Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

Nepherites I

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Egyptian pharaoh from 399 BC to 393 BC

Nepherites I

Nefaarud I, Nayfaurud I

Statue claimed to be the Sphinx of pharaoh Nepherites I, found in 1513 and purchased in 1808 in Italy.Louvre museum, A 26^[1]

Pharaoh

Reign

399–393 BC

Predecessor

Successor

Aa-ib
Of Great Mind^[2]

Golden Horus

Setep-netjeru
Chosen by the gods^[2]

Prenomen

Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru
Soul of Re, Beloved of the Gods^[2]

Nomen

Nef-aa-rud
The Great Ones prosper^[2]

Children

Hakor

Died

393 BC^[3]

Burial

Mendes?

Dynasty

29th Dynasty

Nefaarud I orNayfaurud I, better known with hishellenised nameNepherites I, was anancient Egyptian pharaoh, the founder of the29th Dynasty in 399 BC.

Reign

[edit]

Accession

[edit]

It is believed that Nepherites was a general from thedeltaic city ofMendes who, in the autumn of 399 BC, rose against pharaohAmyrtaeus, defeated him in open battle,^[3] and then executed him atMemphis.^[4] Nepherites then crowned himself pharaoh atMemphis and possibly also atSais, before shifting the capital from Sais to his hometown Mendes.^[5] The fact that Nepherites I chose the sameHorus name ofPsamtik I and theGolden Horus name ofAmasis II – both relevant rulers of the earlier26th Dynasty - is thought to demonstrate that he wanted to associate his rule with an earlier 'golden age' of Egyptian history.^[6]

Activities

[edit]

According toManetho, Nepherites I ruled for six years, although his highest archaeologically attested date is his regnal year 4.^[5]

Evidence of Nepherites' building work has been found in a number of locations across the country. InLower Egypt, he is attested atThmuis,Buto (where a statue of him has been found^[7]), Memphis,Saqqara (where anApis burial took place in his regnal year 2) and his capital and hometownMendes. In Middle andUpper Egypt, he ordered a chapel atAkoris while atAkhmim, nearSohag, there is evidence of the worship of a statue of him which was placed inside anaos. He also added some buildings atKarnak such as a storeroom and a shrine meant to house a sacred bark.^[6]^[5] Abasalt sphinx with his name is now located in theLouvre, but it was known to have been brought toEurope as early as the 16th century, having adorned a fountain at theVilla Borghese gardens,Rome.^[8]

In foreign affairs, he resumed the policy of Egyptian intervention in the Middle East. As reported byDiodorus Siculus, in 396 BC he supported theSpartan kingAgesilaus in his war against thePersians; the Spartans had conqueredCyprus andRhodes and were attempting to extend their influence further east. Nepherites supplied the Spartans with 500,000 measures of grain and material for 100triremes. However, the cargo reached Rhodes just after the Persians managed to retake the island, so it was entirely seized by the philo-Persian admiralConon ofAthens.^[9]^[10]

Death and succession

[edit]

Nepherites I died during the winter of 394/393 BC after a six-year reign.^[5] TheDemotic Chronicle simply states that "his son" was allowed to succeed him, without providing any name. Nowadays it is generally believed that Nepherites' son wasHakor, who ruled after him for only a year before being overthrown by an apparently unrelated claimant,Psammuthes; Hakor, however, was able to retake the throne the following year.^[11]

Possible tomb

[edit]

A shabti of Nepherites I found in the tomb

A tomb believed to be that of Nepherites was discovered inMendes by a joint team from theUniversity of Toronto and theUniversity of Washington in 1992–93.^[12] Possible ownership of the tomb was identified by the presence of ashabti bearing the name of Nepherites I; however, definitive proof has not been found.^[13] Although still containing funerary objects and a largelimestone sarcophagus, the tomb was believed to have been robbed and destroyed by the Persians in 343 BC.^[12] Ceramic vessels containing fish specimens and fish-covered stelae have been found on the site of Nepherites's funerary complex. The presence of the fish, often interpreted asvotive offerings, could be an indication that the site was previously occupied by atemple of the fish-goddessHatmehyt.^[14]

