their hides and for "sport" during the 19th century.^[7] Large-scale hunting ceased in the 1920s,^[8] No baseline population data exists, but the species population and range have both decreased.

The introduction of the South AustralianNational Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 prohibited the killing of Australian sea lions statewide.The Australian sea lion was listed as vulnerable under theCommonwealthEnvironment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 in 2005 and is also listed as a threatened species in each state in its range (South Australia and Western Australia).

Nevertheless the presence of these pinniped colonies supports a migratory population of great white sharks.

Little penguins were present on the Neptune Islands in 1840,^[9] 1876,^[10][11][6] 1877,^[7] 1899,^[12] 1901,^[13] 1907,^[14] 1925^[15] and 1934.^[16]

In April 1877, the south island reportedly "swarmed with mutton-birds and penguin". A Mr Boucaut collected a pair of live penguins on this occasion to provide to the Botanical Garden.^[7]

In 1899, it was reported that South Neptune Island "abounded with penguin, and the sandy beach was a favourite resort of the hair seal."^[12] In 1901, a visiting party on theGovernor Musgrave described the island thus: "Penguins are fairly numerous; but excepting an occasional seal or two the mutton birds monopolize the island."^[13] Another account of the visit said of themuttonbirds: "At night these birds create an indescribable din, in company with the penguins, of which also there is a large number about the various rocks of its coastline."^[17] In 1907, visitors landed in May and found a few penguins in burrows along with evidence of recent occupation.^[14]

Little penguin breeding sites were noted on North Neptune Island in a 1996 survey of South Australia's offshore islands.^[18]

None were found in 2006 and the colony is now believed to be extinct.^[10]

The islands were first sighted by Europeans on Sunday 21 February 1802 fromHMSInvestigator whilst under the command ofMatthew Flinders. The islands were named Neptune's Isles, "for they seemed to be inaccessible to men".^[19]The islands were subsequently visited byJohn Lort Stokes in 1840 and later in 1873-74 by Captain F. Howard, RN as part of an ongoingSouth Australian Government program to map the colony’s waters, identify shipping hazards and assess the suitability of the coastline for settlement.^[20]

In the 19th century, the islands were visited by "sporting" parties who shot and killed Australian sea-lions and other wildlife.^[7]

DuringWorld War II, the Neptune Islands became a strategic military site due to its lighthouse’s location at the approaches to both Spencer Gulf andInvestigator Strait. This is evident in the act of the placement of amine field approximately 25 mi (40 km) west-south west of the Neptune Islands by the German auxiliary cruiserPinguin during November 1940.^[21]A naval depot including huts and observation towers was established on South Neptune Island along with agun which was regularly fired.^[20][22]

TheSouth Neptune Island Lighthouse Complex is listed on theSouth Australian Heritage Register.^[23]

In the 1970s, the Neptune Islands were a filming location where live-action shark sequences of the ground-breaking blockbusterJaws were filmed.

In 2012, theNeptune Islands Conservation Park was designated as a marine park. To this day, it endures a popular location for cage diving withgreat white sharks.

Navigation aids have been located on islands within the Neptune Islands Group since the early 20th century.

The need for a lighthouse in the Neptune Islands was considered for many years during the 19th century due to the islands' relatively low elevation.^[24] In 1901, the light tower from thePort Adelaide Entrance light was relocated to South Neptune Island. That was eventually replaced by a small brick tower in 1985, and the old tower was transported toPort Adelaide onMV Cape Don to become part of the collection of theSouth Australian Maritime Museum, which opened in 1986.^[25] The new lighthouse was converted to automatic operation in 1990 resulting in the departure of the lighthouse keepers and their families.^[26]

Located on the largest island in the southern group, a light mounted on a 12-metre-high (39 ft) tower commenced operation in 1983. It was removed in 2002-2003.^[27][28]

Neptune Island has aMediterranean Climate (Csb) with mild summers and cool winters. The island gets only 45.6 clear days annually. Coastal weather observations have been obtained by theAustralianBureau of Meteorology at the South Neptune Islands since 1957. Initially, observations were made by the lighthouse keepers residing on the Island at three hourly intervals.^[29] As of 2014, observations are made via anautomatic weather station (AWS).^[30][31]

The Neptune Islands were one of the island sites from whichguano was mined under licence from the South Australian Government prior to 1919.^[33]

The waters around the Neptune Islands outside of the protected area (see below) are commercially fished forabalone, marine scalefish,rock lobster andsardine.Bycatch includes commercially attractive species such asgiant crab andoctopus.^[34][35]

Despite their remoteness, the Neptune Islands are regarded as one of South Australia's best scuba diving sites, specifically for the viewing of Great white sharks.^[36] The Neptune Islands, particularly the North Neptune Islands, has been a shark cage diving destination since the late 1970s. Since 2002, it is the only site within Australia where this activity is legally permitted.^[37][38] Cage diving charters have attracted professional photographers and others whose efforts are considered by individuals such asRodney Fox as having "significantly contributed to worldwide knowledge of shark physiology and behavior, because film, video, television and print media associated with shark viewing and research activities at the Neptune Islands, have reached a very large global audience".^[34] Other tourist activities include charter fishing, marine mammal watching andcruise ship visits.^[35]

The Neptune Islands Conservation Park includes all the islands in the Group and adjoining waters within 2 nautical miles (3.7 kilometres; 2.3 miles) of low water mark with the exception of Lighthouse Island in the South Neptune Islands and Low Rocks. The island group with exception to those areas under the control of the Australian government first obtained protected area status as a fauna conservation reserve declared under theCrown Lands Act 1929-1966 on 16 March 1967 to mainly to conserve the New Zealand fur seal breeding colony on the southern island of the North Neptune Islands which is one of the largest in Australia. Other features that contributed to the declaration include the small breeding population of Australian sea lions on the North Neptune Islands, Australian sea lionhaul out areas located on the South Neptune Islands, and the breeding/nesting populations ofCape Barren goose,white-bellied sea eagle,osprey andperegrine falcon. The fauna conservation reserve was reconstituted as the Neptune Islands Conservation Park under theNational Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in 1972 with the extension over adjoining waters being added in 1997.^{[34][39][40][41]}

The Neptune Islands Group (Ron and Valerie Taylor) Marine Park consists of two separate areas - the waters within two nautical miles of the coastline of both the North Neptune Islands and the South Neptune Islands atmedian high water.^[42] The northern area is zoned as a habitat protection area with a smaller sanctuary area immediately adjoining the island group while the southern area is zoned for habitat protection. Both areas are also zoned as restricted areas in order to manage access to both the islands and the surrounding waters.^[43] The marine park came into existence on 29 November 2012 as part of a state wide network ofmarine protected areas. When announcing the launch of the marine park network,Jay Weatherill, the South Australian Premier, announced the renaming of the Neptune Islands Group Marine Park to the Neptune Islands Group (Ron and Valerie Taylor) Marine Park in recognition of the contributions ofRon Taylor andValerie Taylor to "the conservation of sharks, sea lions and other marine species".^[44][45]

Administratively, the Neptune Islands Group (Ron and Valerie Taylor) Marine Park entity "overlays" the entirety of the Neptune Islands Conservation Park. Activities within the dual entity is restricted to "scientific research, tourism operations, competitions and organised events, commercial film-making (including sound recording and photography), installation of vessel moorings" and any activity that can be argued on a merit basis. Access to both terrestrial and marine areas is controlled by a permit system administered by one government agency.^[46]

Little is known about Aboriginal heritage associated with the Neptune Islands. While it is likely that the islands can be seen from the Eyre Peninsula coastline and that the Islands may have more accessible to Aboriginal people during the recent ice age than during the present day,native title claims lodged in 1996 and 1997 respectively for southern Eyre Peninsula by the Barngarla and the Nauo peoples did not include the Islands.^[34][47]

The keepers' cottages, store, outbuildings, stone fences, stone rainwater tanks, grave sites & footings of the now-removed first lighthouse collectively known as the South Neptune Island Lighthouse Complex are protected under theHeritage Places Act 1993 (SA) and theDevelopment Act 1993 (SA).^[48]

• Frances,cutter, wrecked at South Neptune Island on 29 August 1840.^[9][49]
• Venus, cutter, wrecked at North Neptune Island on 14 June 1946.^[50]
• Yandra, motor vessel, ran aground in dense fog onto South Neptune Island on 25 January 1959.^[51]
• Saint Michele,fishing boat, wrecked at South Neptune Island on 30 March 1965.^[52]
• Gloridia V,cray-fishing boat, wrecked at North Neptune Island on 12 March 1977.^[53]
• Cinderella, fishing boat, wrecked at Low Rocks on 24 May 1982.^[54]
• Gypsy Rose, fishing boat, wrecked on South Neptune Island on 14 January 1988.^[55]

• SS Hertford

• Wikivoyage: Diving in South Australia/Shark cage diving at the Neptune Islands

North Neptune Island35°23′00″S136°06′00″E / 35.38333°S 136.10000°E /-35.38333; 136.10000 (North Neptune Island)South Neptune Island35°33′00″S136°12′00″E / 35.55000°S 136.20000°E /-35.55000; 136.20000 (South Neptune Island)

• Islands of South Australia
• Uninhabited islands of Australia
• Underwater diving sites in Australia
• Great Australian Bight
• Tourist attractions in South Australia

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