References

[edit]

^Sphinx of Nepherites I - A 26
^^a ^b ^c ^dClayton, Peter A.Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. p.203 Thames & Hudson. 2006.ISBN 0-500-28628-0
^^a ^bRedford, Donald B. (2004).Excavations at Mendes: The Royal Necropolis. Vol. 1. Leiden, Germany: Brill. p. 33.ISBN 978-90-04-13674-8.
^Dodson, Aidan (2000) [2000].Monarchs of the Nile (2 ed.). Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 196.ISBN 978-0-9652457-8-4.
^^a ^b ^c ^dGrimal, Nicolas (1992).A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell Books. pp. 372–3.ISBN 978-0-631-17472-1.
^^a ^bShaw, Ian (2000).The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 378.ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7.
^Gabra, G. (1981). "A lifesize statue of Nepherites I from Buto",SAK9, pp. 119-23
^Royal Sphinx with the name of the Pharaoh Achoris. The Louvre. n.d. Archived fromthe original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved4 July 2014.
^Sweeney, Emmet John (2008).The Ramessides, Medes, and Persians. Ages in Alignment. Vol. 4. USA: Algora. p. 147.ISBN 978-0-87586-544-7.
^Gardiner, Alan (1961).Egypt of the Pharaohs: an introduction. Oxford: University Press. p. 374.
^Ray, John D. (1986). "Psammuthis and Hakoris",The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 72: 149-158.
^^a ^bArnold, Dieter (1999).Temples of the last Pharaohs. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 102.ISBN 978-0-19-512633-4.
^Dodson, Aidan (2009) [1994]. "6".The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt. Studies in Egyptology. Oxford, UK: Routledge.ISBN 978-0-7103-0460-5.
^Riggs, Christina, ed. (2012).The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 34.ISBN 978-0-19-957145-1. Retrieved4 July 2014.

External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toNepherites I.

Livius.org: Nepherites I Archived 2014-06-07 at theWayback Machine

Nepherites I

29th Dynasty

Born: ? Died: 393 BC

Preceded by

Amyrtaeus

Pharaoh of Egypt
399–393 BC

Succeeded by

Hakor

Pharaohs

Protodynastic toFirst Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)

Lower	Hedju-Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh A Double Falcon Wash
Upper	A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Taurus Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer /Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Narmer /Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
II	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkare I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni
IV	Sneferu Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Meryre Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Neferkare Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka

1^st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)

VII/VIII	Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu
IX	Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep
X	Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare

Middle Kingdom andSecond Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Nubia	Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre
XII	Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2^nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep Sekhemkare Amenemhat Senebef Nerikare Sekhemkare Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Amenemhat VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV	Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre Ammu Aahotepre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har
XV	Sharek Semqen Aperanat Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi
XVI	Sekhemre Sementawy Djehuty Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Seankhenre Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiryraw II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwaset Dedumose I Dedumose II Djedankhre Montemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Seneferankhre
Abydos	Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib
XVII	Sekhemre Wahkhau Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom andThird Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs (male female^♀) uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten^♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret^♀
XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII

3^rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
High Priest of Amun	Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre
XXII	Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Maatkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V
Lines of XXII/XXIII	Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Ini (pharaoh) Iuput II Peftjauawybast Nimlot of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis
XXIII	Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III
XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenranef
XXV	Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tantamani

Late toRoman Period(664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Apries Amasis II Psamtik III
XXVII	Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius the Great Psammetichus IV Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Darius II
XXVIII	Amyrtaeus
XXIX	Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis
XXX	Nectanebo I Teos of Egypt Nectanebo II
XXXI	Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses of Persia Darius III